RILLET EDUCATION

Date : 01-02-2026 STD 11 Science Physics Total Marks : 70

BOOSTER TEST

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [16]

1. The distance of two planets (neptune and saturn) from sun are 1013 and 1012m respectively.
The ratio of time period of the planets is:
−− −−
(A) 100 (B) 1
(C) √10 (D) 10 √10
√10

Ans. :
d.
−−
10 √10

Explanation:
2 3
T1 r
1

2
= 3
T2 R2

N
3
3
T1 r1
2
or = ( ) = (10 ) 2
T2 r2

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2. An artificial earth satellite of mass m is circling round the earth in an orbit of radius R. If the
mass of the earth is M, then the total energy of the satellite is: AT
(A) 3GMm

2R
(B) −GMm

2R
(C) GMm

R
(D) −GMm

Ans. :
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b. −GMm

2R

Explanation:
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Total energy = P.E. + K.E.

GMm 1 2
= + mv
R 2

GMm 1 GM
= − + m
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R 2 R

3. Amaterial has Poisson's ratio 0.5. If a uniform rod of it suffers a longitudinal strain of 2 × 10-
L

3, then the percentage change in volume is:

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(A) 0.6 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.2 (D) Zero.

Ans. :
d. Zero.
Explanation:
As, the Poisson's ratio of material is 0.5, so there is no change in volume.
4. On suspending a weight Mg, the length l of elastic wire having area of cross-section A,
becomes double the initial length. The instantaneous stress action on the wire is:
Mg Mg 2Mg 4Mg
(A) A
(B) 2A
(C) A
(D) A

Ans. :
c.
2Mg

5. A wire suspended vertically from one end, is stretched by attaching a weight 200N to the
lower end. The weight stretches the wire by 1mm. The energy gained by the wire is:
(A) 0.1J (B) 0.2J (C) 0.4J (D) 10J

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 Ans. :
a. 0.1J
6. Two wires of the same material and length but diameter in the ratio 1 : 2 are stretched by
the same load. The ratio of elastic potential energy per unit volume for the two wires is:
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 16 : 1

Ans. :
d. 16 : 1
7. Radius of a soap bubble is increased from R to 2R. Work done in this process in terms of
surface tension is:
(A) 24π R S
2
(B) 2
48π R S (C) 2
12π R S (D) 2
36π R S

Ans. :
a. 2
24π R S

Explanation:

N
2 2
W = 8πT(R − R )
2 1

2 2

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= 8πS[(2R) − (R )]

2
= 24π R S

8. What is the shape when a non-wetting liquid in displaced in a capillary tube?

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(A) Concave upwards. (B) Convex upwards.
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(C) Concave downwards. (D) Convex downwards.

Ans. :
c. Concave downwards.
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9. 70 calories of heat are required to increase the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas from
30°C to 35°C at constant pressure. The amount of heat required to increase the temperature
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of the same gas through same temperature range (30°C to 35°C) at constant volume will be
(R = 2cal/ mole/ K).
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(A) 30 cals. (B) 50 cals. (C) 70 cals. (D) 90 cals.

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Ans. :
b. 50 cals.
Explanation:
dQ = nCP ΔT; so 70 = 2 × CP × 5

−1 ∘ −1
∴ CP = 7 cal mol C

−1∘ −1
Cv = CP − R = 7 − 2 = 5 cal mol C

∴ dQ = nCv ΔT = 2 × 5 × 5 = 50cal

10. At about 4°C, a certain amount of water has maximum:

(A) Energy. (B) Specific heat. (C) Density. (D) Volume.
Ans. :
c. Density.
11. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in given PV diagram. The amount
of work done by the gas is:

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 (A) 6P0 V0 (B) −2P0 V0 (C) +2P0 V0 (D) +4P0 V0

Ans. :
d. +4P0 V0

Explanation:
The direction of arrows is anticlockwise so work done is negative equal to the area of
loop = −(3 V − V )(2 P − P ) = −2 P
0 0 0 0 0
V0 verifies the option (b). New work implies
external work is done on the system.
12. Consider P-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in:

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AT
Out of the following diagrams which represents the T-P
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diagram?
ED
L ET

(A) (iv) (B) (ii) (C) (iii) (D) (i)

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Ans. :
c. (iii)
Explanation:
According to P-V diagram at constant tempreature, P increase as V decrease. So, it is
Boyei's law in option (iii) and (iv). If P increase at constant tempreature, volume V
decrease. as in (iii) T-P diagram, P is smaller at 2 and larger at 1, which tallies with
option c.
13. The molar specific heat at constant pressure for monoatomic gas molecule is given by:
(A) 3
R (B) 1

