EXPLORING POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
AND ITS PROPERTIES
Compare and Identify the Appreciate the
importance of different
contrast polar and polarity of a
molecules in relation to
non-polar molecule molecule based on its polarity by citing
its structure examples
Polarity Experiment
Objectives:
1. Investigate the solubility and miscibility of
several substances using water as the solvent.
2. Describe what happens at the molecular
level for each setup.
3. Identify the polarity of the substances
based on the result of each setup.
Safety Guidelines:
1. Perform this activity on a clean
table and with complete
materials.
2. Follow the given procedures
and do not deviate from the
instructions.
3. Clean and dispose of the
materials properly after the
activity.
Instructions:
Fill each cup halfway with
water, then add 1
teaspoon of each
substance to each cup.
Observe and record your
findings on the table
written on your notebook.
PREDICTION EXPLANATION
OBSERVATION
Guide Questions:
1. Which of the following
substances are miscible
with water? Explain.
2. Explain why some
substances do mix while
others don’t.
POLARITY
OF
MOLECULES
refers to having a dipole, that is, a positive
and a negative end.
Molecules can
-
be classified as
polar or
-
nonpolar.
the electron pair is unevenly pulled between the
atoms.
Water (H₂O): HF
HCl NH₃
Classic Polar (Hydrogen
(Hydrogen (Ammonia):
Bond Example Fluoride)
Chloride)
the electron pair is more or less evenly
distributed.
H₂ (Hydrogen CCl₄
gas) CH₄ (Carbon
N₂ (Nitrogen
(Methane)
O₂ (Oxygen gas) tetrachlori
gas) Cl₂ (Chlorine CO₂ (Carbon
de)
gas) dioxide)
UNEVENLY distributed.
Polar molecules have atoms
with different
electronegativities, meaning
they attract electrons to
different degrees.
EVENLY distributed.
Electrons are shared
equally between atoms.
there is un equal sharing of electrons or asymmetrical
of electrons among the atoms of a molecules.
there is equal or symmetrical distribution of electrons among
atoms in the molecules.
refers to the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in
another substance (solvent).
The solvent is the substance that does
the dissolving.
Solvent It is usually present in a larger amount.
Most common solvent: Water (often
called the "universal solvent").
refers to the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in
another substance (solvent).
the substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a
solution. It’s usually present in a smaller amount
compared to the solvent.
solute
Can be solid, liquid, or
gas
Determines the concentration of the
refers to the ability of two substances, usually
liquids, to mix in all proportions.
If two liquids are
miscible, they blend If they are immiscible,
together in any they do not mix and
proportion to form a instead form separate
single phase. layers.
refers to the capacity of a liquid to be mixed with other
liquids to form a homogenous substance
A homogeneous mixture is a
type of mixture in which the
components are uniformly
distributed throughout.
+ - +
- + -
tend to be miscible
with other polar
substan + - +
+ - +
are miscible - + -
with other non-
polar substance + - +
+ - +
This is often - + -
summarized by the
phrase "like
+ - +
dissolves like."
+ - +
is the - + -
temperature at
which a liquid + - +
turns into a gas.
refers to the capacity of a liquid to be mixed with other
liquids to form a homogenous substance
A homogeneous mixture is a
type of mixture in which the
components are uniformly
distributed throughout.
How does polarity
of molecules affect
the boiling point of
a substance?
The greater the polarity of the molecules in
the substance, the greater their forces of
attraction between molecules, the greater
the energy needed to separate them into a
gaseous form, and, therefore, the higher its
boiling point.
The molecules in water, for example, are held
together by strong H-bonds (hydrogen bonds),
which results in its very high boiling point
(100°C).
In contrast, non-polar substances usually have
relatively lower boiling points because of weaker
forces of attraction among the molecules.
Valence electron
are the electron in the
outermost energy level.
it plays the important role in
the formation of the chemical
bond
•Atoms in a compound tend to
have the noble gas
configuration.
•The Octet rule take its name
from the fact that the noble
gas, except Helium have 8
electrons in their outermost He proposed the Octet Rule
energy level.
1. Count all the valence electron.
2. Determine the central atom
3. Draw single bonds to the central atoms
4. Put all remaining valence electrons on atoms as lone
pairs
5. Turn lone pairs into double or triple bonds to give
every atom on octet or (duet)