Physics
Σng. Mustafa Fatallah
Dynamics of a Rotating Disc and Falling Mass
The Problem Statement
A thin, light wire is wrapped around the rim of a uniform disc with radius R = 0.280 m. The disc
rotates without friction about a stationary horizontal axis that passes through its center. An object of
mass m = 4.20 kg is suspended from the free end of the wire. The system is released from rest and the
suspended object descends a distance of y = 3.00 m in t = 2.00 s.
Solutions
1. Acceleration of the object (a): Using kinematic equations for constant acceleration:
1 1
y = v0 t + at2 =⇒ 3.00 = 0 + a(2.00)2 (1)
2 2
2(3.00) 2
a= = 1.50 m/s
4.00
2. Angular acceleration of the disc (α): The tangential acceleration of the rim is equal to the
linear acceleration of the mass:
a 1.50 2
α= = = 5.36 rad/s (2)
R 0.280
3. Angular velocity (ω) after 2.00 s:
ω = ω0 + αt = 0 + (5.36)(2.00) = 10.72 rad/s (3)
4. Tension in the wire (T ): Using Newton’s Second Law for the falling mass (mg − T = ma):
T = m(g − a) = 4.20(9.80 − 1.50) = 34.86 N (4)
5. Moment of inertia of the disc (I): From the torque equation τ = T R = Iα:
TR (34.86)(0.280)
I= = ≈ 1.82 kg · m2 (5)
α 5.36
6. Rotational kinetic energy (Krot ):
1 2 1
Krot = Iω = (1.82)(10.72)2 ≈ 104.5 J (6)
2 2
7. Mass of the wheel (M ): Using the formula I = 12 M R2 :
2I 2(1.82)
M= = ≈ 46.43 kg (7)
R2 (0.280)2
1
Dynamics of a Disc with Applied Force and Friction
A solid disc with mass (4 kg) and radius (20 cm), is affected by a constant tangential force and a constant
friction torque. It starts rotating from rest about an axis perpendicular to the disc and passing through
its center. The disc completes (10) revolutions in (2 s). At this moment, the applied force is removed
and the disc stops after (10 s).
Problem Parameters
Mass of the disc (M ) = 4.0 kg
Radius of the disc (R) = 0.20 m (20 cm)
Total revolutions (θ) = 10 rev = 20π rad
Acceleration time (t1 ) = 2.0 s
Stopping time (t2 ) = 10.0 s
1. Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia (I) for a solid disc is:
1 1
I= M R2 = (4.0)(0.20)2 = 0.08 kg · m2 (8)
2 2
2. Phase 1: Acceleration (0 to 2.0 s)
First, find the angular acceleration (α1 ) using the displacement:
1 1 2
θ= α1 t21 =⇒ 20π = α1 (2.0)2 =⇒ α1 = 10π ≈ 31.42 rad/s (9)
2 2
The maximum angular velocity reached is:
ωmax = α1 t1 = (10π)(2.0) = 20π rad/s (10)
3. Phase 2: Deceleration (after 2.0 s)
The disc stops in t2 = 10.0 s. The deceleration (α2 ) is:
ωf − ωmax 0 − 20π 2
α2 = = = −2π ≈ −6.28 rad/s (11)
t2 10.0
4. Solving for Torques and Force
(8) Friction Torque (τf ):
In Phase 2, only friction acts. τf = Iα2 :
τf = (0.08)(−2π) = −0.16π ≈ −0.503 N · m (12)
(9) Applied TangentialP Force (F ):
In Phase 1, the net torque is τ = τapp − |τf | = Iα1 :
(F · R) − 0.503 = (0.08)(31.42) (13)
3.0166
0.20F = 2.5136 + 0.503 =⇒ F = = 15.08 N (14)
0.20
2
Moment of Inertia of a Four-Sphere System
System Constants: m = 0.20 kg, s = 0.40 m.