2
R (C) 5
R (D) R
2 2

Ans. :
c. 5

2
R

14. The velocity of the molecules of a gas at temperature 120K is v. At what temperature will the
velocity be 2v?

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 (A) 120K (B) 240K (C) 480K (D) 1120K

Ans. :
c. 480K
15.
The molar specific heat at constant pressure of an ideal gas is (
7

2
R). The ratio of specific
heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume is:
(A) 9

7
(B) 7

5
(C) 5

7
(D) 8

Ans. :
b. 7

Explanation:
7
CP = R
2

7 5
CV = CP − R = R− R = R
2 2

7
P

​
CP 2 7
γ = = =
5
CV 5
R

N
2

16. K.E. of gas molecules is zero at:

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(A) 0°C (B) 273°t
(C) -273°C (D) None of the above
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Ans. :
c. -273°C
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* Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [10]

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17. The escape speed on the earth is 11.2km/ [Link] is its value for a planet having double the
radius and eight times the mass of the earth?
−−−−

Ans. : vp (escap speed on a planet) = √

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GM p

Rp

−−−−
ve (escape speed on the earth) = √
GM e
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Re
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−−−−−−−−
−−−−−
Clearly,
vp Mp Re 1
= √ × = √8 × = 2
ve Me R p 2

vp = 2 ve 22.4km/s

18. Plot Load vs Extension curve for a metal on the graph and depict:
i. Yield point.
ii. Breaking point.
iii. Elastic limit.
iv. Crushing point.
Ans. :

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19. What is the excess pressure inside a soap bubble that is 5cm in diameter, assuming
0.026Nm-1 as the surface tension of the soap solution?
Ans. : Excess pressure inside a soap bubble is
4T
(P − Pa ) =
r

Here T = 0.026Nm −1

5 −2
r = = 2.5cm = 2.5 × 10 m
2

−1
4×0.026Nm −2
∴ P − Pa = = 4.16 Nm
−2
2.5×10 m

20. State Wien's law. Write the S.I. unit of Wien's constant.
Ans. : According to Wien's law, the wavelength λ for which the emittance of a black body is
m

maximum, is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.

λm T = constant.

This constant is written as b and has a value of 0.288cm K in the CGS units and
2.88 × 10-3mK in the S.I. units.

N
21. A carnot engine absorbs 100 calories per cycle from its source at 1600K. Its efficiency is 60%.

IO
Find the temperature of the sink and work done per cycle. Given J = 4.2J/ cal.

Ans. : Q = 100cal, T1 = 1600K, η = 60% =

3
1
AT5

For glass, η = 1 −
T2
,
T1
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3 T2
= 1 −
5 1600

T2 = 640K

As, η = W
, W = ηQ1
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Q1

3
= × 100 = 60cal.
5

W = 60 × 4.2J
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= 252J

* Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [21]

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22. A 400kg satellite is in a circular orbit of radius 2R about the Earth. How much energy is
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required to transfer it to a circular orbit of radius 4R ? What are the changes in the kineticE

and potential energies?

Ans. : Initially,
GME m
Ei = −
4RE

While finally
GME m
Ef = −
8RE

The change in the total energy is

ΔE = Ef − Ei

GME m GME mRE

= = ( 2
)
8RE RE 8

6
gmRE 9.81×400×6.37×10 9
ΔE = = = 3.13 × 10 J
8 8

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 The kinetic energy is reduced and it mimics ΔE, namely, ΔK = K − K = −3.13 × 10 f i
9
J .
The change in potential energy is twice the change in the total energy, namely
9
ΔV = Vf − Vi = −6.25 × 10 J

OR
*
Discuss the variation of 'g' with depth. What happens to 'g' at the centre of earth?

Ans. : Let the planet earth be made of material of density p with radius R.

N
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At a depth d, the gravitational force is due to the mass distributed in the sphere of radius (R -
AT
d).
∴ The acceleration due to gravity at a depth d.
UC

3
′
π(R−d) ρ
′ GM 4
g = = G
2 2
3
(R−d) (R−d)

4
= G π(R − d)r
ED

3
R ρ (R−d)
′
i.e.,g = G
2
R R

(R−d)
d
= g = g(1 − )
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R R

∴ reduces as we move from surface inwards and is zero at the centre.

