matrix concepts,
operations, and
properties
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
Illustrate matrix and its components (e.g.
1 row, column, dimensions and order of a
matrix)
perform matrix operations (addition,
2 subtraction, scalar multiplication,
multiplication, transposition);
apply properties of matrix operations
3 (commutative, associative, distributive,
zero matrix, identity matrix, etc.)
MATRIX
• A matrix is a rectangular array of
numbers arranged in rows and
columns.
• Each number is called an element
• It is usually enclosed in parenthesis ()
or brackets [].
COMPONENTS
OF A MATRIX
• Rows - the number of horizontal
arrangements of elements denoted
by “m” in the dimension of the matrix.
• Columns - the number of vertical
arrangements of elements denoted
by “n” in the dimension of the matrix.
COMPONENTS
OF MATRICES
• Order - Describes the dimension of
the matrix in terms of rows and
columns denoted by “m x n”.
• Elements - the individual numbers
inside a matrix denoted by 𝑎𝑖𝑗
EXAMPLE 1
Rows: 2 Order: 2x3
Columns: 3 Element 𝑎23 : 5
EXAMPLE 2
Rows: 3 Order: 3x2
Columns: 2 Element 𝑏12 : 8
MATRIX ADDITION &
SUBTRACTION
You can add or subtract two
matrices only if they have the
same order. Each corresponding
element is added or subtracted.
Find matA + matB.
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
A scalar is a constant number that
is multiplied to every element in a
matrix.
Evaluate the given scalar multiplication
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
It is only possible to multiply to
matrices if the number of columns
in matA = number of rows in matB.
Example 1: Find matrix AB.
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
It is only possible to multiply to
matrices if the number of columns
in matA = number of rows in matB.
Example 2: Find matrix AB.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
The transpose of a matrix is formed
by interchanging rows and columns.
For instance, a 2x3 matrix A’s
transpose is a 3x2 matrix.
Example 1: Find the transpose of matrix A.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX OPERATIONS
MATRIX ADDITION
• Commutative Property: 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑩 + 𝑨
• Associative Property: (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 = 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪)
• Identity: There is a zero matrix 𝟎, such that
𝟎 + 𝑨 = 𝑨 + 𝟎 = 𝑨.
• Additive Inverse: For every matrix A, there is
an additive inverse, −𝑨 such that
𝑨 + (−𝑨) = 𝟎
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX OPERATIONS
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
• Non-commutative: In general, 𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨
• Associative: (𝑨𝑩)𝑪 = 𝑨(𝑩𝑪)
• Distributive: 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪
• Multiplicative Identity: There is an
identity matrix, I, such that
𝑨𝑰 = 𝑰𝑨 = 𝑨 for a square matrix.
EXAMPLE
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX OPERATIONS
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
• Distributive over Addition:
𝒄(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝑨 + 𝒄𝑩
• Associative: 𝒄(𝒅𝑨) = (𝒄𝒅)𝑨
• Identity: 𝟏𝑨 = 𝑨
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX OPERATIONS
TRANSPOSE
• Property 1: (𝑨 ) = 𝑨
𝑻 𝑻
• Property 2: (𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝑨 + 𝑩
𝑻 𝑻 𝑻
• Property 3: (𝑨𝑩) = 𝑨 𝑩
𝑻 𝑻 𝑻
• Property 4: (𝒄𝑨) = 𝒄𝑨
𝑻 𝑻
Determinants of large matriceS
Minor of an element in matrix
The minor of an element in a matrix is the
determinant of the small matrix that remains after
removing the element’s row and column.
Example: For any Matrix A, the minor of element 𝒂𝒊𝒋
is obtained by removing the ith row and jth column
then getting the determinant of the remaining
matrix denoted by 𝑴𝒊𝒋 . Find the minor of 𝒂𝟐𝟏 .
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟑 𝟏
𝑨= 𝟒 𝟎 𝟔 𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 𝟒 𝑴𝟐𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐
𝟓 𝟗
𝟕 𝟓 𝟗
Determinants of large matriceS
Cofactors of a matrix
The cofactor of an element 𝒂𝒊𝒋 is similar to its minor
but includes a sign factor based on its position in
the matrix.
𝒊+𝒋
𝑪𝒊𝒋 = −𝟏 𝑴𝒊𝒋
Example: Find the cofactor of 𝒂𝟏𝟏 .
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝑨= 𝟒 𝟎 𝟔 𝒂𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐
𝟕 𝟓 𝟗
Determinants of large matriceS
Cofactors of a matrix
Step 1: Remove row 1 and column 1 or the ith row and
jth column from the identified element (𝒂𝒊𝒋 ).
Step 2: Compute the determinant
𝟎 𝟔
𝑴𝟏𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕 = −𝟑𝟎
𝟓 𝟗
Step 3: Apply the sign.
𝑪𝟏𝟏 = −𝟏 𝟏+𝟏 𝑴𝟏𝟏
𝟐
𝑪𝟏𝟏 = −𝟏 −𝟑𝟎
𝑪𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏 −𝟑𝟎
𝑪𝟏𝟏 = −𝟑𝟎
SOLVING SYSTEMS OF Linear equations
CRAMER’S RULE
Cramer’s Rule is a method for solving a system of n
linear equations with n unknowns (a square system)
using determinants.
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟏
ቐ 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒅𝟑
In a matrix form: 𝑨𝒙 = 𝒃
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 , 𝒙= 𝒚 , 𝒃 = 𝒅𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 𝒅𝟑
SOLVING SYSTEMS OF Linear equations
CRAMER’S RULE
Let |A| be the determinant of the matrix.
If 𝑨 ≠ 𝟎, then the system has a unique solution given by:
|𝑨𝒙| |𝑨𝒚| |𝑨𝒛 |
𝒙= , 𝒚= , 𝒛=
|𝑨| |𝑨| |𝑨|
Where:
• 𝑨𝒙 is obtained by replacing the x-columns of A with the
constants in b.
• 𝑨𝒚 is obtained by replacing the y-columns of A with the
constants in b.
• 𝑨𝒛 is obtained by replacing the z-columns of A with the
constants in b.
SOLVING SYSTEMS OF Linear equations
CRAMER’S RULE
Example 1: Find the values of x and y using
Cramer’s Rule.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓
ቊ
𝒙−𝒚=𝟏
Example 2: Find the values of x, y and z using
Cramer’s Rule.
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛=𝟔
ቐ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟒