Unit-1 Ethics & Human Interface

Friday, August 16, 2019 12:09 AM

Basic Terms

• Beliefs, Values, Attitude, Behaviour, Ethics & Morals

• All these terms are Abstract and Subjective
Abstract => exist in thoughts or an idea but does not have a physical or concrete existence i.e. cannot be
perceived by 5 senses. Ex- Honesty, Love, God, Religion & Friendship.
Subjective => mind dependent & subject (person) specific. Thought process of humans is not always objective
as it is affected by stereotypes, prejudices and situation based. Irrationality element in human causes
subjectivity.

1. Beliefs-
○ it is an internal feeling or idea that something is true even though that thing is unproven or irrational.
○ Belief is the simplest form of mental representation and therefore one of the building block of thought process.
○ Factors affecting belief system-
 School, college, friends, religion, social surrounding.
○ Kinds of Belief-
 Social, political, religious, personal, etc. all such based on context.

2. Values-

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 1

 2. Values-
○ Values are the things that are important or valuable to someone. This someone may be person or any
organisation.
○ Values are the standards which help us to evaluate something or make judgement about how desirable or
undesirable a thing it to us. Thing can be object/idea/place/person or any other thing.
○ Ex- Civil Services is important for some but not for others such as businessman.
Relation between Beliefs and Values-
 Core or strong beliefs when combines with emotions becomes values.

• All values are beliefs but not all beliefs are values.
• Example of Belief turning into value- Child goes to republic day parade every year -> love for
country turns into patriotism -> Nationalism.
• Difference between Patriotism and Nationalism-
• Patriotism: valuing our own country without comparing with others
• Nationalism: considering ones own country to be superior than other countries by comparing
them.

3. Attitude-
○ Manifestation of our values .
○ Attitude is an expression of like/dislike towards a person, place, things or events.
○ Attitude can be formed from individual's past or present environment.

4. Human Behaviour-
○ Most of the times attitude and behaviour are inline but sometimes due to situations attitude and behaviour may
differ.
 Ex- family might believe in girls education i.e. have +ive attitude towards it but due to pressure of social
condition such as Khap Panchayats they remain reluctant in sending girls to school.
○ Hence Human Behaviour is complex i.e. situation and many other factors dependent
○ Human Behaviour refers to the range of responses exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture,
attitude, emotions, morality, values, ethics, genetics, etc.
○ Beliefs and values acts as building blocks of the Human Behaviour.
○ Sometimes Human Behaviour outcomes can affect our belief system. Hence it may act as feedback to change or
modify our belief system.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ethics and Morality

1. Ethics-
○ Ethics in practice are the societal standards on the basis of which things or acts are decided as right or wrong.
They prescribe what is or is not considered appropriate behaviour in living one's life.
○ Ethics are provided to an individual by external sources like the profession/society/religion.
○ Not following Ethics may lead to social disapproval or Social sanctions.
○ Ethics as a branch of philosophy is also defined as the study of what we understand to be good and right
behaviour and how people make those judgement.
○ It is a discipline that examines one's moral standards or the moral standards of society.

2. Morals-
○ Morals are the standards of right or wrong which defines how things should work according to individual ideals
and principles.
○ We recognise them because we have believe in something right or wrong.
Not following these standards, we may feel uncomfortable, depression or dissonance.

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 ○ Not following these standards, we may feel uncomfortable, depression or dissonance.

• Relationship Between Ethics and Morals-

○ In most of the cases, convergence between Morals and Ethics exists as the morality of individual is developed
within the environment of Ethics prevailing in the society.
○ But there also exists a divergence between the two.
 Ex- Sati was Ethical for Society but it was immoral for reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
○ Also both Ethics and Moral can change by debates and deliberations.
 Ex- after long resistance and debates the earlier Ethical practice of Sati became unethical.

Ethics Morals
1. Derived from Greek word- 'Ethos' which means 1. Derived from Latin word- 'Moralis' which means
habits of society. character.
2. These are right or wrong actions in context of 2. These are right or wrong actions in context of
society or organisation. individuals
3. It is based on External Locus 3. It is based on Internal Locus.
4. Not following Ethics will lead to Social boycott 4. Actions done against Morals will bring unrest,
or Sanctions. dissonance & guilt in person.
valus/ethics
ind
Relationship Between Ethics, Morals & Values

↑
Ede Just
family
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media
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,

etc
s
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ment ,
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observatimete ahar
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-

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-

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Social
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t vedic

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,

lequality ,
.
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○ All morals are values (individual Values).

○ All Ethics are values (Societal Values). values are s
of desirability & undesirability
○ But not all values are Ethics or Morals.
depends on Inel &
society values
Ethics
Morals

1
(edit it)
Ex : -Effectiveness value is not ethical /mord
○ Ethical or moral values are subset of various values of person. desirable value

v
○ Concept such as material success, individualism courage, hardwork, competition, patriotism, etc. are value
standards but are not seen as Ethical or Moral standards of right or wrong.
 Ex- Hardwork, Punctuality, Honesty, etc. are values but not Ethics or Moral as the person who is not

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 3

  Ex- Hardwork, Punctuality, Honesty, etc. are values but not Ethics or Moral as the person who is not
hardworking, not punctual not honest is not socially boycotted in India.
 When Hardwork, Punctuality, Honesty will become the value of all the individuals of the society then it will
become ethics or moral.
○ However standards such as honesty, truthfulness and fairness are usually applied in making ethical judgements
in human behaviour.

• Conventions vs Traditions-
• Conventions- habits of society/organisation that are unwritten. Ex- Proterm Speaker
• Traditions- when conventions are continued for very long time it becomes tradition. It is something
which we inherit from the past. Ex- Kumbh Mela
• Principles vs Norms-
• Principles- more concrete form of values
• Norms- principles of society.
• Ideals vs Virtue-
• Ideals- Idea of Perfection (what one wants to be)
• Virtue- those qualities which helps one to attain his ideals
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Essence of Ethics/Values

• Essence=> indispensable properties which cannot be compromised (Nichod)

○ Ex- Essence of Gandhism => Non-violence and Truthfulness

• Following are the essence of Ethics-

1. Ethics cannot be shaped and sustained in isolation. A person's environment (school, college, friends, etc.)
interact with his/her genotype to influence the behavioural outcome.
• Socialization- it is a process by which nascent biological entity is converted into responsible social
person. Or it may be referred as the process by which the culture, norms, values or ideologies are passed
from one generation to the other generation.
• Socialization is very strong in India which helps in => collectivism, joint family, etc.
• Hence socialization helps in attaining social and cultural continuity.

2. A man is not only the product but also the producer of his culture. He not only learns from the culture but may
also lead to change in ethical system of the society.
Ex- Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Martin Luther King, Ashoka, etc.

O3. Ethics depends upon the context in which they are operating. They vary in their meaning and intensity according
to time, place & person.
Ex- Spitting in public in India is not Unethical while not in Western countries it is Unethical as well as
offence.

4. Ethics operates at different levels like individual, organizational, socio-cultural, political and international level.
Ethics at all level effects each other.
Ex- tolerance in society helps in Unity at national level

②5. Ethics are abstract and subjective in nature i.e. they are affected by individual's perception and emotions.
Ex- Beef eating may be unethical for someone while it is tradition for someone.

6. Ethics are inter-related to each other.

Ex- truthfulness -> honesty -> integrity -> probity
Impartiality -> Equality
Even the values may be interlinked in +ive and -ive relationship (inverse relation).
Ex- Economic Values and Environmental values

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 4

 Ex- Economic Values and Environmental values

7. Ethical behaviour also comes into play when human interact with other things like machine, animals,
environment, etc.
Ex- Monkey declared as Vermin in Himachal Pradesh.