23. A structural steel rod has a radius of 10mm and a length of 1.0m. A 100kN force stretches it
L

along its length. Calculate (a) stress, (b) elongation, and (c) strain on the rod. Young's
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modulus, of structural steel is 2.0 × 10 11 −2

Nm .
Ans. : We assume that the rod is held by a clamp at one end, and the force F is applied at the
other end, parallel to the length of the rod. Then the stress on the rod is given by

F F
Stress = =
2
A πr
3
100 × 10 N
=
−2 2
3.14 × (10 m

8 −2
= 3.18 × 10 N m

The elongation,

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 (F /A)L
ΔL =
Y
8 −2
(3.18 × 10 N m ) (1m)
=
11 −2
2 × 10 Nm
−3
= 1.59 × 10 m

= 1.59mm

The strain is given by

Strain = ΔL/L

−3
= (1.59 × 10 m) /(1m)

−3
= 1.59 × 10

= 0.16%

OR
* Prove that the elastic potential energy density of a stretched wire is equal to half the

N
product of stress and strain.

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Ans. : Let the length of a wire be increased by l by applying a force F. Average internal force
=
F
. Work done = (
F
)l This work done is stored as potential energy U,
2 2
AT
∴ U =
Fl

2
=
1

2
(
F

A
)(
l

L
)(AL), where A = cross-sectional area and L = length. or U =
1

2
stress ×
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strain × volume of the wire, energy density, u = u

Volume
=
1

2
stress × strain

24. A fully loaded Boeing aircraft has a mass of 3.3 × 10 5

kg . Its total wing area is 500m . It is in
2

level flight with a speed of 960km/h . (a) Estimate the pressure difference between the lower
ED

and upper surfaces of the wings (b) Estimate the fractional increase in the speed of the air
on the upper surface of the wing relative to the lower surface. [The density of air is p
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3
= 1.2kgm J

Ans. : (a) The weight of the Boeing aircraft is balanced by the upward force due to the
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pressure difference
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5
ΔP A = 3.3 × 10 kg × 9.8

5 −2 2
ΔP = (3.3 × 10 kg × 9.8ms ) /500 m

3 2
= 6.5 × 10 N m

(b) We ignore the small height difference between the top and bottom sides in Eq. (9.12). The
pressure difference between them is then
ρ
2 2
ΔP = (v − v )
2 2 1

where V is the speed of air over the upper surface and

2 V1 is the speed under the bottom
surface.
2ΔP
(v2 − v1 ) =
ρ(v2 +v1 )

Taking the average speed

−1
Vaw = (V2 + V1 ) /2 = 960km/h = 267ms ,

we have

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 ΔP
(v2 − v1 ) / vav = ≈ 0.08
2
ρvav

The speed above the wing needs to be only 8 % higher than that below.
25. Derive an expression for the height to which the liquid rises in a capillary tube of radius r.
Ans. : Let R = Radius of curvature of liquid meniscus
P = Atmospheric pressure
S = Surface tension of the liquid.

The pressure at point A just above the liquid meniscus in the capillary tube is atmospheric
pressure P.
The pressure at point B, just below the liquid meniscus (on convex side) = P − 2S

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Pressure at point and D, just above and below the plane surface of the liquid in the vessel is
also P (i.e. atmospheric pressure). The points B and D are in the same horizontal plane in

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liquid but the pressure at these points is different. Hence, there will be no equilibrium.
In order to maintain an equilibrium, the liquid rises in the capillary tube up to a height ‘h' so
AT
that the pressures at points D and E which are in the same level in the liquid may become
equal figure (b).
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Now, pressure at E = Pressure at B + Pressure due to height ‘h’

= (BE) of the liquid column = (P − 2S

R
) + hρg
ED

As there is an equilibrium, therefore pressure at E = Pressure at D

i.e. P − 2S

R
+ hρg = P

2S
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⇒ hρg =
R

2S
⇒ h = … (i)
Rρg

Let I be the centre of curvature of liquid meniscus GXY in the tube and GS be the tangent to
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the liquid surface at point G, figure (c),

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GI = R; GO = r
∠IGO = θ = angle of contact

In △IGO, cos θ = GO

GI
=
r

r
⇒ R =
cos θ

Putting this value in (i), we get

2S cos θ
h =
rρg

26. A pan filled with hot food cools from 94 °C to 86 °C in 2 minutes when the room
temperature is at 20 °C. How long will it take to cool from 71 °C to 69 °C?
Ans. : The average temperature of 94 C and 86 C is 90 C , which is ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
70 C above the room
temperature. Under these conditions the pan cools 8 C in 2 minutes. ∘

