Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Study of step down and step up transformer.
Objectives:
1. To get familiarized with step up and step-down transformer.
2. To observe the voltage and current relation between in high load (HL) and
low load (LL) side of a single phase transformer.
Theory:
An electrical transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Transformers are
primarily used to increase (step up) or decrease (step down) the voltage levels in
power systems, allowing for efficient transmission and distribution of electricity
over long distances. The transformer in which primary voltage greater than the
secondary voltage is called step-down transformer, Transformer in which primary
voltage less than the secondary voltage is called step-up transformer.
Transformers work based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which
When an AC voltage is applied to the primary winding, a varying magnetic field is
generated in the core. This magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary
winding, allowing energy to be transferred from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit.
We know that the relation between primary and secondary voltage is:
E1 N 1
=
E2 N 2
Or,
V1 N1
=
V2 N2
And the relation between primary and secondary current is:
I1 N2
= =k
I2 N1
So,
V1 I2 N1
= = =k
V2 I1 N2
And the secondary side resistance referred to primary is:
R2
R L= k 2
Required Apparatus:
1. Transformer (150volt per coil, 1A)
2. Voltmeter (0-450 V)
3. Ammeter (0-2A)
4. Multimeter
5. AC supply (220V)
6. Variac (0-250V)
Circuit Diagram:
Experimental setup:
Fig: Experimental setup in lab
Data Table:
Taking the primary side and secondary side voltage:
Primary side Secondary side Terms ratio K
voltage V 1 (V) voltage V 2 (V) V1
V2
Step-up: 50.6 100.8 50.6/100.8 0.502
Step down: 100.3 50.5 100.3/50.5 1.99
Result and discussion: Transformers are a must component for power
transmission. We used a varriac to control the voltage level. Then created a circuit
according to the circuit diagram. For the step-up transformer we supplied 50.6V
and got 100.8V in the end portion of the circuit. Which means the step-up
transformer increases voltage from primary to secondary. Then we changed the
circuit to form a step-down transformer according to the circuit diagram. Supplied
100.3V and got 50.5V in return. Which means the step-down transformer
decreases voltage form primary to secondary.
Precautions:
1. Care should be taken so that current in the coils does not exceed the rated value.
2. Winding should be given the rated or less than the rated supply.
3. Variac should be properly adjusted.
Conclusion: Step-up and step-down transformers are essential components in the
efficient distribution and use of electrical power. By adjusting voltage levels, they
optimize power transmission and ensure that electricity is delivered safely and
efficiently to end users. The power generation stations use step up transformer to
increase the voltage, which reduces the current. So, the current loss during the
transmission gets lower. On the other hand, distributing sub-stations use step down
transformer to reduce the voltage to an optimum level. Then transmits it to houses,
industries and other institutions.