③8. Ethics originates from the sense of justice prevailing in a particular society.
-

Ex- Indian society- women and Women in Afghanistan no education rights.

↓
④V
9. Ethics are maintained and sustained by a sense of responsibility and not mere accountability to some external
-

agency.
Ex- Respecting elders in ethical in Indian society. No law for it.

10. Ethical standards are very vast and cannot be completely codified by laws and code of conduct.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Determinants of Ethics

• It refers to the factors responsible for presence of particular set of Ethics in any society.
• Since Ethics are contextual in nature i.e. they vary from time to time and place to place, hence each society can have
different set of Ethics.
• Determination of Ethics is a complicated task as a criteria of judging what is right or wrong is neither absolute nor
universal but rather it depends upon-
○ Person, Place & time.

1. Person- Tamas
Rajas
 Person's # satvik
□ genetic structure (guna theory- each one is born unique traits),
□ economic condition (poor or rich)
□ role in society (mother, father, bureaucrat, etc.)
□ Gender Exi-Drinking/smoking
=>
bey women .

produces a different set of Ethics.

 Every individual has a different genetic structure which when combines with the environmental
conditions produce a different set of Ethics.

2. Place-
 It refers to the external environment which includes culture, government institutions, family, school,
religion, laws and customs, etc.
□ Ex- Abortion is highly unethical in Ireland while it is not so in India, Divorce in USA and in India.

3. Time-
 Different individuals, societies & culture have different sets of moral codes or may behave differently at
different times or situations.
□ Ex- Sati & Untouchability, Slavery in US, Imperialism in Europe, Racism, etc. was ethical earlier but
now it is unethical

• 3 schools of Ethics/Moral-
• Relativism => believes that Ethics are contextual i.e. depends upon time, person & place
• Universalism => believes that certain Ethics are present and followed in all societies irrespective of
above factors. Ex- Truthfulness, Justice, Respecting Parents, etc. are right in all societies.
• Nihilism => believes that Ethics are highly individualistic in nature and hence there is no point in studying
and generalizing it. It is extreme form of Relativism.

Ethics
• Are Ethics Contextual or Universal-
Contextual
Problem with Universally defining Ethics is that there are many different elements that contribute to them such
) Universal
globalisation/
(Relativism)
Integration of world
Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 5
 ○ Problem with Universally defining Ethics is that there are many different elements that contribute to them such
as time, place and person.
○ However with the advancement of the societies and world being converted into global village in the age of
Globalisation, there are certain Ethics which are not recognised by almost every country.
○ It is believed that no society can sustain for long without embracing certain ethical standards like- Honesty,
Justice, Equality, Tolerance, Freedom, etc.
○ Hence Ethics are both Contextual and Universal.
 Ex-Universal declaration of Human Rights 1948, World Bank conditions for loan, SDGs, etc.
-

Uncharters
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Consequences of Ethics

• Ethics works like electricity, no one see it but everyone can feel it.
• 4th report of 2nd ARC highlighted the importance of Ethics and said that no society can sustain without Ethics.
• Presence of Ethics can make or break the nations.
○ Ex- Japan & Germany- highly developed during early 20th century but was destroyed due to lack of Ethics. They
again rose back to the same power with high Ethical standards.
• It has both positive and negative repercussions.

1. Positive Consequences of Ethics-

Maslow's Nerd Hierarchy Theory of Motivation

a) Individual Level-
□ Satisfying basic human needs. Ethics motivates people towards higher goals of life like self-esteem,
self-realization.
□ Ethics helps people to reach their ideals. (virtual
□ It helps people to make moral analysis. Without Ethics people will just do cost benefit analysis and
life will become just a balance sheet.

b) Organizational Level-
Kulmila □ It helps in creating credibility and trust of organization. Ex- Infosys & TCS are successful due high
adherence to Ethics and Values.
Ker □ It also helps in uniting people and developing leadership i.e. good work culture, low attrition rate,
high efficiency, better quality work, etc.
□ It also helps in decision making.
□ It helps administrators in making more reflective decisions that can be easily defended in public.
orderly  Ex- Give it Up Campaign of LPG subsidy, Corporate Social Responsibility, etc.

