MODULE 1
General Concepts and Historical
Developments in Science, Technology,
and Society
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
RUNNING
PANKRATION
DISCUS THROW
EQUESTRAIN
EVENTS
BOXING
Great Men in Greek Civilization
1
THALES
Thales studied geometry and
discovered theories (such as
Thale's theorem) about circles,
lines, angles, and triangles.
PYTHAGORAS
He discovered the Pythagorean
Theorem which is still used today
to find the sides of a right
triangle.
EUCLID
Euclid wrote several books on the
subject of geometry called Elements.
These books became the standard
textbook on the subject for 2000
years. Euclid's Elements is
sometimes called the most successful
textbook in history.
HIPPOCRATES
Hippocrates taught that diseases
had natural causes and they could
sometimes be cured by natural
means. The Hippocratic Oath to
uphold medical ethics is still
taken by many medical students
today.
ARISTOTLE
- He studied animals in great detail
and wrote down his observations in
a book called the History of
Animals.
- He heavily influenced zoologists
for years by classifying animals
according to their different
characteristics.
•
•
•
NEWSPAPER
BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX
ROMAN NUMERALS
•
•
•
•
The Enduring Influence of
Medieval
Technology
We will now explore the technological advancements of the Middle
Ages (roughly 5th to 15th centuries AD) and their lasting impact on the
modern world. While often overshadowed by the Renaissance and the
Industrial Revolution, the Middle Ages laid the groundwork for many
of the technologies we take for granted today. From engineering feats
to scientific discoveries, medieval ingenuity continues to influence our
lives in surprising ways.
The Printing Press
• Invented by Johannes
Gutenberg in 1440 .
• Revolutionized
communication and
knowledge dissemination.
• Enabled mass production of
books and documents.
• Paved the way for the
spread of literacy and ideas.
Tell this tale
Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1440 marked a
turning point in history. Prior to this, books were painstakingly copied by
hand, making them scarce and expensive. The printing press allowed for
the mass production of books and other printed materials, dramatically
increasing literacy rates and fostering the spread of knowledge. This
democratization of information had a profound impact on education,
science, and religion. The printing press's legacy can be seen in the
development of modern printing technologies and the continued
importance of the written word in our digital age.
The Compass
• Likely adopted from China
in the 12th century.
• Revolutionized navigation
and exploration.
• Enabled long-distance sea
travel and trade routes.
• Led to the Age of Discovery
and global exploration.
Tell this tale
The compass, most likely adopted from China in the 12th century,
revolutionized navigation. This seemingly simple tool allowed sailors to
determine direction with greater accuracy, making long-distance sea
travel and exploration far more feasible. The compass played a crucial
role in the Age of Discovery, as European explorers like Columbus and
Vasco da Gama embarked on voyages that led to the "discovery" of
new continents and established new trade routes. The impact of the
compass continues to be felt today in modern navigation systems, from
ships and airplanes to GPS technology.
The Windmill
• Developed in Persia around
700 AD.
• Harvested wind power to
grind grain and pump
water.
• Increased agricultural
efficiency and food
production.
• Provided a renewable
energy source.
Tell this tale
The windmill, developed in Persia around 700 AD, harnessed the
power of wind to perform essential tasks. Windmills were used for
grinding grain into flour, pumping water for irrigation and drinking,
and even powering early sawmills. This technology increased
agricultural efficiency and food production, contributing to the growth
of populations and settlements. While modern wind turbines operate
on a much larger scale, the basic principle of harnessing wind power
remains the same. Windmills serve as a reminder of the potential of
renewable energy sources
The Waterwheel
• Developed in ancient times, but
perfected in the Middle Ages.
• Used water power to grind grain,
operate sawmills, and power
bellows.
• Increased industrial and
agricultural production.
• A precursor to modern
hydroelectric power
MODERN AGE
MAJOR EVENTS
• World population steadily increased.
• Importance of increasing efficiency in transportation,
communication, and production recognized.
• Industrialization occurred, bringing greater risks to human
health, food safety, and the environment.
• Need to address these risks emerged alongside scientific
and technological progress.
• Progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
HISTORIANS IN RECENT
DECADES HAVE ARGUED THAT,
FROM A WORLDWIDE
STANDPOINT, THE MOST
IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE
MODERN PERIOD WAS ITS
SPREADING GLOBALIZING
character.
