City Pride School

Information Technology (402)

Chapter 13 Health , Safety and Security at Workplace
Q1. Briefly explain the importance of health, safety and security at workplace.
Answer:
Health, safety and security at the workplace are very important because employees
spend most of their day at work. A healthy and safe environment ensures their physical,
mental and social well-being and also increases the success of the organisation. It helps
in preventing accidents, injuries and illnesses. When employees feel safe and protected,
their morale and productivity improve. It also reduces financial losses, liabilities and
legal issues for the organisation. Therefore, both employer and employees must follow
safety practices to ensure a secure working environment.

Q2. State the most important purpose of health, safety and security policy in the
workplace.
Answer:
The most important purpose of a health, safety and security policy in the workplace is to
provide safe working conditions for all employees so that workplace injuries, accidents
and illnesses can be avoided. It helps protect employees from recognised hazards that
may cause serious harm or even death.

Q3. List any two workplace safety hazards.

Answer:
Workplace safety hazards are conditions that can cause injury or harm to employees or
damage property. Two common workplace safety hazards are:
Physical Hazards
Physical hazards are risks that may cause physical harm such as slips, trips, falls or
injuries due to conditions like slippery floors, unstable surfaces, machinery, noise or
extreme temperature. For example, falling from heights, wet floors, poor lighting and
damaged flooring can lead to serious injuries such as fractures or head trauma. Proper
cleaning, maintenance, lighting and use of safety signs help prevent such accidents.
Electrical Hazards
Electrical hazards occur when a person comes in contact with live wires or faulty
electrical equipment. These hazards can cause electric shock, burns, fire or even
explosions. Damaged wiring, overloaded circuits, improper grounding and working in
wet conditions increase the severity of shock. To prevent these hazards, employees
should use protective equipment, follow electrical safety signs and ensure that
installation and maintenance are done by trained professionals

Q4. Slips, trips and falls at the workplace can lead to serious injuries. List any four
preventive measures against these hazards.
Answer:
Slips, trips and falls are the most common causes of workplace injuries such as sprains,
fractures and head injuries. The following preventive measures can help reduce or avoid
these hazards:
Keep walking surfaces clean, clear and dry
Wet or oily floors increase the chances of slipping. All spilled liquids, food or paint
should be cleaned immediately to prevent accidents.
Maintain clutter-free and well-arranged workplaces
Objects left lying around can cause tripping. Organising materials properly and removing
obstacles from walkways can help employees move safely.
Ensure proper lighting inside and outside the workplace
Dim or shadowed areas make it difficult to notice uneven surfaces or obstacles. Good
lighting helps workers clearly see steps and hazards, reducing chances of falls.
Repair damaged flooring and uneven surfaces
Cracks, holes or loose rugs on floors can cause people to trip. Timely repair and
maintenance of walking surfaces improve safety and reduce injuries.

Q5. What are the examples of potential hazards?

Answer:
Potential hazards depend on the type of workplace, but some common examples found
in many organisations include:
Bright Light Sources
Excessive sunlight or harsh lighting can cause eye strain, headaches, discomfort and
long-term vision problems for employees using computers or screens.
Using Computers for Long Hours
Sitting for a long time with wrong posture and constant screen exposure may lead to
muscle/joint pain, back problems and eye strain. Regular breaks and maintaining proper
sitting posture help reduce these problems.
Q6. Explain any five workplace safety rules.
Answer:
Workplace safety rules help prevent accidents, injuries and ensure a safe working
environment for everyone. Five important safety rules are:
1. Keep pathways and work areas free from obstruction Clean and clear walkways
reduce the chances of tripping or falling. Items should never be left on floors, corridors
or entrances where employees move frequently.
2. Check electrical equipment regularly
Before using any machine, employees must inspect for damaged wires, overloaded plugs
or faulty connections. Faulty equipment can cause electric shocks, fires or severe
injuries.
3. Do not operate machines without proper training
Employees should only use equipment they are trained to handle. Untrained use of
machines increases the risk of accidents, malfunctions and workplace injuries.
4. Follow emergency procedures and know evacuation routes
Emergency maps should be displayed at visible places, and employees must be trained
to respond quickly during fire, electrical failure or other hazards. This prevents panic and
ensures safe evacuation.
5. Wear appropriate protective gear
Safety glasses, gloves, helmets, goggles or flame-resistant clothing must be worn where
required. Proper protective equipment reduces risk of burns, cuts, or exposure to
harmful substances.

Q7. What are electrical hazards and how can they harm people?
Answer:
Electrical hazards are dangers that occur when a person comes in contact with an
electrical source such as live wires, damaged equipment, overloaded circuits or
improper grounding at the workplace. These hazards can create serious safety risks for
employees.
Electrical hazards can harm people in the following ways:
1. Electric Shock
When electrical current passes through a human body, it can cause painful shocks or
muscle damage. The severity of a shock depends on voltage, exposure time and
moisture on skin.
2. Burns
Coming in contact with live wires or overheated equipment may cause severe burns to
the skin and internal tissues.
3. Fire and Explosions
Faulty wiring, sparks, or short circuits can ignite flammable materials and lead to
workplace fires or explosions, resulting in property damage and injuries.
[Link] Accidents
In extreme cases, electrical contact may stop the heart or breathing, leading to death if
not treated immediately.
Thus, electrical hazards are extremely dangerous and must be prevented through proper
maintenance, safety equipment, and trained handling.

Q8. What are four ways to prevent fire hazards in the workplace?
Answer:
Fire hazards can lead to major loss of life, property and business operations. Therefore,
every organisation must follow proper fire safety measures. The following steps help
prevent fire hazards:
1. Prohibit smoking inside workplace premises
Smoking can easily ignite flammable materials. Workplaces must have a strict no-
smoking rule and install smoke alarms and sprinklers throughout the building for safety.
2. Ensure employees know emergency exits and fire escape routes
Everyone should be aware of where the fire extinguishers, alarms and emergency doors
are located so they can respond quickly during a fire.
3. Inspect and maintain electrical equipment regularly
Faulty wiring, overheating cables or sparking equipment can start a fire. Regular checks
and maintenance should be compulsory to avoid such problems.
4. Conduct regular fire safety training and drills
Employees should be trained to use fire extinguishers properly and practise fire drills
regularly to stay prepared for real emergencies
Chapter no – 14 Workplace Quality Measures
Q1. What causes air and water pollution?
Air and water pollution occur mainly due to human activities in and around industrial or
workplace environments.
Causes of Air Pollution:
 Air pollution happens when dust, solid particles, and harmful gases are released
into the air.
 Excessive use of vehicles releases smoke and fumes which reduce the air quality.
 Ozone (smog) formation also contaminates the air.
 Poor waste disposal and leakage of gases from industrial areas add pollutants to
the atmosphere.

Causes of Water Pollution:

 Wastewater (sewage) produced from washing, cleaning, and manufacturing gets
released into rivers, ponds, and lakes without treatment.
 Chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides used on land seep underground,
polluting groundwater resources.
 Improper disposal of leftover chemicals damages aquatic life and makes water
unfit for human use.
Polluted air affects breathing and causes respiratory diseases, while polluted
water leads to water-borne illnesses.
Q2. Why is cleanliness important at the workplace?
Cleanliness at the workplace plays a key role in maintaining a safe, hygienic, and
productive working environment.
Importance:
 Prevents accidents such as slips, falls, and collisions by keeping the area clean and
clutter-free.
 Ensures smooth workflow as all tools, machinery, and office items are properly
arranged and accessible.
 Protects equipment from damage due to dust and poor handling.
 Promotes better health of employees and reduces the chances of infection.
 Shared cleanliness improves discipline and creates a pleasant work atmosphere
for everyone.
A clean workspace makes the job easier and helps employees perform efficiently.

Q3. What do you mean by ergonomics? List a few early warning signs.
Ergonomics is the practice of designing the workplace so that people can work safely,
comfortably, and efficiently without causing stress or injury to their body.
It includes correct posture, proper chair, desk setup, monitor height, and correct
keyboard handling.

Early Warning Signs of Poor Ergonomics:

Warning Sign Reason
Sore lower back Incorrect sitting posture or poor lumbar support
Burning sensation in upper Poor chair support
back
Stiff neck Head turned to one side or tilted forward
Sore shoulders Repetitive forward movements of the hands
Aching wrists Wrong wrist position while typing or using
mouse
Ignoring these signs can lead to serious musculoskeletal disorders.

Q4. How can musculoskeletal problems be prevented?

Musculoskeletal problems affect bones, muscles, joints, and body movements,
especially while working long hours on computers.
Prevention Methods:
 Adjust chair height so that hips and knees are at 90 degrees or more.
 Sit upright ensuring the maximum back contact with backrest.
 Relax shoulders and place keyboard and mouse at same level.
 Take short regular breaks to stretch body muscles.
 Look away from screen for a few seconds to relax eyes and neck muscles.
These steps help avoid pain in hands, neck, back, arms, wrists, and legs.

Q5. What type of monitor is suitable to work?

A good monitor is essential for reducing eye strain and improving work quality.
Suitable Monitor Characteristics:
 Modern LED display because it is brighter and more energy-efficient.
 High resolution for clear and readable text.
 Larger screen size with good spacing between lines.
 Should produce stable and flicker-free images to protect the eyes.
 Must be anti-glare and free from reflections of windows or lights.
These features help ensure a comfortable and safe viewing experience.
Q6. Explain the steps an organisation can take for clean water and air in the
surrounding.
Organisations must take environmental responsibility and adopt pollution-control
measures.
Steps for Clean Air:
 Improve ventilation and reduce dust formation.
 Organise “No Vehicle Day” to reduce vehicle smoke inside the campus.
 Reduce ozone/smog formation by avoiding harmful gas releases.
Steps for Clean Water:
 Ensure proper sewage water treatment before dumping into water bodies.
 Avoid excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
 Use natural and biodegradable alternatives to prevent groundwater pollution.
These steps keep employees healthy and protect the surrounding environment.

Q7. What causes a stiff neck, and what is the remedy for it?
A stiff neck is caused by:
 Working with head bent forward for a long time.
 Keeping monitor to the side instead of directly in front.
 Holding the telephone between ear and shoulder while talking.
Remedies:
 Place monitor in the centre of the desk at eye level.
 Avoid twisting or bending the neck for long durations.
 Maintain correct sitting posture and take breaks to stretch neck muscles.
Chapter no – 15
Prevent Accidents and Emergencies
Q1. What are the types of accidents that can occur in the workplace?
Accidents can happen anytime at workplaces due to unsafe conditions, carelessness,
improper handling of machines, or lack of awareness. Major workplace accidents
include:
 Slips, trips and falls → Caused by wet or uneven floors, spills, loose cables,
damaged carpets which may lead to injuries like fractures and sprains.
 Caught in/between hazards → Getting pulled into machinery or crushed between
moving objects.
 Struck by moving equipment or object → Collision with falling items or heavy
vehicles.
 Vehicle-related accidents → Forklifts, trucks or cars running inside industrial
premises.
 Fire and explosions → Due to flammable substances or defective wiring, causing
burns and suffocation.
 Violence-based accidents → Arguments escalating to physical fights.
 Structural collapse → Failure of walls or roofs injuring workers.
 Chemical spill accidents → Skin burns, eye reactions or poisoning when chemicals
are not handled properly.
 Electrical accidents → Electric shocks or electrocution due to exposed wires.
 Cut and lacerations → Caused by tools because of inadequate training or no
safety equipment.
 Escalator and elevator accidents → Sudden jerks, falls or getting stuck.
These accidents can lead to minor or major injuries and sometimes even loss of
life.
Q2. How do you protect yourself, your employees and your business from accidents?
To ensure maximum safety and reduce workplace accidents, organisations must:
 Follow emergency guidelines and safety procedures correctly without panic.
 Train employees regularly for accident recognition, first aid and reporting.
 Attend to injured employee immediately using first aid by trained staff.
 Call medical assistance or ambulance in serious situations.
 Notify the family of the injured person promptly.
 Report and document the accident clearly for legal and insurance purposes.
 Support supervisors in investigation and help implement preventive measures.
Prevention and preparedness help protect people and reduce business losses.
Q3. What are the three main types of fire hazards that require assessment in the
workplace?
Fire hazards must be identified early to protect life and property. They are:
1. Electrical Hazards : Damaged power cords, overloaded sockets, blocked panels, arc
flash, short circuits.
2. Combustible Hazards : Dust particles or materials that can catch fire easily.
3. Flammable Hazards : → Petrol, oil, chemicals, gas cylinders which catch fire upon
ignition.
Ignoring these hazards can lead to major fires and explosions.

