1

Magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Same concept as electric flux

Measurement of magnetic field passing

through a given area
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12P06.1 Magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Area Vector :

The area vector of a plane surface whose -

● magnitude is the area of the figure and

● direction is perpendicular and it can be in
either of the two directions
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12P06.1 Magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Area Vector :

If the surface is curved then

● magnitude is the area of the figure and

● direction is perpendicularly outward to the
plane of the figure at every point
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12P06.1 Magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Area Vector :

If the surface is spherical then

● magnitude is zero and

● direction is perpendicularly outward to the
plane of the figure at every point
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12P06.1 Magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Q. Which of the area vectors marked

in the figure is/are incorrect ? (c)

Sol. None
(b)
All the directions marked are
perpendicularly outward, (d)
hence correct

(a)
(e)
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12P06.1 Magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Magnetic Flux 𝜱𝜱 ∝ no. of field

lines

No. of field lines depends on magnetic field

strength for a given area

No. of field lines depends on the magnitude of

area for a given magnetic field

No. of field lines depends on the orientation of

the area
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12P06.1 Measurement of magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

A planar area vector ‘A’, normal making an

angle of 𝜽𝜽 with magnetic field of strength ‘B’,
Magnetic flux (𝜙𝜙) is given by

𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙==B*A*cos𝜭𝜭
BAcos𝜭𝜭 where,

𝜙𝜙 = Magnetic flux linked to the area

B Magnetic field

A Area vector

θ Angle between magnetic field and area

vector
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12P06.1 Measurement of magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Q. A flat metallic plate has an area of 10 m2. It is placed in XY - plane. The magnetic
field is given by B = 12 T in the +z direction, find the magnitude of flux passing
through the plate.

Sol. Area of the plate A = 10 m2

Z

Direction of area vector will be in

B
the z direction

Magnetic field B = 12 T

Direction of magnetic field is also

Y in the z direction
X
⇒ 𝜭𝜭 = 0
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12P06.1 Measurement of magnetic Flux (𝜱𝜱) CareerHub

Magnetic flux passing through the metallic plate

𝜙𝜙 = BAcos𝜭𝜭

𝜙𝜙 = 12×10×cos 0

𝜙𝜙 = 12×10×1

𝜙𝜙 = 120 Wb
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CareerHub
Q. A flat piece of paper has an area of 0.4 m2. The length of paper is making an of
60 degrees with the x-axis. If magnetic field is given by B = 2 T in the -y
direction, find the magnitude of flux passing through the sheet.

Sol. Y
Area of paper A = 0.4 m2

Plane is at 600 from x-axis

A = 0.4 m2
Magnetic field B = 2 T
600 Direction is along -Y axis
𝜭𝜭 = 2400 X
Angle between A and B 𝜭𝜭 = 2400
B = 2T
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CareerHub
Q. A flat piece of paper has an area of 0.4 m2. The length of paper is making an of
60 degrees with the x-axis. If magnetic field is given by B = 2 T in the -y
direction, find the magnitude of flux passing through the sheet.

Sol. Y
𝜙𝜙 = BAcos𝜭𝜭

𝜙𝜙 = (-2)×(0.4)×cos 2400
A = 0.4 m2
𝜙𝜙 = (-2)×(0.4)×(- 0.5)
600 𝜙𝜙 = 0.4 Wb
𝜭𝜭 = 2400 X

B = 2T
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12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 1 When a bar magnet is held

stationary near a coil,
no current flows in the coil
 13
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 1 When a bar magnet is held

stationary near a coil,
no current flows in the coil

As the magnet moves with

respect to the coil, current starts
flowing in the coil
 14
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 1 When a bar magnet is held

stationary near a coil,
no current flows in the coil

As the magnet moves with

respect to the coil, current starts
flowing in the coil

Direction of current changes

depending upon the direction of
motion of the pole
 15
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 1 Relative motion between the coil

and magnet induces current in
the coil
 16
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 2 A current carrying coil also also

induces current in the closed
loop
 17
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 2 A current carrying coil also also

induces current in the closed
loop

Just like in the case of a bar

magnet, current is induced only
if there is a relative motion
 18
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 2 Relative motion between a

current carrying coil and a
closed loop induces current in
the coil
 19
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 3 Current is induced in the closed

loop when the current starts
flowing in the coil
 20
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 3 Current is induced in the closed

loop when the current starts
flowing in the coil

Current is induced in the closed

loop when the current stops
flowing in the coil
 21
12P06.1 Faraday’s Experiment CareerHub

