Practical No.
Aim: To identify chloride, bromide, and iodide ions present in the given salt.
Apparatus: Test tubes, Test tube stand, Dropper.
Chemicals: Silver nitrate, solution Potassium chloride, solution Potassium bromide, solution
Potassium iodide.
Observation:
1. Three test tubes are taken containing solutions of potassium chloride, potassium
bromide, and potassium iodide.
2. A few drops of silver nitrate solution are added to each test tube.
3. In potassium chloride solution, a white precipitate is formed.
4. In potassium bromide solution, a cream-colored precipitate is formed.
5. In potassium iodide solution, a yellow precipitate is formed.
Chemical Reactions:
1. KCl + AgNO₃ → AgCl ↓ + KNO₃
2. KBr + AgNO₃ → AgBr ↓ + KNO₃
3. KI + AgNO₃ → AgI ↓ + KNO₃
Conclusion:
1. Silver nitrate is used to identify halide ions.
2. White precipitate confirms the presence of chloride ion.
3. Cream precipitate confirms the presence of bromide ion.
4. Yellow precipitate confirms the presence of iodide ion.
Practical No. 2
Aim: To identify the type of reaction by studying the reaction and recording the observation.
Apparatus: Beaker, Test tubes, Pair of tongs, Burner, Glass rod
Chemicals: Magnesium strips, Zinc dust, Dilute sulphuric acid, Lead nitrate solution, Lead
nitrate powder
Part 1: Combustion of Magnesium in Air
Observation:
1. Magnesium burns with a bright white flame.
2. White powder of magnesium oxide is formed.
Chemical Reaction: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
Conclusion (Part 1):
1. Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
2. This reaction is a combination reaction.
3. It is also a combustion reaction because heat and light are produced.
4. A new substance with different properties is formed.
Part 2: Action of Dilute Sulphuric Acid on Zinc
Observation:
1. Bubbles of gas are evolved during the reaction.
2. The gas burns with a pop sound.
Chemical Reaction:Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂ ↑
Conclusion (Part 2):
1. Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate.
2. Hydrogen gas is released in the reaction.
3. Zinc displaces hydrogen from sulphuric acid.
4. Hence, it is a displacement reaction.
Part 3: Heating of Lead Nitrate
Observation:
1. Brown fumes are produced on heating.
2. Yellow residue of lead oxide is left behind.
3. Oxygen gas is released.
Chemical Reaction:2Pb(NO₃)₂ → 2PbO + 4NO₂ + O₂
Conclusion (Part 3):
1. Lead nitrate decomposes on heating.
2. Nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, and lead oxide are formed.
3. This reaction occurs due to the supply of heat.
4. Hence, it is a decomposition reaction.
Practical No. 3
Aim: To observe the following reactions and to classify them into combination, displacement,
decomposition, and double displacement reactions.
Apparatus:250 ml beaker, Test tubes, Test tube holder, Dropper, china dish, Burner
Chemicals: Calcium oxide, Water, Crystals of ferrous sulphate, Copper sulphate solution,
Iron nail, Sodium sulphate solution, Barium chloride solution
Reaction 1: Reaction of Water with Calcium Oxide
Observation:
1. When water is added to calcium oxide, the mixture becomes hot.
2. A white paste of calcium hydroxide is formed.
Chemical Reaction: CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
Type of Reaction: Combination reaction
Conclusion (Reaction 1):
1. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide.
2. Heat is released during the reaction.
3. Two substances combine to form a single product.
4. Hence, it is a combination reaction.
Reaction 2: Effect of Heat on Ferrous Sulphate
Observation:
1. Green crystals of ferrous sulphate lose water on heating.
2. Brown residue is formed.
3. Gases with a choking smell are released.
Chemical Reaction: 2FeSO₄ → Fe₂O₃ + SO₂ + SO₃
Type of Reaction: Decomposition reaction
Conclusion (Reaction 2):