hogo
Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 6
 only

f
law ?
no
tech ethics
is guidung
evolving principle
c) Social Level-
□ It helps in securing society. ↑
works in order maintain)
□ Often Ethics succeeds law in safeguarding the society. (law se belitar
 Ex- Land Acquisition cases, Internal Security Problems, Naxalism, etc.
□ It helps in bringing integration and stability in a society. Also brings harmony at social level
□ It enhances social capital (it refers to those institutions, relationships and norms that shape the
quality and quantity of interaction among people) (connection 610 ppl)
 Ex: Love & Harmony -> More Peace -> More Development -> less expenditure in security
reasons.
□ It helps in the progress of the society as it propagates the values of Equality, tolerance, liberty,
justice, fraternity, altruism, etc.
- -
#
□ People think of social interest before their personal interest.

2. Negative Consequences of Ethics-

a) International Level-
□ More war and conflicts, trust deficit, more military power usage.
□ Matsya Raj of Kautilya (Big fish eating small fish)
□ Global issues such as Environment, Trade, Terrorism, etc. cannot be solved.
□ Nationalism will start dominating.
b) National Level-
□ Poor economic growth, corruption. In fact 2nd ARC Report has said that biggest manifestation of
absence of Ethics is Corruption.
□ Internal Security Problems
□ Civil War. Ex: Arab Spring.
c) Political Level-
□ Hung Parliament, coalition governments (slow and inefficient)
□ Regionalism, Casteism, Communalism
□ Political Corruption & Criminalization of Politics
□ Loss of Constitutional Values.
d) Social Level-
□ Moral policing, mob lynching, crime against woman, old age & children.
□ Rise in inequality, Etc.
e) Organisational Level-
□ Corruption, Nepotism, loss of trust, destruction of work culture, poor efficiency, etc.
f) Individual Level-
Dissonance, Unrest, Petty Crimes, Mass Cheating, Stalking, Acid Attacks, Domestic Violence, Dowry,
etc.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dimensions of Ethics (different aspects or perspective)

#
Ethics ko kitne dekha saleta
se
ja
·
mazariye
hai

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 7

 branches are
-volutionaryin nature logical
-
steps

EBasic f
· Fundedealt

J L
&
1. Meta Ethics:
○ This dimension deals with the issues of Universal truth, the will of God, Role of reason in Ethical Judgement and
the meaning of Ethical terms themselves.
○ 2 most important issues in Meta Ethics are-
hai
a) Metaphysical Issues: = Ethics wi would belong Kanta
 These issues studied at whether ethics belongs to this world or Godly creation, whether they are absolute
or relative.
 Ethical Universalism claims that Ethics are of divine origin i.e. God has created them & hence present
universally whereas Ethical Relativism claims that Ethics are human creation & hence are highly contextual
in nature.

b) Psychological Issues: => consequences of Ethics = agae nali hoga to harsh

 Deals with the questions- Why be moral ? i.e. What is the utility of being moral ?
□ Societies have developed ethics so that people can cooperate with each other.
□ Ethics brings balance and harmony in society. Without Ethics life will become mess, inner dissonance,
never satisfied, unrest, etc.
□ Being Ethical is nature of human being due to inner conscious. => Lite st of sid a far)
 Hence "Without Ethics the whole world will sink into the bottomless darkness"
 Also being Ethical helps in-
□ Avoiding Punishment, Gaining Praise, attain happiness, to fit into the society, to be dignified (self-
respect)

x2. Descriptive Ethics: diftpp) society

in
diff mein get
Kaise behave Kaste haix of we data

○ It deals with basic empirical investigation (data and experience based) that how people behave in different
situations in different societies.
○ It studies the history & evolution of ethics & gives a record of certain Taboos, Customs or Conventions prevalent
in different cultures.