Faraday’s Experiment 3 Time varying current in the coil

induces current in the closed
loop
 22
12P06.1 Faraday’s Law of EMI CareerHub

Mathematically, Faraday conducted -

Emf induced in a conducting loop is equal to negative of rate of change of

magnetic flux

The negative sign is discussed in next topic in detail

 23
Q. The magnetic flux linked with a coil changes from 12 x 10-3 Wb to 6CareerHub
x 10-3 Wb in
0.01 second. Calculate the induced emf.

Sol.
Change in flux in dt time
 24
Q. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop area of 2.0 cm 2 placed
CareerHub
inside the solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid
changes steadily from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1 second. What is the induced emf in the
loop while the current is changing ? (NCERT Exercises Q - 6.3 Page
no. 230)
Sol.
 25
CareerHub

(Magnetic field produced in a current carrying solenoid)

 26
12P06.1 Application of Faraday’s Law of EMI CareerHub
 27
12P06.1 Application of Faraday’s Law of EMI CareerHub
 28
Lenz’s Law CareerHub

We know that emf is induced due to change in magnetic flux.

But what is the polarity of induced emf ? How to determine the direction of current?
 29
12P06.2 Lenz’s Law CareerHub

We know that emf is induced due to change in magnetic flux.

But what is the polarity of induced emf ? How to determine the direction of current?

Lenz’s Law determines polarity of the induced emf

 30
12P06.2 Lenz’s Law CareerHub

North pole of the bar

magnet move towards
the coil, magnetic flux
linked to the coil
 31
12P06.2 Lenz’s Law CareerHub

North pole of the bar

magnet move towards
the coil, magnetic flux
linked to the coil

Change in flux induces

polarity in the coil
 32
12P06.2 Lenz’s Law CareerHub

North pole of the bar

magnet move towards
the coil, magnetic flux
linked to the coil

Change in flux induces

polarity in the coil

Polarity developed will

oppose the increase in
linked flux
 33
12P06.2 Lenz’s Law CareerHub

This is possible iff the left

face of the coil develops
North pole

The current will be flowing

in anticlockwise direction
 34
Lenz’s Law CareerHub

An induced electromotive force generates a current that induces a counter magnetic

field that opposes the magnetic field generating the current

Current ALWAYS flows in

anticlockwise direction at the
North Pole
 35
Lenz’s Law CareerHub

The Lenz law is nothing but the law of conservation of energy

The mechanical energy used in moving the bar magnet is converted to electrical
energy in the coil
 36
Lenz’s Law CareerHub

If, hypothetically the polarity induced is opposite to that of actual, north pole of the
induced current in the coil will face the south pole of the magnet. This means that the
magnet will be attracted towards the coil and thus its velocity and kinetic energy will go
on increasing

This violates the law of conservation of energy

 37
Lenz’s Law CareerHub
 38
Lenz’s Law CareerHub

We know that emf is induced due to change in magnetic flux.

But what is the polarity of induced emf ? How to determine the direction of current?

Lenz’s Law determines polarity of the induced emf

Given by Heinrich Friedrich Lenz in 1834

It is based on the principle of energy conservation

Lenz's law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change or a motion in a
magnetic field is so directed as to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical
force opposing the motion.
 39
CareerHub
Q. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the following situation.

(NCERT Example 6.5)

 40
CareerHub
Sol.
 41
CareerHub
As north pole of magnet 1 approaches coil, it induces an emf in a direction that
opposes the effect that induces it, thereby developing north pole

Current on the north pole flows in anticlockwise direction

 42

As south pole of magnet 2 approaches coil from the other side, it inducesCareerHub
an emf in a
direction that opposes the effect that induces it, thereby developing south pole

Current on the south pole flows in clockwise direction

 43

Thus, the plate A will develop positive polarity with respect to plate B CareerHub

I
៴
 44

Q. Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current in the CareerHub
situations
described by
A wire of irregular shape turning into a circular shape

(NCERT Exercise 6.2 Page no. 230)

 45
CareerHub
The area of the loop increases as the area of circle is
greatest in comparison to other shapes of same
perimeter.
As the area increases, the flux entering the plane also
increases.
Emf will be induced such that the flux entering the plane
៴
is countered. This is only possible if it develops North
polarity.
North polarity is developed only if current flows in anti-
clockwise manner i.e. “adcba”
 46
CareerHub
Q. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y axes is moved with a
velocity of 8 cm s–1 in the positive x-direction in an environment containing a
magnetic field in the positive z-direction. The field is neither uniform in space nor
constant in time. It has a gradient of 10 – 3 T cm–1 along the negative x-direction
(that is it increases by 10 – 3 T cm –1 as one moves in the negative x-direction), and
it is decreasing in time at the rate of 10 –3 T s–1. Determine the direction and
magnitude of the induced current in the loop if its resistance is 4.50 mΩ.

Sol.
(NCERT Exercise 6.12)
 47
CareerHub
Gradient of the magnetic field along negative x-
direction,
Y
Time varying field

rate of decrease of magnetic field in time

Resistance R = 4.50 mΩ = 4.5 × 10-3 Ω

8 cm/s

X
Space varying field
 48
CareerHub
Area of the square loop = 0.12 × 0.12

= Y
1.44 × 10-2 m2
Time varying field
The decrease in the magnetic flux is due to
change in the motion of the square loop in
presence of non - uniform magnetic field

8 cm/s

X
Space varying field
 49
CareerHub
Due to explicit time variation in magnetic field, the rate of change of flux

The total emf induced in the square loop

 50
CareerHub

Induced current

Current direction will be such that there will be increase in the flux along +z direction
 51
Motional Electromotive Force CareerHub

Learning Objectives

EMF induced due to moving conductor

Power required to move conductor
Charge flow and change in magnetic flux : Relationship
 52
CareerHub
 53
12P06.2 EMF Induced due to moving conductor CareerHub
 54
12P06.2 EMF Induced due to moving conductor CareerHub

A conducting loop of side l is

allowed to move in a uniform and
time independent magnetic field B
perpendicular to it with a velocity v

⇒
 55
EMF Induced due to moving conductor CareerHub

Experimentally, it has been proven that a stationary conductor subjected to time

varying magnetic field shows same result

We Know
F = q [E + v x B] (Lorentz Force)
F = q [E] (v = 0 as conductor is
stationary)

Force is due to electric field only

⇒ Time varying magnetic field produces electric field

 CareerHub

12P06.2
CV 3
Power required to move a conductor in magnetic field
 57
12P06.2 Power required to move conductor CareerHub

Power required to push conductor with velocity v

Resistance of conductor = r
 58
12P06.2 Power required to move conductor CareerHub

Power required to push conductor with velocity v

Resistance of conductor = r

Force on conductor
 59
Power required to move conductor CareerHub

Power required to push conductor with velocity v

Resistance of conductor = r

Force on conductor

Power required to push conductor with

velocity v

⇒
 60
Power required to move conductor CareerHub

Power required to push conductor with velocity v

P → Power required to move the conductor

B → Magnetic field
l → Length of the conductor
v→ velocity of the conductor
r → resistance of the conductor
 61
Charge flow and change in magnetic flux : Relationship CareerHub

Relationship between charge flow through the circuit and change in magnetic flux

(Faraday’s Law)

(Ohm’s Law)