√
1. Axis through Center (Perpendicular): Distance to center r = √s = 0.2 2 m.
2
√
IO = 4mr2 = 4(0.20)(0.2 2)2 = 0.064 kg · m2
2. Axis AB (Bisecting Sides): Distance to axis d = s/2 = 0.2 m.
IAB = 4md2 = 4(0.20)(0.2)2 = 0.032 kg · m2
√
3. Diagonal Axis: Two spheres have r = 0. Two spheres are at distance r = 0.2 2 m.
√
Idiag = 2mr2 = 2(0.20)(0.2 2)2 = 0.032 kg · m2
Fluid Dynamics: Flow Velocity in a Hose
A water hose (2 cm) in diameter is used to fill a (0.03 m3 ) bucket. If it takes a minute to fill the bucket,
the speed, in m/s, at which water leaves the hose is
1. Given Data
Diameter of hose (d) = 2.0 cm = 0.02 m
Volume of bucket (V ) = 0.03 m3
Time (t) = 1.0 min = 60 s
2. Calculation of Flow Rate (Q)
The volume flow rate is defined as:
V 0.03
Q= = = 0.0005 m3 /s (15)
t 60
3. Calculation of Area (A)
2
d
A=π = π(0.01)2 = 0.0001π m2 (16)
2
4. Calculation of Speed (v)
Using the continuity equation Q = Av:
Q 0.0005 5
v= = = ≈ 1.59 m/s (17)
A 0.0001π π
Pipe Flow Analysis: Bernoulli and Continuity
Water (ρ = 103kg/m3 ) flows in a pipe with a flow rate that would fill (120) bottles per minute; each
bottle has a volume of (500 cm3 ). At the pipe exit, the pressure is (101 kPa) and the cross-sectional
area is (2 cm2 ). At the pipe inlet, which is located (– m above) the exit, the cross-sectional area is (–
cm2). The mass flow rate, in kg/s, of the water is
3
1. Mass Flow Rate (ṁ)
The volume flow rate Q is:
120 bottles × 0.5 × 10−3 m3
Q= = 0.001 m3 /s (18)
60 s
The mass flow rate is:
ṁ = ρQ = 1000 × 0.001 = 1.0 kg/s (19)
2. Exit Speed (v2 )
Using Q = A2 v2 where A2 = 2 × 10−4 m2 :
0.001
v2 = = 5.0 m/s (20)
2 × 10−4
3. Inlet Pressure (P1 )
Q 0.001
First, v1 = A1 = 8×10−4 = 1.25 m/s. Applying Bernoulli’s equation:
1
P1 = P2 + ρ(v22 − v12 ) + ρg(y2 − y1 ) (21)
2
P1 = 101, 000 + 500(25 − 1.5625) + 1000(9.8)(0 − 2) (22)
P1 = 101, 000 + 11718.75 − 19600 = 93118.75 Pa ≈ 0.093 MPa (23)
Thermodynamics: Phase Change of Water
A (0.5kg) of ice initially at ( −10◦ C ) is to be converted to steam at (110◦ C). Calculate the amount of
heat, in kJ, needed to convert the ice totally to water
Constants and Given Values
m = 0.50 kg, Ti = −10◦ C, Tf = 110◦ C
(17) Heat to melt ice totally:
Qice→water = mcice (0 − Ti ) + mLm
Q = (0.50)(2090)(10) + (0.50)(3.33 × 105 ) = 176.95 kJ
(18) Heat to vaporize water:
Qvap = mLv = (0.50)(2.26 × 106 ) = 1130.0 kJ
(19) Total Heat (Qtotal ):
Qtotal = Q1 (ice) + Q2 (melt) + Q3 (water) + Q4 (vap) + Q5 (steam)
Qtotal = 10.45 + 166.5 + 209.3 + 1130.0 + 10.05 = 1526.3 kJ
Venturi Meter Analysis
1. Velocities and Difference
3
Given ṁ = 8.20 kg/s and ρoil = 820 kg/m :
ṁ 8.20
v1 = = = 2.5 m/s
ρoil A1 820 × 0.004
ṁ 8.20
v2 = = = 10.0 m/s
ρoil A2 820 × 0.001
Difference: ∆v = 10.0 − 2.5 = 7.5 m/s
4
2. Pressure Reduction
1 1
∆P = ρoil (v22 − v12 ) = (820)(100 − 6.25) = 38.44 kPa
2 2
3. Manometer Height (h)
Using the hydrostatic pressure difference:
∆P 38437.5
h= = ≈ 306.9 mm
(ρHg − ρoil )g (13600 − 820)9.8
Work Done by a Variable Force
1. Concept
The work done (W ) is the integral of force over displacement, which corresponds to the area under the
Fx vs x graph: Z xf
W = Fx dx (24)
xi
2. Calculation for x = 0 to x = 8 m
The area is a triangle with base b = 8 m and height h = 6 N:
1
W0→8 = (8 m)(6 N) = 24 J (25)
2
3. Calculation for x = 8 to x = 12 m
The area is a triangle with base b = 4 m and height h = −3 N:
1
W8→12 = (4 m)(−3 N) = −6 J (26)
2
4. Total Work (x = 0 to x = 12 m)
Wtotal = 24 J + (−6 J) = 18 J (27)