3. Normative or Perspective Ethics: = arranging collected data into logical information

○ It prescribes what should be done.
Normative Ethics is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behaviour & thus try to prescribe various norms

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 8

 right & wrong
>
-
○ Normative Ethics is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behaviour & thus try to prescribe various norms
which should be followed by people to remain ethical.
○ For Ex-
 the golden rule => we should do to others what we want others to do to us.
 One should never do to the others what one regards injurious to oneself. = Mahabharat
-
-

○ Multiple approaches (branches) present in this school.

a) Teleological approach: (Tail > End) =

End based approach or Consequential approach in which if consequences are right then no matter what action is
taken.
 Nationalism based (US killing for national interest),
 Common based (Environment, Land Acquisition, maintaining law and order, etc.),
 Egoism based (Self-interest i.e. anything which is in my interest is Ethical),
 Utilitarianism based (greatest good for greatest good of the people) Ex -Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombing
· :

b) Deontological approach:
Means based approach in which No matter what the end is, methods should be correct. Gandhi was follower of
this approach.
 Rights based (no matter what, rights of people should be protected. Ex right to speak must be ensured
even if one is giving hate speeches),
 Contracts based (once commitment done then it should be followed no matter what the end is)
 Justice based (Fair criteria must be followed)
 Duty based (no matter one should do his duty. Ex- Bhishma in Mahabahart)

c) Virtue approach:
It is an individual based approach while above two are society based approach. Person thinks about only himself,
if his decision helps in reaching close to his ideal, then it is Ethical.

4. Applied Ethics:
○ Deals with how the above normative principles are applied in different situations and context.
○ Applied Ethics attempts to apply ethical theories to real life situations. 2 features are necessary for an issue to
aesthetic questions be considered an applied ethics [Link] nots
should not be 1. Issues needs to be controversial in the sense that there are significant groups of people both for and
decided based against the issue. (ex- LGBT rights, Abortion, Euthanasia, etc.)
m ethical
grounds 2. It must be a distinctly moral issue.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ethics in Private/Personal & Public Relationship

Social Personal
Animals
=> Interactions Relations -
Public- Society

• Interaction between human beings leads to the formation of relationships which can be categorized into public and
private relationships. The health of these relationship will decide the health of the society. => (Social Capital)
• (Gandhian Perspective) Gandhi's non-violent society is based on 4 principles in relationship-
1. Respect (taking person's effort for granted. Ex- parents efforts)
2. Appreciation (work needs to be appreciated. Ex- pvt organisation appreciation mail)
3. Acceptance (accepting diversity, seeing it as opportunity)
4. Understanding (not being Empathetic towards each other)

1. Personal Relations- => Ramayana Classic Example

○ Relations which we share with family and friends, that are highly informal in nature & internal locus of control
ex-only child & his father can decide the nature of relationship between them & no external person.

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 9

 ex-only child & his father can decide the nature of relationship between them & no external person.
○ 3 factors that impact the personal relations are-
1. Emotions
2. Personal Interest
3. Morality
○ Ethics in personal relation is more important than the public relations because personal relations are formed
before the public relationship. Also personal relationships directly impacts and get impacted by morality which
forms the basis of ethics.
---

○
↓ Private relations largely involves relation with family & friends. They are informal in nature as no formal
procedure is there to regulate such relations.
○ These are one-to-one relations based on emotional bonds and in most cases, expression of individual personality
is there.
○ Internal control is there on ethical behaviour rather than external control in the form of laws, rules and
regulations.
as
no
external ○ Ethics in private relation can differ widely from person to person and are often influenced by the morality,
2
control
-

emotional state and personal interest of the person involved in such relationship.
○ Ethics shown in private relation often forms a major part of morality and in any society, morality forms the basis
-
for ethical behaviour in public relations.
○ Examples of Ethics in personal relation- trust, respect, dedication, care, etc.
○ Ethics of care comes in private relation while Ethics of Justice comes in public relation.

