QUALITY ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................3
2.0 Issue of “Total Quality Management”...............................................................................................................3
3.0 Specification......................................................................................................................................................4
4.0 Benefit................................................................................................................................................................5
5.0 Difference between American and Japanese QA..............................................................................................6
6.0 Role of SPC.......................................................................................................................................................8
Reference List..........................................................................................................................................................9
2
1.0 Introduction
Application of the approach in Japan produced enormous and indisputable benefits appearing as dramatic
improvements to Japanese products and the success of Japanese exports in the international market As a result,
the quality movement began to take off all over the world. Quality and productivity strategies were used by U.S.
firms in the late 1970s and early 1980s in an effort to regain their competitiveness. As Deming's method to
quality control gained acclaim in the United States, the lecturer and author himself rose to prominence as a
result of his popularity. By the late 1980s, the phrase "total quality management" had been coined by Deming
and other management gurus to describe the quality efforts they advocated. Many of Deming's particular
emphasizes, particularly those associated with management concepts and employee relations, were not
introduced in Deming's sense but kept going as changing popular trends, including, for example, the mobility to
"empower" employees by making "teams" central to all activities, while the quality movement has continued to
change beyond its beginnings.
2.0 Issue of “Total Quality Management”
In order to increase quality and fulfill the needs of customers, a business uses “Total Quality Management”
(TQM). Everyone in the company must be involved in the production process. Control activities and
measurements help to detect weaknesses in the manufacturing process and areas that need improvement.
3
Figure 1: Japanese TQM Model
(Source: [Link]
A. “Managing by Department”
The current corporate model of separating quality control into a single department is outdated.
“Performance measurement” or “quality standards” are the sole department responsible for ensuring that
the firm's products are manufactured accurately (Trung et al 2021).
B. “Supply Chain Complexity”
The manufacturing business has been both a benefit and a curse as a result of globalization. It has
enabled companies to expand in areas with cheaper manufacturing costs and greater access to the raw
resources and skilled labor they require. Supply chain challenges have also arisen as a result of
expanding to new regions.
C. “Resistance to Technology”
Firms are able to dramatically upgrade and develop their systems, techniques, and key competencies
because of technology. All of this speaks to a significantly higher level of quality in the workplace and
an overall more efficient business.
It is vital to do an internal examination of the company in order to determine the source of any
competitive advantages. To stay competitive, it identifies the resources that must be created and
4
maintained. Competitive advantages must be unique to the rm in order to outperform the industry
average and create higher profits. Strategic management begins with an examination of internal
resources and capabilities, which are the source of the company's core competencies and, hence, its
competitive edge.
3.0 Specification
Japanese scientists and engineers made a decision in April 1996 to replace the phrase "Total Quality
Control" with "Total Quality Management". Since the word "TQM" has become more widely used as a
technical term outside of Japan, this change in terminology was made in an attempt to make it better
known in Japan. By comparing TQC's fundamental aspects to TQM, JUSE has come up with a new
strategy that focuses on TQC's kaizen, quality assurance and some other features. Even though TQC was
important to the Japanese economy in the 1970s and 1980s, alternative approaches to quality seem to be
needed in Japanese manufacturing today. Because of the consequences of the "Bubble economy" on
Japanese companies in the 1990s, a new management tool became necessary. Several enterprises,
including that of Kojima Press, Nippon Telegraphy as well as “Telephone Public Corporation Data
Transmission” or “NTT Data Transmission”, “Takenaka Civil Engineering Firm”, “Maeda
Construction”, Nissan as well as others, have already adopted TQM. The primary goal of this thesis is to
shed light on Japan's quality movement, namely the origins and characteristics of QC circles, TQC, and
TQM (Sharma and Rahim 2021).
A 1980s US Navy effort that incorporated Shewhart and Deming's PDCA model helped shape TQM as a
concept, even if its expansion has been confined to the realm of industry. The ideas of quality being
defined by customer needs and continual improvement throughout an entire business were expressed in
Navy standards. For example, after a successful implementation of TQM by the Navy, similar armed
services, including those of a military border patrol, followed suit. The “Federal Quality Foundation”
was founded by Congress in 1988 in order to raise awareness of the importance of quality management
and recognize enterprises that have successfully implemented it.
4.0 Benefit
A. Weak product defects
It is one of the tenets of TQM that goods and services be created correctly the first time. There are fewer
product recalls, less customer service costs, and fewer product repairs as a result of this, which is good
news for consumers in Japan.
5
B. Satisfied clients
In Japan, customers are more satisfied with items that satisfy their demands if they are of excellent
quality. Improved market, revenue growth via purchase, and client-initiated expression marketing are all
possible outcomes of a high level of customer happiness.
Figure 2: TQM Principles
(Source: [Link]
A. Minor cost
Companies save money on customer assistance, product replacements, field service, and the
manufacture of product fixes as a consequence of reduced product faults. Profit margins increase as a
result of reduced costs (Saxena 2021).