Using Eq. (10.21), we have

∘
Change in temperature 8 C ∘
= K ΔT = K (70 C )
Time 2 min

The average of 69 ∘
C and 71 ∘
C is 70
∘
C , which is 50
∘
C above room temperature. K is the same

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 for this situation as for the original.
∘
2 C ∘
= K (50 C )
Time

When we divide above two equations, we have

∘ ∘
8 C /2min K(70 C )

∘
= ∘
2 C / time K(50 C )

Time = 0.7min

= 42s

27. Show that the coefficient of area expansion, (△A/A)/ΔT , of a rectangular sheet of the solid
is twice its linear expansivity, α . 1

Ans. :

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AT
UC

Consider a rectangular sheet of the solid material of length a and breadth b (Fig. 10.8). When
the temperature increases by ΔT , a increases by Δa = α aΔT and b increases by Δb 1

= α bΔT . From Fig. 10.8, the increase in area

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ΔA = Δ A1 + Δ A2 + Δ A3

ΔA = aΔb + bΔa + (Δa)(Δb)

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2 2
= aα1 bΔT + bα1 aΔT + (α1 ) ab(ΔT )

= α1 abΔT (2 + α1 ΔT ) = α1 AΔT (2 + α1 ΔT )
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Since α ≃ 10 K , from Table 10.1, the product α

1
−5 −1
1 ΔT for fractional temperature is small in
comparision with 2 and may be neglected. Hence,
ΔA 1
( ) ≃ 2 αl
A ΔT

28. Obtain an expression for work done by a gas in an isothermal expansion.

Ans. : For a small change in volume, work done is given by,
dW = P dV
We know, PV = nRT
nRT
∴ P =
V

For T = constant, dW = nRT dV

Net work done under isothermal condition to change the volume from Vi to Vf is,
Vf Vf
dV
W = ∫ dW = nRT ∫
V
Vi Vi

Vf
∣ ∣
= nRT log V
∣ e ∣
Vi

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 Vf
= nRT log ( )
e Vi

Vf
∴ W = 2.3026 nRT log10 ( )
Vi

Where n is the number of moles. If Pf and Pi are the pressures, we can also write,
Pi
W = 2.3026 nRT log ( )
10 Pf

OR
* Calculate the r.m.s velocity of oxygen molecule at 27°C. Given that atomic weight of
oxygen is 16.
−−−−
Ans. : c = √3 RT

−−−−−−−−
3×1.98×300
= √ = 10.55m/s
16

OR
* Uranium has two isotopes of masses 235 and 238 units. If both are present in Uranium
hexafluoride gas which would have the larger average speed ? If atomic mass of fluorine is

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19 units, estimate the percentage difference in speeds at any temperature.

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Ans. : At a fixed temperature the average energy = 1/2m ⟨v ⟩ is constant. So smaller the
2

mass of the molecule, faster will be the speed. The ratio of speeds is inversely proportional to
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the square root of the ratio of the masses. The masses are 349 and 352 units. So
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1/2
v349 / v352 = (352/349 ) = 1.0044.

Hence difference ΔV

V
= 0.44% .
[
235
U is the isotope needed for nuclear fission. To separate it from the more abundant isotope
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238
, the mixture is surrounded by a porous cylinder. The porous cylinder must be thick and
U

narrow, so that the molecule wanders through individually, colliding with the walls of the
long pore. The faster molecule will leak out more than the slower one and so there is more of
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the lighter molecule (enrichment) outside the porous cylinder (Fig. 12.5). The method is not
very efficient and has to be repeated several times for sufficient enrichment.].
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* Given Section consists of questions of 4 marks each. [8]

29. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 5.
We know that the earth attracts every object with a certain force and this force depends on
the mass (m) of the object and the acceleration due to the gravity (g). The weight of an
object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth. Mathematically Where, W =
weight of object m = mass of object g = acceleration due to the gravitational force As the
weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the earth, the SI unit of
weight is the same as that of force, that is, Newton (N). The weight is a force acting
vertically downwards; it has both magnitude and direction. We have learnt that the value of
g is constant at a given place. Therefore at a given place, the weight of an object is directly
proportional to the mass, say m, of the object, that is, W α m. It is due to this reason that at
a given place, we can use the weight of an object as a measure of its mass. Answer the
following questions.
i. Dimensions of acceleration due to the gravity (g) is:
a. [ML1 T-2]

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 b. [ML-1 T-2]
c. [ML1 T-3]
d. None of these
ii. SI unit of weight is same as:
a. Force
b. Mass
c. Acceleration due to gravity
d. None of these
iii. Which of the following has same unit?
a. Mass and weight
b. Weight and force
c. Pressure and stress
d. Both b and c
iv. Whether weight is scalar quantity or vector quantity? Justify your answer.
v. Differentiate between mass and weight.

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Ans. :

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i.(b) [ML-1 T-2]
ii.(a) Force
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iii.(b) Weight and force
iv. Weight is vector quantity as it has magnitude as well as direction which is always
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towards centre of a earth.

v. Difference between mass and weight is given below
N mass weight
ED

o
1 Mass is amount of matter Weight is the measure of force acting on a mass due to
in a body. acceleration due to gravity.
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2 it is a scalar quantity it is a vector quantity

3 SI unit of mass is Kilogram SI unit of weight is Newton (N).
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(Kg).
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4 Mass can never be zero Weight can be zero where gravity is zero.

30. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
The figure shows the different modes of transfer of heat, heat transfer is defined as the
movement of heat across the border of the system due to a difference in temperature
between the system and its surroundings. The temperature difference exists between the
two systems, heat will find a way to transfer from the higher to the lower system.

i. The sea breeze is caused by:

a. conduction

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 b. convection
c. radiation
d. none of these
ii. At what factor heat absorbed on radiation by the body depends on?
a. distance between body
b. source of heat
c. its color
d. all of the above
iii. When heat is transferred by molecular collision, it is referred to as heat transfer by:
a. convection
b. conduction
c. radiation
d. convection and radiation
iv. Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature:
a. increase
b. decrease

N
c. constant

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d. none of these
v. Mass transfer does not take place in:
AT
a. conduction
b. convection
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c. radiation
d. none of these
Ans. :
ED

i. (b) convection
ii. (d) all of the above
iii. (a) convection
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iv. (a) increase

v. (c) radiation
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* Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [15]

31. State and prove Bernoulli's theorem.

Ans. : According to Bernoulli's theorem, for an incompressible, non-viscous liquid having
streamlined flow, the sum of pressure head, velocity head and gravitational head is a
constant,
i.e.,
2
P v
+ + h = constant
ρg 2g

Consider an incompressible non-viscous liquid entering the cross-section A1 at A with a

velocity v1 and coming out at a height h2 at B with velocity v2.
The P.E. and K.E. increase since h, and v, are more than h1 and v1 respectively. This is done by
the pressure doing work on the liquid. If P1 and P2 are the pressure at A and B, for a small
displacement at A and B,
The work done on the liquid at A = (P1 A1)
 Δ x1 = P1 A1 vΔt

The work done by the liquid at B,

Δ x2 = −(P2 A2 )

Δ x2 = − P2 A2 VΔt

The work done on the liquid at

(Considering a small time Δt so that area may be same)
Net work done by pressure = (P 1 − P2 )Av Δ t since A1v1 = A2v2
From conservation of energy,

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(P1 − P2 )AvΔt = Change in (K.E. + P.E.)

(P1 − P2 )AvΔt

1
= AvρΔtg(h2 − h1 ) +
2
AvΔtρ(v
2
2
− v )
2
1
AT
ρ
2 2
∴ P1 − P2 = ρg(h2 − h1 ) + (v − v )
2 2 1

ρ ρ
(i.e.) P
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2 2
1 + ρ gh1 + v = P1 + ρ gh2 + v
2 1 2 2

2
P v
∴ + h+ = constant.
ρg 2g

OR
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*
i. State Pascal's law. Explain the working of hydraulic lift.
ii. Find out the height of atmosphere if the density of the atmosphere at sec level is
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1.29km/ m3. Assume that it does not change with altitude.

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Ans. :
i. Pascal's law: It states that the pressure in a liquid at rest is the same at all points if
they are at the same level.