2. Public Relations- Professional/formal relz

=>

○ Formal relations which are outside of our personal sphere. Ex- relationship between 3 organs Executive,
Judiciary & Legislature governed by constitution, between teacher and student, etc.
Contract #○ Public relationship involve relations between individuals in public sphere where individuals perceive themselves
2
Social
theory as a part of context and not as separate entity.
○ These relations are predictable and formal in nature. Ethics shown in such relations are often influenced by the
bes -

norms, values and behaviour prevailing in particular society or organisation. External locus
-

Ethics in
• Relation between public and private relationship most relf mix both public I put
=>
of are
of
R

interactin se

·*****
Eccentries
-
flow

-
#

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chalme
rejecting
against
wall

accepted
mein

highly
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Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 10
 E
satisfaction

A
> Yes
-

man bangaya =
rationality killed

○ Distinguishing between Ethics in Public relationship & Private Relationship is vague, ambiguous & difficult. Both
of them cannot be divided in water tight compartments. They consistently interact and affect each other.
○ Ethics in private relations helps in humanizing public relations and plays and important role in forming the moral
system of a person.
○ Conflict between Ethics in Public and private relations may lead to unrest, dissonance and confusion. However
too much congruence of Ethics in private and public relations may lead to stagnation of ideas and change.
○ Source of public relation defining is also very important as life may become conservative. Ex- Taliban defining
public relation in Afghanistan, Army in Pakistan, etc.
○ Lots of people have culturally induced ethical blindness, but they can be cured. Ex- moral policing, Honour

(ture
Killing, Cow vigilantism, etc.
Eg dry- etrically wrong
.
ke
aage
Ethics
ignore kar dete hai)
culturally -

*******************************************************************
Human Values: Role of family, Society & Educational Institutions in including values values
=
Something that help
us to choose our
Pg 38 & 39 in booklet
Ko disha dete
Preferences
or behaviour =

• Distinct features of values- hai

guides ↑
value 1. Values are comprehensive standards that direct conduct in a variety of ways.
2. Values also provide standards of morality
3. Values are above specific objects, situations or people i.e. independent of context. Ex- if justice is my value then I
will be just to everyone. =>
highly general in nature
Toral
.

steras 4. Values are relatively stable and enduring. Only a very intense incident in life can change a value structure of a
↓ ↓ person. Ex- Ashoka post Kalinga War, Valmiki Rishi, Pan Singh Tomar youth J & K · in .

I value
type of
• Types of values-
○ Terminal values & Incidental
○ End oriented value & means oriented values
○ Core values & Surface/Peripheral values

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 11

 • Sources of Values-
○ Environment around person.
○ Value development is a continuous, cumulative and highly interdependent process touching all the aspects of
personality.
○ Factors which affects the value structure of an individual can be both natural (genetic) as well environmental.
However it is the environment which plays the most important role in developing the value structure of a
person.

1. Role of Family in Value Development-

○ Family is often regarded as first informal agency of socialization.
⑨ Orphanage Study
Children who spend their time with family are confident, responsive & emotionally stable as
compared to children from Orphanage.
Contact Comfort Study
aggressive Monkey & Kangroo-> child is kept direct in contact with mother -> more confident & explore more &
& insecure
-

less aggressive
⑧Child Rearing Practices
Democratic rearing i.e. collective decision making => more responsive => Western Societies
Authorative rearing like in India => Obidience hierarchy following nature
,

⑧Observation Learning => observe the behaviour of family & relatives for learning. Ex- house held is to be

scolded Cover generalisation => nauker must be dominated)

& Role Models=> directly imitate/blindly follow without observing. First role model generally parents.
Bhagwat Geeta say focus on character building rather than securing future. E- Doryodhan future was
Y

secured but lack of value led to his downfall.