SCIENTIFIC &
TECHNOLOGICAL
REVOLUTION
COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
• Invented by Zacharias Janssen together
with Johannes Janssen.
• Can magnify far larger objects than what a
simple magnifying lens can do.
• Today, it is an important instrument in
scientific studies (e.g. Medicine, forensic,
tissue analysis, genetics)
TELESCOPE
TELESCOPE
• first used by Galileo Galiei
• used to form magnified images
of distant objects.
• used in the study of astronomy.
JACQUARD LOOM
JACQUARD LOOM
• By Joseph Marie Jacquard
• Considered as one of the most critical drivers of the
revolution.
• In weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control
individual warp yarns.
• Jacquard’s loom used interchangeable punched cards that
controlled the weaving of the cloth so that any desired
pattern could be obtained automatically.
• served as the impetus for the technological revolution of
the textile industry and is the basis of the modern
automatic loom.
ENGINE-POWERED
AIRPLANE
ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE
• Wright brothers are credited
for designing and successfully
operating the FIRST-ENGINE-
POWERED AIRCRAFT.
• Proved that aircrafts could fly
without airfoil-shaped wings. ORVILLE & WILBUR
WRIGHT
TELEVISION
TELEVISION
• Invented by John Logie Baird
• Successfully televised objects in
outline in 1924.
• Recognizable Face in 1925.
• Moving objects in 1926 and colored
in 1928.
• Used for broadcasting.
ADDITIONAL
3D PRINTING
3D PRINTING
• Another modern world technology that is continually evolving to
encompass a wide range of applications, especially in the medical
industry, allowing medical professionals, researchers, and educators
alike the opportunity to improve and advance procedures.
• Takes a digital model or blueprint of an object of the user’s creation
and prints successive layers of material to create a tangible 3D model
of that object.
• Medical researchers and specialists are using 3D printing to create
artificial organs with bio-printers to validate proper drug dosages and
practice complicated surgical operations in a cost-effective manner .
Pasteurization
Petroleum
Refinery
Salamander
Amphibious
Tricycle
Invented by H2O Technologies headed by Dominic
N. Chung and Lamberto Armanda, together with
the chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave
Salamander or amphibious tricycle can cross not
only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes
Salt Lamp
Invented by Aisa Mijeno, the lighting system that
utilizes the abundant material in the Philippines
which is the saltwater
Salt (Sustainable Alternative Lightning)
Electric Jeepney
• Made by Mr. Robert Puckett in 2007.
• And the e-jeepney in metro manila and
Bacolod when the demand for more
transportation arose.
• And the e jeepney is the response to the
traditional jeepney that emits smoke causing
sir pollution which made it unsustainable and
uneconomical.
• The e-jeepneys are designed to be
environmentally friendly, eliminating noise
and air pollution as they run on electricity.
Advantage
• More environmentally friendly, more fuel-efficient,
and safer than traditional diesel-powered jeepneys.
They can also help to create jobs in the
manufacturing, maintenance, and operation of e-
jeepneys .
Disadvantage
• High Initial Cost
• Battery Lifespan and Disposal
• Limited Range
• Performance Issue
• Charging Time
Medical Incubator
• Invented by Fe Del Mundo a pediatrician
and national scientist.
• Del mundo was the first woman to be
admitted at Harvard university school of
medicine
• Founded the first pediatric hospital in the
country Children's Memorial Hospital in
1957
• her first original improvised incubator
consist of two native laundry basket of
different size that are place inside each
other.
Advantage
• Maintaining Newborns' Thermal Stability
• Protection from Infections and External
Environment.
Disadvantage
• Risk of Overheating or Hypothermia
• Limited Parent-Infant Interaction
Erythromycin
• Invented by Ilonggo scientist named
Abelardo Aguilar.
• Out of strain of bacteria called
streptomyces erythreus.
• He derived the name from that
bacteria.
• Aguilar was not credited for his
invention.
• The eli lilli co. is the one who credited
for his discovery.
Advantage
• Can treat infections.
Disadvantage
• One disadvantage of erythromycin is its potential for
causing gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea,
vomiting, and abdominal discomfort.
Mole Remover
• Invented by Rolando dela Cruz
in 2000.