Q4. How can fire safety be ensured at the workplace?

Fire safety involves awareness, planning and proper equipment:
 Conduct regular fire safety training and drills so employees know how to exit
safely.
 Install smoke alarms, sprinklers and fire extinguishers in every work area.
 Maintain electrical safety – regular inspection of wiring and machines to prevent
short circuits.
 Avoid ignition sources near flammable materials.
 Store flammable chemicals carefully and away from exit doors.
 Display emergency exit routes clearly and never block emergency doors.
 Provide emergency contact details and evacuation maps.

Q5. What are the guidelines for handling accidents in the workplace?
When an accident occurs, proper procedure must be followed:
 Check the surroundings and make sure it is safe to approach.
 Provide quick first aid to the injured person to stabilise condition.
 Call ambulance for serious situations.
 Move injured person to hospital if needed in non-emergency cases.
 Inform family immediately regarding the condition.
 Report and document all details about the accident accurately.
 Take corrective measures after investigation to prevent future accidents.

Q6. What are the various types of fire extinguishers and their extinguishing material?
Fire extinguishers are selected based on the type of burning material:
Clas Materials Examples Suitable Extinguishers
s
A Solid Wood, paper, cloth Water, Mechanical Foam, Dry
combustibles Chemical Powder
 B Burning liquids Petrol, oil, paint Foam, CO₂, Dry Chemical Powder
C Electrical Appliances, wires CO₂, Dry Chemical Powder
equipment
D Combustible Magnesium, Special Dry Powder Extinguishers
metals aluminum

Q7. What precautions should be taken when approaching an electrical accident scene?
Electricity is extremely dangerous — wrong handling can lead to multiple casualties.
Safety steps include:
 Stay calm and do not rush to touch the victim.
 Maintain minimum 20 feet distance from electrical hazard initially.
 Check if there are exposed wires or water nearby.
 Turn off the main power source if safe to do so.
 Wear rubber gloves, shoes, and use non-conductive tools.
 Keep bystanders away to avoid more accidents.

Q8. What safety measures should you take if you need to rescue someone from high
voltage?
High voltage is extremely life-threatening. Only trained professionals should attempt
rescue:
 Call emergency services immediately.
 Use special insulating gear like heavy gloves and boots.
 Always confirm the electricity is completely turned off.
 Keep a safe distance even after turning off the power.
 Do not attempt alone — rescue should be done by trained team.

Q9. What are the general procedures for evacuating a workplace during an
emergency?
Evacuation procedures keep people safe from fire, chemical spills, terrorist threats or
building collapse:
 Sound the emergency alarm or inform senior staff immediately.
 Call fire and medical services.
 Stop work without picking personal items.
 Move calmly toward the nearest safe exit without pushing others.
 Avoid elevators — use stairs only.
 Help others only if it doesn’t risk your safety.
  Close doors behind you but do not lock.
 Assemble at the pre-decided safe area.
 Wait for All-Clear signal before re-entering the building.

Q10. List the first aid treatment guidelines for electrical burns.
Electrical burns damage skin and internal tissues — must be treated quickly:
 Check victim’s breathing and pulse.
 If not breathing → give CPR.
 Cover the burn with a clean, dry cloth.
 Do not apply ice, cream or ointments.
 Keep the person warm and conscious.
 Continue care until medical help arrives.