Indian
literates
○ A family is a social institutions with a bond of common beliefs, religion, customs, culture, language & a way of
life.
4
○ It carries on the heritage & tradition as legacy from earlier generation to the next generation.
=

○ Child rearing practices adopted by the parents shapes the personality of child both consciously and
family-culture
eator

Readtwrite subconsciously.
Literat withdestanding ○ It is from the family that child acquire self-knowledge, self-confidence, self-satisfaction, self-worth & realise
↑ of themselves of human being competent to show kindness, generosity, tolerance, compassion, responsibility &
application
Ede Knowledge service to society.
 Ex- USA has more individualistic society while India has collective society,
(9) (we)

2. Role of Educational Institutions (school

= house
of opportunities
= > jo chahige
wo child ko le b)

I
○ School or educational institutions has certain values & that value system is inculcated into a student.
 Ex- Saraswati Shishu Mandir inspired by ideology of RSS & hence their students will be different
from students of Catholic schools.
○ Once the value structure is formed it is very difficult to change it-> hence school has very high
importance in value development.
○ Education is a systematic attempt towards Human learning. The essence of good education is to develop the
human personality in all its dimensions such as intellectual, ethical, physical, social and moral.
○ The National Education Policy 1986 calls for education in India to become a forceful tool of the cultivation of
social and moral values through continuous readjustment of curriculum. =>
relevant social d moral values

• Moral institution => value education => peace instructions develop

• Rather than enforcement of law, persuasion techniques must be ensured. Ex- instead of compulsory
attendance, innovative approaches for attendance can be used. Lattendance I knowledge gain link)
= no
-

• Conflict between educational institutions learnings and practical society ongoing confuses the child.
• Role of friends => feedback, social companion especially in adolescence when child is going through
=

I
identity crisis. kindca]
• Aristotle has talked about 3 kinds of friends-
• Utility based friends
• Pleasure based friends

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 12

 • Pleasure based friends
• Character based friends best friendship
=>

• Role of Teacher => after parent, teacher becomes role model.

3. Role of Society (Socio-cultural factors)

○ Social factors apart from educational institutions which contribute to the value system of an individual are
religious, economic & political institutions
-
in the society.
 Ex -
□ Religion Impact => watching ramayana gives good value as ramayana is based on ideal relationships
□ Economic impact => capitalist society -> profit oriented, individualistic; while socialist society->
equality, justice, fraternity -
□ Politics => casteism, dynastic politics, authoritarian politics. (communalisation hai polities : Society
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ --
Important Questions and Answers

What do you understand by values and ethics ? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being
professionally competent ?

• Values: Values are the standards which help us to evaluate something or make judgement about how desirable
or
• undesirable a thing it to us. Thing can be object/idea/place/person or any other thing.
• Ethics: Ethics are the societal standards on the basis of which things or acts are decided as right or wrong. They
prescribe what is or is not considered appropriate behaviour in living one's life.

○ Diag 1 (values to Ethics)

○ Diag 2 (subset)

• Importance of being ethical along with being professionally competent

○ Skills helps in getting the job while Ethics helps in long term retaining the job.
○ Professional competence help in serving public with devotion while when Ethical competence is added to it,
love, empathy & compassion comes in work which is essential in public service.
○ Ethics also guides in decision making
○ Being ethical increases organizational trust, loyalty and accountability.
• Hence Professional + Ethical competence can together bring holistic competence.
Does values changes with time & situation or it remains universal?

• Values are relatively stable and enduring but a very intense incident in life can change a value structure of a
• person.
○ Ex- Ashoka post Kalinga War, Valmiki Rishi, Pan Singh Tomar
• Most of the values are developed during early phase of life. That is why value based education is stressed in India
○ Ex- National Education Policy 1986 talks about cultivation of social and moral values through continuous
readjustment of curriculum.
• But with due to any intense incident in life or through persuasion and discussion, there can be change in the
value system of person.
○ Ex-
• However there are some specific values which are found universally across all civilized societies whose existence
is the cause of peaceful and effective existence of that societies.
○ Ex- values of Truthfulness, Honesty, Love, etc.
Politics and Ethics

• Presently Ethics is required in all spheres of life be it politics, sports or general social life. However, recently the
amount of Political Corruption & Criminalization of Politics has put a questions mark on its existence & relevance
in politics.