Hydraulic lift:
Let, a = area of cross-section of piston in cylinder B
A = area of cross section of position in C also a << A.
Fill the cylinders with an incompressible fluid.
Let f = downward force applied on the piston B.
Then pressure exerted on liquid is
 f
P =
a

This pressure is equally transmitted to piston in cylinder C (according to Pascal's law)

∴ Upward force acting on the piston of cylinder C is.

f
F = PA = A
a

As A >> a, F >> f
Therefore a small force applied on piston B appears as a larger force on piston C.
ii. Here ρgh = 1.01 × 10 5

Or h =
5 5
1.01×10 1.01×10
=
ρg 1.29×98

= 7989m

32. An iron bar (L1 = 0.1m, A1 =

2
0.02 m , K1 = 79W m
−1
K
−1
) and a brass bar
(L2 = 0.1m, A2 = 0.02 m , K = 109W m K 2
) are soldered end to end as shown in Fig.
2
−1 −1

10.16. The free ends of the iron bar and brass bar are maintained at 373K and 273K
respectively. Obtain expressions for and hence compute (i) the temperature of the junction
of the two bars, (ii) the equivalent thermal conductivity of the compound bar, and (iii) the

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heat current through the compound bar.

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AT
UC

Ans. : Given, L1 = L2 = L = 0.1m, A1 = A2 = A = 0.02 m

2
ED

K1 = 79W m
−1
K
−1
, K2 = 109W m
−1
K
−1
,T 1 = 373K , and T2 = 273K .

Under steady state condition, the heat current (H1 ) through iron bar is equal to the heat
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current (H 2) through brass bar.

H = H1 = H2
L

So, K1 A1 (T1 − T0 ) K2 A2 (T0 − T2 ) \

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= =
L1 L2

For A 1 = A2 = A and L 1 = L2 = L , this equation leads to

K1 (T1 − T0 ) = K2 (T0 − T2 )

Thus, the junction temperature T of the two bars is 0

(K1 T1 +K2 T2 )
T0 =
(K1 +K2 )

Using this equation, the heat current H through either bar is

K1 A (T1 − T0 ) K2 A (T0 − T2 )
H = =
L L

K1 K2 A (T1 − T0 ) A (T1 − T2 )
= ( ) =
K1 + K2 L 1 1
L( + )
K1 K2
 Using these equations, the heat current H through the compound bar of length ′

L + L = 2L and the equivalent thermal conductivity K , of the compound bar are given by
1 2

′
K A (T1 − T2 )
′
H = = H
2L
2K1 K2
′
K =
K1 + K2

(i)
(K1 T1 +K2 T2 )
T0 =
(K1 +K2 )

−1 −1 −1 −1
(79W m K )(373K)+(109W m K )(273K)
= −1 −1
−1 −1
79W m K +109W m K

= 315K

(ii)

2K1 K2
′
K =
K1 + K2

N
−1 −1 −1 −1
2 × (79W m K ) × (109W m K )
=
−1 −1 −1 −1
79W m K + 109W m K

IO
−1 −1
= 91.6W m K

(iii)
AT
′

i) H
K A(T1 −T2 )
′
= H =
2L
UC
−1 −1 2
(91.6W m K )×(0.02m )×(373K−273K)
=
2×(0.1m)

= 916.1W
ED

OR
* Calculate the heat required to convert 3kg of ice at −12 ∘
C kept in a calorimeter to steam at
∘
100 C at atmospheric pressure. Given specific heat capacity of ice = 2100J kg −1
K
−1
, specific
ET

heat capacity of water = 4186 J

−1
Kg
−1
, latent heat of fusion of ice 5
= 3.35 × 10 J kg
−1
and
latent heat of steam = 2.256 × 10 6
J kg
−1
.
L

Ans. :
RIL
 N
IO
AT
UC
ED

33. Describe the working of Carnot engine. Obtain an expression for its efficiency.
Ans. : Carnot used a set of four devices—a source at a high temperature (say T1), a sink at a
ET

low temperature (say T2), a non-conducting base and a cylinder with a working substance,
frictionless piston made of conducting base and non-conducting walls and piston.
L

He carried the system through a step of four processes to complete a cycle as shown here.
RIL

Process I-HW is an isothermal expansion. Q1 energy flows in and temperature is maintained

at T1 by placing the cylinder over the source.

Process II-WN is an adiabatic processes at a temperature flow from T1 to T2 conducted with

cylinder over (NCB = Non conducting base).
Process III-NF is an isothermal process at T2 which gives out an energy Q2 with cylinder over
sink
Process IV-FH is an adiabatic process which changes the temperature from T2 to T1
conducted with the cylinder placed over (NCB = Non conducting base).

In the process, a net work equalling the area HWNFH is done with the net heat intake,
Q1 - Q2 So, Efficiency = Work done

heat supplied

Q1 −Q2 Q2 T2
= = 1 − = 1 −
Q Q T1
1 1

----- -----

N
IO
AT
UC
ED
L ET
RIL