B. Cultural grade
TQM is a management theory that emphasizes quality management and continual improvement in the
workplace. Everything a business does, from staffing to internal operations to product creation is
influenced by TQM.
6
5.0 Difference between American and Japanese QA
Figure 3: Difference between American and Japanese QA
(Source: [Link]
TQM or “Total Quality Management” in Japanese organizations and its adoption in Indonesian
enterprises, employing study of essential elements that support and impede the efficacy of these
implementations. Descriptive analysis is used in conjunction with surveys, observations, and literature
studies in this research strategy. Japan's Kaizen culture is inseparable from “Total Quality
Management”, which means that Japan uses the notion of customer happiness, “Quality Function
Development” or “QFD”, employee participation, and continuous improvement in its firm. The
popularity of the “Quality Management System” in Japanese organizations is largely due to a culture of
continuous improvement, mutual respect, and partnership (MINA-RAIU 2021).
Conformity to client needs and specifications, suitability for use, customer happiness, and performance
at a reasonable price are all considered aspects of TQM. J.M. Juran, W.E. Deming and Philip Crosby
are the three American creators of overall quality management. (a) Attention to detail, (b) performance
7
management, (c) retraining, (d) power and benefit and accountability, and (e) monitoring through
methodological tools are the moral absolutes of overall quality management.
6.0 Role of SPC
Before introducing SPC or any other quality system, the production process should be examined to find
the primary areas of waste. Some instances of manufacturing process waste are maintenance, scrap and
extra inspection time. It would be most essential to apply the SPC tools to all of these areas initially.
During SPC, not all dimensions are checked due to the price, time and production delays it would
impose. Prior to SPC implementation the important or significant aspects of the design or process should
be determined by a “Cross Functional Team” (CFT) during a print review or “Design Failure Mode and
Effects Analysis” (DFMEA) session. Data will then be collected and maintained on these crucial or
critical features.
It is typical in manufacturing and production processes to employ “statistical process control” (SPC) to
monitor the consistency of a product's performance. The following are some of the advantages producers
may achieve by maintaining high standards of quality and performance:
● Reductions in scrap, maintenance, and warranty claims are achieved
● Boosted output in all areas
● Improved usage of resources
● Operational efficiencies have been improved
SPC is fundamentally the process of undertaking a statistical survey of characteristic measures over
time in order to ensure that the results are distributed normally. No two products with the same
candidate ever perform precisely the same, yet the performance of the items will maintain the same
general distribution (Subbulakshmi et al 2017). Material, employees, design, or indeed the machinery
being used in production or testing may be to blame if measurements gathered from numerous iterations
of the very same product do not match the typical dispersion. SPC methodologies and continuous
improvement work hand-in-hand. In order to avoid a line-stopping problem, it is vital that key workers
on the production line be aware and able to take necessary action when SPC gives early-warning of
emerging concerns. SPC can help detect problems before they become a problem by shifting the duty for
quality inspection to the present moment. So every product is produced in accordance with design
parameters when SPC Software checks the consistency of the production process (Thelwell et al 2018).
By minimizing product variability and scrap and rework, SPC has the potential to enhance process
performance while simultaneously improving manufacturing competency (Connolly et al 2021). SPC, a
8
TQM approach, has been used by US companies in an effort to maintain their competitiveness through
the reduction of product variability and faults.
9
Reference List
Thelwell, R.C., Wood, J., Harwood, C., Woolway, T. and Van Raalte, J.L., 2018. The role, benefits and
selection of sport psychology consultants: Perceptions of youth-sport coaches and parents. Psychology
of Sport and Exercise, 35, pp.131-142.
Subbulakshmi, S., Kachimohideen, A., Sasikumar, R. and Bangusha Devi, S., 2017. An Essential Role
of Statistical Process Control in Industries. International Journal of Statistics and Systems, 12(2),
pp.355-362.
Connolly, M., Ryder, M., Frazer, K., Furlong, E., Escribano, T.P., Larkin, P., Carruthers, E. and
McGuigan, E., 2021. Evaluating the Specialist Palliative Care Clinical Nurse Specialist Role in an Acute
Hospital Setting: A Mixed Methods Sequential Explanatory Study.
MINA-RAIU, L., BUCURA, I.A. and RAIU, C.V., 2021. Transposing good practices in the Field Of
Quality Management in Japan, within Romanian Public Administration. Romanian Statistical Review,
(2).
Saxena, M.M., 2021. OBSTACLES IN ACCOMPLISHING TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN
HIGHER EDUCATION.
Trung, N.D., Hai, N.T., Huy, D.T.N., Van Tuan, P., Hoa, N.T. and Dung, N.T., 2021. Recommendations
for TQM in Manufacturing Companies with Pyrolysis Technology in Emerging markets and Meanings
of Capital Financing–Case in Viet Nam. Advances in Mechanics, 9(3), pp.1376-1389.
Sharma, B. and Rahim, M.A., 2021. TQM and HRM: An Integrated Approach to Organizational
Success. Journal of Comparative International Management, 24(1), pp.27-41.
10