📕 HISTORY – Class 10
India and the Contemporary World–II
📘 Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
🔹 Meaning of Nationalism
● Nationalism = feeling of collective identity
● Nation is formed by common history, culture, language, territory
● Before 18th century → Europe had dynastic states, not nations
🔹 The French Revolution (1789)
● Marked the beginning of modern nationalism
● Ended absolute monarchy
● Introduced ideas of:
○ Liberty
○ Equality
○ Fraternity
● People became citizens, not subjects
● Tricolour flag, national anthem → symbols of nation
🔹 Role of Napoleon Bonaparte
● Introduced Civil Code of 1804
○ Equality before law
○ Abolished feudal system
● Improved transport & trade
● But his rule became dictatorial
● Conquered Europe → nationalism turned into resistance
🔹 Congress of Vienna (1815)
● Hosted by Austria
● Led by Klemens von Metternich
● Aim:
○ Restore monarchies
○ Suppress nationalism & liberalism
● Result:
○ Conservatism dominated Europe
🔹
○ Nationalist movements went underground
Liberal Nationalism
● Liberalism stood for:
○ Individual freedom
○ Equality before law
○ Constitution & elected government
● But:
○ Voting rights only for property-owning men
🔹
○ Women excluded
Unification of Italy
● Italy divided into many states
● Key leaders:
○ Giuseppe Mazzini – revolutionary ideas
○ Count Cavour – diplomacy
○ Giuseppe Garibaldi – military campaigns
🔹
● Italy unified in 1870
Unification of Germany
● Led by Otto von Bismarck
● Policy of Blood and Iron
● Series of wars with:
○ Denmark
○ Austria
○ France
🔹
● Germany unified in 1871 at Versailles
Nationalism & Imperialism
● National pride → competition
● Colonies seen as symbols of power
● Resulted in World War I
📘 Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
🔹 Growth of Indian Nationalism
● British economic exploitation
● Heavy taxes, poverty
● Racial discrimination
🔹
● Cultural revival
Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi
● Introduced Satyagraha
● Principles:
○ Truth
○ Non-violence
🔹
○ Moral force
Early Movements
● Champaran (1917) – Indigo farmers
● Kheda (1918) – Peasants affected by famine
🔹
● Ahmedabad (1918) – Mill workers
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
● Boycott:
○ British schools
○ Courts
○ Titles
○ Foreign goods
● Promoted:
○ Khadi
○ Swadeshi
🔹
● Withdrawn after Chauri Chaura incident
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
● Began with Dandi March
● Broke Salt Law
● Demanded Purna Swaraj
🔹
● Participation of peasants, women, workers
Role of Symbols
● National flag
● Bharat Mata
● Folk songs & stories
● Helped create emotional unity
🔹 Limits of Nationalism
● Dalits felt excluded
● Muslim League feared domination
● Differences based on caste & religion
📘 Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World
🔹 What is Print Culture?
● Spread of ideas through printed material
🔹
● Helped create public opinion
Origin of Printing
● China → Woodblock printing
● Europe → Printing press by Johannes Gutenberg
🔹 Print Revolution in Europe
● Books became cheaper
● Literacy increased
● People began questioning authority
● Led to spread of new ideas & reforms
🔹 Print Culture in India
● Religious texts printed
● Newspapers grew rapidly
● Used to criticize British policies
🔹 Vernacular Press
● Printed in local languages
● Connected masses
● British passed Vernacular Press Act (1878)
🔹 Women and Print
● Education for women increased
● Women writers emerged
● Reading habits expanded
🔹 Print & Nationalism
● Spread nationalist ideas
● Inspired people to join freedom struggle