(I = Rate of flow of charge)

⇒
 62
Inductance CareerHub

Emf (current) generated in the circuit owing to

some changing magnetic flux is called
induction

Magnetic field and induced current circuit are

separate and unconnected entities
 63
Inductance CareerHub

Changing current in the coil creates a

changing magnetic field

Changing magnetic field induces emf in

the coil

Emf is induced in the direction opposite

direction to the battery emf

This induced emf is called as counter-

electromotive force (CEMF) or back emf
 64
Inductance CareerHub

Property of an electrical conductor (called

inductor) to oppose a change in the electric
current through it is called inductance
SI unit is H (Henry)

An inductor is a coil of wire wrapped around a

magnetic material

Stores energy in the form of magnetic field

(Capacitor stores energy in the form of electric
field)
 65
12P06.4 Inductance CareerHub

Thus,

Induction process

Inductor conductor

Inductance property
 66
Self Induction CareerHub
 67
Self Induction CareerHub

Self Induction

If ‘N’ is the no. of turns in the coils

Let ‘n’ be the no of turns per unit length

‘L’ is coefficient of self-inductance

 68
Self Induction CareerHub

⇒ Self induced emf always opposes any

change (decrease or increase) in current in the
coil
 69
Induction CareerHub

Geometry Shape of
of inductor coil

Inductance
depends on

No of turns Type of
in the coil material
 70
Induction CareerHub

Inductance is independent of 𝜙𝜙 (magnetic flux) and I (current)

Inductance is a scalar quantity

Dimensions of inductance [ML2T-2A-2]

 71
CareerHub
Q. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one
coil changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the
other coil?
(NCERT Exercises Q - 6.9)

Sol. Mutual Inductance

Initial Current
Final Current
Time taken for the change
Induced emf
Induced emf

⇛
 72
Types of Currents : AC and DC CareerHub

AC (Alternating Current) - The current

that changes its magnitude and
polarity at regular intervals of time is
called an alternating current.

DC (Direct Current) - Direct current

(DC) is the unidirectional flow of
electric charge. A battery is a good
example of a DC power supply.
 73
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

Generator - Device that converts mechanical energy

into electrical energy.

AC Generator - Device that converts mechanical

energy (rotating armature) into Alternating Current
(electrical energy)

Principle - Electromagnetic Induction

 74
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

Construction

An armature coil ABCD mounted on the motor

shaft is placed in a uniform magnetic field.

The ends are connected to slip rings R1 and R2.

A galvanometer is connected as shown with the

help of brushes B1 and B2
 75
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

Working

The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the

magnetic field.

The shaft is rotated mechanically, which rotates

the armature coil which changes angle (θ)
between B and A.

It changes the flux linked (𝜙𝜙 = B A cosθ) to the

armature which induces emf in the coil (Faraday’s
Law).
 76
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

Let,
The angular speed of coil = ω
Magnetic Field = B
Area of the coil = A
Angle between B and A = θ

At time t = 0, θ = 0 and at any time ‘t’ angle is θ

Flux at any time ‘t’ 𝜙𝜙 = B A cosθ
𝜙𝜙 =
B A cos(ωt)
 77
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

If the coil has N no of turns, then

Faraday’s Law

Value of sin varies from ± 1

Value of ℰ will vary from ± NBAω

The direction of current changes periodically, so it

is called AC (Alternating Current).
 78
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

This formula gives instantaneous value of induced emf ℰ at any time ‘t’
 79
12P06.5 Construction and Working of an AC Generator CareerHub

The polarity of the

current changes after
the coil has rotated π
radians
 80
12P06.5 AC Generator CareerHub
 81
12P06.5 Types of AC Generator CareerHub

Types of AC Generator

Hydro-electric Thermal Nuclear Power

Generators Generator Generator
 82
12P06.5 AC Generator CareerHub

Mostly, the armature coil is held stationary and the electromagnets are rotated, to
generate current.
Mostly, frequency is 50 Hz (India) and 60 Hz (USA)