1. Ferrous sulphate decomposes on heating.
2. New substances are formed from a single compound.
3. Heat is necessary for the reaction.
4. Hence, it is a decomposition reaction.
Reaction 3: Reaction of Copper Sulphate with Iron Nail
Observation:
1. The blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades.
2. A brown deposit forms on the iron nail.
Chemical Reaction:Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu
Type of Reaction: Displacement reaction
Conclusion (Reaction 3):
1. Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
2. Copper metal is deposited on the iron nail.
3. The colour change confirms the reaction.
4. Hence, it is a displacement reaction.
Reaction 4: Reaction of Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride Solutions
Observation:
1. When both solutions are mixed, a white precipitate is formed.
2. The precipitate is insoluble in water.
Chemical Reaction: Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ ↓ + 2NaCl
Type of Reaction:Double displacement reaction.
Conclusion (Reaction 4):
1. Exchange of ions takes place between the two solutions
2. Barium sulphate is formed as a white precipitate.
3. Two compounds react to form two new compounds.
4. Hence, it is a double displacement reaction.
Practical No. 4
Aim: To study the magnetic field produced due to electric current flowing through a coil.
Apparatus: Insulated copper wire (coil), Connecting wires, Battery, Cardboard sheet, Iron filings
Diagram: refer journal
Observation:
1. When current flows through the coil, iron filings spread around the coil.
2. The iron filings arrange themselves in circular patterns.
3. The pattern shows the magnetic field lines around the coil.
4. When the current is switched off, the iron filings lose their pattern.
Conclusion:
1. A current-carrying coil produces a magnetic field around it.
2. The magnetic field is stronger near the coil.
3. The pattern of iron filings represents magnetic field lines.
4. When current stops, the magnetic field disappears.
5. Hence, electric current produces magnetism.
Practical No. 8
Aim: To verify the laws of refraction of light.
Apparatus: Glass slab, Drawing board, Drawing pins, Paper pins, Drawing sheet, Scale, Pencil.
Ray Diagram: ( braw using glass slab)
Observation table: (refer journal)
Observation:
1. When a ray of light enters the glass slab, it bends towards the normal.
2. When the ray comes out of the glass slab, it bends away from the normal.
3. The incident ray, refracted ray, and the normal lie in the same plane.
4. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction remains constant.
5. The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray.
Conclusion:
1. The incident ray, refracted ray, and the normal lie in the same plane.
2. Light bends when it travels from one medium to another.
3. The ratio sin I / sin r is constant for a given pair of media.
4. Hence, the laws of refraction of light are verified.
5. The glass slab causes lateral displacement of the light ray.
Practical No. 10
Aim: To obtain the focal length of a convex lens.
Apparatus: Convex lens, Lens holder, Metal scale, Screen with stand
Observation table: ( refer journal)
Observation:
1. The convex lens is placed vertically on the lens holder.
2. The lens is moved to obtain a sharp and clear image of a distant object on the screen.
3. The image formed is real and inverted.
4. The distance between the lens and the screen is measured.
5. This distance is equal to the focal length of the convex lens.
Conclusion:
1. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a distant object.
2. For a distant object, the image is formed at the focus of the lens.
3. The distance between the lens and the screen gives the focal length.
4. Thus, the focal length of the given convex lens is obtained successfully.
5. A convex lens converges light rays to a point called focus.
Practical No. 12
Aim: To study the oxidation reaction of carbon compounds.
Apparatus: Test tubes, Dropper, Burner
Chemicals: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), Dilute sodium carbonate solution (Na₂CO₃), Dilute potassium
permanganate solution (KMnO₄)
Observation:
1. Ethanol is taken in a test tube.
2. Dilute sodium carbonate solution is added to make the solution alkaline.
3. Dilute potassium permanganate solution is added drop by drop.
4. The purple colour of potassium permanganate disappears.
5. This indicates oxidation of ethanol.
Chemical Reaction:
C₂H₅OH + 2[O] →(above arrow)𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4--- CH₃COOH + H₂O
Conclusion:
1. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is oxidised to ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH).
2. Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) acts as an oxidising agent.
3. Decolourisation of KMnO₄ confirms oxidation.
4. This is an example of oxidation reaction of a carbon compound.
5. Hence, oxidation of alcohols can produce acids.