• Has the ability to remove the
moles and warts easily.
• It was made by cashew nuts.
• Rolando dela Cruz won an gold
medal award because of this
invention.
Advantage
• Non-Invasive Treatment
• Ease of Use
Disadvantage
• Effectiveness and Safety Concerns
• Regulatory Approval and Standards
Banana Ketchup
• It was made by Maria Orosa a
Filipino food technologist.
• She invented the banana
ketchup during WW2.
• She made it because the
shortage of tomatoes during
that time.
Advantage
• Unique Flavor
• Versatility
Disadvantage
• Higher Sugar Content
• Color and Texture Variability
Section 3:
Intellectual
revolutions &
society
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
CLAUDIUS
PTOLEMY
PTOLEMAIC
MODEL
HELIOCENTRIC
MODEL
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
•
•
ASTRONOMERS WHO REFINED
HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
•
‘‘It Ain’t Over ‘til it’s Over’’
The Darwinian Revolution was probably the most
significant revolution that has ever occurred in the
sciences, because its effects and influences were
significant in many different areas of thought and
belief. The consequence of this revolution was a
systematic rethinking of the nature of the world, of
man, and of human institutions.
Charles Darwin
• Naturalist, biologist, and geologist.
• In 1859, he published his book "On the
Origin of Species" introduced the
"theory of evolution.
• He stated that organisms could adapt
to their environment and would
gradually change into something that
would be more competitive to survive,
which he called "evolution.
It was not until the 1930s and the coming of
modern genetics that natural selection could be
incorporated into evolutionary thinking, by
which time the damage had been done – as
shown by the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925 – and
thanks to Darwin there was huge Christian
opposition.
• Darwin documented his experiences on the
Galápagos Islands from 15 September to 30
October 1835.
• The notion that Darwin wrote briefly about the
Galápagos experience in a single context has
been inadvertently propagated on all levels of
education.
Darwin's finches
• The Galápagos finches are probably
one of the most well-known
examples of evolution and will
forever be tightly linked to Charles
Darwin’s voyage and his theory of
natural selection.
• The Galápagos finches are seen as a
classic example of an adaptive
radiation, the rapid evolution of
ecologically different species from a
common ancestor.
Natural selection suggests that life is nothing more than
a chance happening because of blind laws – not very nice
laws either because they point to a universal struggle for
existence with selection as the result.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The three
conflicting
Add a Footer elements of
personality
ID
Add a Footer 157
Instincts
ID
• Operates pleasure principles
• It consists of all the inherited (i.e., biological)
components of personality present at birth,
Add a Footer including the sex (life) instinct and the
158
aggressive (death) instinct.
• Personality of the newborn child is all id
ID
• The id engages in primary process thinking,
which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and
fantasy oriented.
Add a Footer • This form of process thinking has no
159
comprehension of objective reality, and is selfish
and wishful in nature.
Add a Footer 160
EGO
Reality
EGO
• Operates reality principles
• Working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s
demands, often compromising or postponing
Add a Footer satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of
161
society.
EGO
• The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette
and rules in deciding how to behave.
Add a Footer
EGO
• Freud made the analogy of the id being a horse
while the ego is the rider. The ego is 'like a man
on horseback, who has to hold in check the
Add a Footer
superior strength of the horse.‘
163
(Freud, 1923, p.15)
Add a Footer 164
SUPEREGO
Morality
SUPEREGO
• The superego incorporates the values and
morals of society which are learned from
one's parents and others. It develops
around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic
Add a Footer 165
stage of psychosexual development.
SUPEREGO
• It also has the function of persuading the
ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than
simply realistic ones and to strive for
perfection.
Add a Footer 166
• The superego consists of two systems: The
conscience and the ideal self.
SUPEREGO
• The conscience can punish the ego through causing
feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to
the id's demands, the superego may make the
person feel bad through guilt.
Add a Footer
• The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary
picture of how you ought to be, and represents
career aspirations, how to treat other people, and
how to behave as a member of society.
•
•
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
& NATION-BUILDING
SCIENCE
observation, experimentation, and
analysis
TECHNOLOGY
tools, machines, processes, and
systems
NATION-BUILDING
process of constructing and
strengthening the institutions,
infrastructure, and identity of a nation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•