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 in politics.
○ Ex- bribing MLAs to make government
Meaning and Importance of Happiness for all.
Meaning of Patriotism in Civil life
Impact of trust deficit on person and society. Steps to build trust.
Importance of Ethics in Human Life & its importance in Public Administration
Meaning of Ethics and its importance in Governance

• Define what is Ethics.

• Its importance in Human life-
○ Regulate and direct human life in right direction and helps in character building.
○ Provide code of conduct that we expect others to follow
○ Prescribes duties, rights, obligations, etc.
○ Provides the basic fundamental principles of moral judgement
 (diag showing above utilities as pg 17 red book)
• Importance of Ethics in Public Administration- (as quoted by 2nd ARC)
○ Provides human touch and value based administration which serves public interest. Ex- love and
compassion are the foundation for responsive administration & public service
○ Ensure implementation of law in word and spirit. Ex- end to nepotism, corruption, policy paralysis, etc.
○ Brings transparency and accountability in public administration. Ex- can justify his decisions
○ Helps in decision making.
How to tackle sexual violence against women
(pg 20 red book)
What is Environmental Ethics ? Its Importance ? Issues related to Environment from environment ethics point ?
Importance of Human Values in solving environmental problems ?
Environmental Ethics is a branch of ethical philosophy which studies
the relationship between human, plants & animals and non-human world and how ethics plays a role in it.
Importance- (pg-27 yellow book)
Law vs Ethics
How Laws and Ethics can be used to control Human Conduct. How the two approaches differ.

Ethics Law
1. Guidelines based on moral principles 1. Formal rules and regulations having legal sanctity
2. Imposed by inner self or society 2. Imposed by the law enforcing agencies.
3. All Ethical activities may not be legal. Ex- Civil 3. All lawful activities may not be Ethical. Ex- Abortion,
Disobedience Movement was ethical but was Capital Punishment, etc.
illegal. 4. Laws can also be used by enforcement agencies in
4. Ethics are used to criticize, evaluate laws. Ex- making society ethical. Ex- Respecting National Flag is
Various verdicts given by courts in reference to Art law & it is Ethical also.
19 & 21.
Both Laws and Ethics are important Watchdog of Human conduct in society.
Ethical Management vs Management of Ethics
(Done in Unit-6)
Discrimination vs Preferential Treatment
• Discrimination is a negative term which refers to treating equals in different manner which is also unethical. Ex-
Discrimination in Wages can be seen for male and female in various organisations.
• Preferential Treatment is a Positive term which refers to treating unequal to the disadvantaged section. Ex-
reservation system for upliftment of backward and oppressed, reservation of seats.
Personal Ethics vs Professional Ethics
(self explanatory)
Role of Ethics in International Relations
(written in negative consequences of Ethics above)

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 (written in negative consequences of Ethics above)
Contribution of Ethics in Social and Human well being
• Write consequences of Ethics from above.
Importance of Compliance of Law as well as being Ethical for Public Servant
• According to Weber, good public servant should strictly comply with laws and procedure. But this model is not
suitable for developing countries like India where Public Servant not only expected to implement laws but also
participating in discretionary policy formation.
• Hence for developing countries like India, Ethical sensibility is very important as not all legal things are ethical.
He/She should show Empathy, Compassion, Selflessness, etc. while taking decisions.
• Act is Ethical but legal-
○ A police complaint is received where 2 pieces of bread are stolen by a poor and hungry beggar.
• Act is legal but unethical-
○ Shops are sealed & broken during Kumbh preparation which were against the master plan for the city.
Livelihood of many was taken away.
• Hence,
○ Diag (red book pg 9)
CSR making Companies more profitable and Sustainable
(red book pg 22)

Ethics, Integrity Aptitude Page 15