Chapter 7 How Do Organisms Reproduce

Answer Key
[Link]. (c) The nucleus divides repeatedly inside the cell to form new daughter cells. The
nucleus of Plasmodium divides into multiple nuclei if within the cyst. These freshly formed
nuclei are surrounded by cytoplasm, resulting in the development of daughter cells. As a
result, multiple fission produces a large number of daughter cells. The cyst cracks open under
ideal or favourable conditions, releasing these cells.
[Link]. (b) B and D
Male and female gametes are formed by the same parent plant in self-pollination (as shown
by “A” and “C”), and the progeny produced almost exactly resembles the parent plant. As
they grow on the same plant, this indicates that the genetic makeup of the male and female
flowers is the same. Cross-pollination (represented by the letters “B” and “D”), allows two
genetically different plant characteristics from the same species to fuse. Due to the mixing of
genetically diverse gametes, it causes genetic recombination and variability in plants.
3. Ans. (c) E→C→B→D→A
The sperm fertilises the egg in the fallopian tube. The fertilised egg, the zygote gets
implanted in the lining of the uterus and starts dividing and become embryo. Foetus is a stage
of embryo which nearly resembles a human being. The embryo gets its nutrition from
mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta. The development of the child
inside the mother’s body takes approximately nine months. The child is born as a result of
rhythmic contraction of the muscles in the uterus
4. Ans. (c) Vegetative propagation I would suggest the method of vegetative propagation. It
is an asexual mode of reproduction and can be accomplished by propagating banana rhizome
as it has the ability to produce new banana plants.
5. Ans. (d) Rose, root Stem cuttings are a method of asexual or vegetative reproduction in
rose plants and the new rose plant developed from the cutting resembles the original plant.
This method is frequently used to grow roses.
ASSERTION AND REASONING
6. Ans. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
7. Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
8. Answer(c)
9. Answer(a)
10. Answer(a)
SHORT ANSWERS (2MARKS)
11. An example of: (i) Unisexual flower - Papaya and watermelon (ii) Bisexual flower -
Hibiscus and mustard.
12. The ratio of chromosome numbers between egg and its zygote is 1:2. Both sperm and
egg contain half number of chromosome, i.e., 23 chromosomes. Sperm is genetically
different from the egg in the way that it contains either X or Y chromosome, whereas an egg
always contains an X chromosome.
13. (a) The greenish black powdery mass on a stale piece of bread is due to bread mould
Rhizopus, which reproduces by spore formation. (b) Hyphae or thread like structures are the
vegetative part and tiny blob like structures or sporangia are the reproductive parts.
14. It is because the chances of survival depend on the nature of variations and different
individuals have different kinds of advantages. For example: A bacteria that can withstand
heat will survive better in a heat wave, i.e. the organisms that are fit in the competitive
environment and with great variations will be able to survive and adapt. Thus, more
offsprings and population with genetic variations will survive.

15. DNA copying is an essential part of the process of reproduction because:

16. (a) The role of seminal vesicles and the prostate gland are as follows:
(i) Seminal vesicles produce seminal plasma which is in the form of fluid makes the transport
of sperms smooth.
(ii) Prostate gland secretes prostatic fluid that keeps the sperms alive and helps them to swim
vigorously. (b) Two functions performed by testis in human beings are as follows:
(i) Formation of sperms takes place in testis.
(ii) They secrete the hormone testosterone which regulates the formation of sperms and
brings changes in appearance of boys at the time of puberty.

17. (i) Vegetative propagation is a cheaper, easier and more rapid method of propagation in
plants than growing plants from their seeds.
(ii) Better quality of plants can be maintained by this method.
(iii) It results in propagation of those plants which do not produce viable seeds or produce
seeds with prolonged period of dormancy.
(iv) The plants generated from vegetative means are more uniform and genetically similar to
the parent stock

18. Ans. (i) Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are a group of communicable diseases that
are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact and are caused by a wide range of bacterial,
viral, protozoan and fungal agents and ectoparasites. Viral STDs — AIDS, Hepatitis
Bacterial STDs — Syphilis, Gonorrhea (ii) Frequent pregnancies by women are avoided due
to the following reasons: (a) It has adverse effect on the health of women. (b) It increases the
rate of the population of our country

19. Ans. Chromosomes are thread—like structures present in nucleus containing genetic
material / DNA. Number of chromosomes are reduced to half during gametes / germ cell
formation. After fertilisation of germ cells the number of chromosomes is maintained in
progeny
20. Ans. Variations which are favourable, increase the chances of survival of the species. If
an organism can withstand a higher temperature, then the variation goes on accumulating in
its future generations. Hence, these organisms can survive sudden rise in the temperature.
This ensures the survival of the species. But other organisms (variants) without this variation
may not survive due to sudden rise in temperature. So, variation is beneficial to the species,
but not necessary for an individual.

LONG QUESTIONS

21.

(iii) Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those
produced from seeds. Such methods also make possible the propagation of plants such as
banana, orange, rose and jasmine that have lost the capacity to produce seeds. Another
advantage of vegetative propagation is that all plants produced are genetically similar enough
to the parent plant to have all its characteristics
22.

23. Answer: (a) and (b)

(a) Zygote is formed when male gamete, Le. sperm fuses with female gamete, i.e. ovum.
24.
If the egg is not fertilised, the thick and nourishing lining of the uterus breaks and comes out
through vagina as blood and mucous.
25. Answer: (a) Four reasons for adopting contraceptive methods are:
(i) To increase the gap between, two children.
(ii)To prevent unwanted pregnancy.
(iii)To prevent transmission of STDs.
(iv)To control population growth. (b) If a woman is using a copper-T, it will not help in
protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases. Copper-T prevents only implantation in the
uterus.
CASE BASED STUDY
[Link]. (a) (i) Plant’s sex organs are located in the flower.
(ii) The function of a flower is to produce male and female gametes and to ensure that
fertilisation takes place to make new seeds for the reproduction of plant.
(b) The male gamete is formed in the anther of the flower and female gamete is formed in
ovary of the flower.
(c) The fertilised egg divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule which
develops a tough coat around it and is gradually converted into a seed. The ovary of the
flower develops and becomes a fruit with seeds inside it.

27. Ans. (a) Megha can use the stem of money plant containing nodes and internodes to
propagate money plant. Plants like rose and sugarcane grow by stem cutting. This type of
asexual reproduction is known as vegetative propagation.
(b) No, because Neem or Peepal produce seeds and grow sexually by seeds. Vegetative
propagation is possible only in those plants which have lost the capacity to produce seeds or
produce non viable seeds.
(c) A new plant develops from the vegetative parts of a plant

Plant Part Used

Stem (runner or
Mint
cutting)
Demerits-

1. No genetic variation
2. Disease transmission
3. Less adaptability