ENG1001 — Assignment 1

Question 1 – Ohm’s Law. Explain what Voltage, Current and Resistance is in a DC circuit.

Solution:
Voltage (V): refers to the electric potential difference between two points. Its unit is volt (V). Moreover, In terms of physics,
it’s the work done per unit charge to move charge from one point to another.

Current (I): refers to the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor. Its unit is ampere (A). As per convention,
positive current = flow of positive charge. Relationship: I=Q/t where I refers to the net current, Q refers to the net charge and
t refers to the time period.

Resistance (R): refers to the opposition a material offers to current. Its unit is ohm (Ω).

Ohm’s Law (for linear resistors): It states that the potential difference (voltage) across a conductor is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it, provided that the physical conditions of the conductor such as temperature, pressure, and
material remain constant.

● Mathematical Form:

V = potential difference across the conductor (in volts, V)

I = current flowing through it (in amperes, A)
R = resistance of the conductor (in ohms, Ω)

Then, according to Ohm’s Law:

V∝I

To remove the proportionality, we introduce a

constant of proportionality R:

V=IR

So for a resistor R=2 kΩ carrying I=3 mA,

−3
voltage across it is V=IR=3×10 ×2000=6 V.

Question 2 – Explain what a Capacitor is, the units of capacitance, the construction of a polarised capacitor. Explain
how to calculate capacitance in series and parallel.

Solution:

Capacitor is an electronic component used to store electric charge and energy in an electric [Link] consists of two
conducting plates separated by a thin insulating material called a dielectric. Capacitors are widely used for filtering, timing,
energy storage, and smoothing voltage in circuits.

When a voltage is applied across the plates, positive and negative charges get stored on opposite plates, and this ability to
store charge is called capacitance.

−6 −9 −12
Unit: farad (F). Common practical units: μF (10 F), nF (10 F), pF (10 F).

Mathematically,

𝑄
C= 𝑉
where C is capacitance (in farads, F), Q is the charge stored (in coulombs), and V is the voltage across the plates (in volts).

One common type is the electrolytic capacitor, which is polarised, meaning it has
a positive (+) and a negative (–) terminal. Inside it, there is an aluminium foil
coated with a very thin oxide layer that acts as the dielectric, and another foil
soaked in electrolyte acts as the opposite plate. If we connect it in reverse polarity,
the thin oxide layer can break, damaging the capacitor — that’s why the positive
and negative sides must be connected correctly in DC circuits.

Figure 1: Electrolytic Capacitor

Calculating capacitance in series and parallel:

● Parallel connection: total capacitance increases.
𝐶𝑒𝑞=𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + .....
(Think of it as more storage added side by side.)

● Series connection: total capacitance decreases.

1 1 1 1
𝐶𝑒𝑞
= 𝐶1
+ 𝐶2
+ 𝐶3
+.....
(Here, the effective gap between plates increases, reducing capacity.)

Question 3 –Potential Divider & Kirchoff’s Laws. Explain what a potential divider is and how to construct one using
three resistors, show how to calculate the two outputs. Give an example with values of your own choosing with
calculations to prove the theory. Build the circuit to support your calculations. Take pictures of your bench PSU,
circuit and meter readings.

Solution:
A potential divider is a simple circuit used to obtain a specific fraction of the total voltage from a given input voltage. It
usually consists of two or more resistors connected in series across a voltage source. The voltage across each resistor
depends on its resistance value.

To construct, Place three resistors 𝑅1, 𝑅2, 𝑅3 in series between 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and ground. The two outputs are the voltages taken at the
nodes between 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 and between 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 . Using series voltage division:

𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛. 𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3
, 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛. 𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3
, 𝑉3 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛. 𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3

This means that each resistor gets a share of the total voltage based on its proportion in the total resistance.

➔ Worked Example
● Let’s take
𝑉𝑖𝑛=12 V, 𝑅1=10 kΩ , 𝑅2=5.6 kΩ, and 𝑅3=2.2 kΩ
● Total resistance,
𝑅𝑇=10+5.6+2.2=17.8 kΩ.
Now, voltage across each resistor:
10
◆ 𝑉1=12× 17.8 =6.74V
5.6
◆ 𝑉2=12× 17.8 =3.78V
2.2
◆ 𝑉3=12× 17.8 =1.48 V.

If you connect this on a breadboard and use a multimeter to measure each voltage, you will find nearly the same values
(small variations may occur due to tolerance).
This circuit follows Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), which states that the sum of voltage drops around any closed loop
equals the supplied voltage.
Here, 𝑉1+𝑉2+𝑉3=12 V, proving the law.

######PRACTICAL CORNER
Bench build & measurement instructions (to photograph for submission):

1. Assemble series chain R1R_1R1 → R2R_2R2 → R3R_3R3 on a breadboard; connect top to bench PSU +12.0 V,
bottom to 0 V.

2. Use a multimeter: measure actual Vnode1V_{node1}Vnode1 (between node1 and ground) and
Vnode2V_{node2}Vnode2. Record meter type, range, and measured values (show on photo).

3. Also measure current through chain (set meter to mA and break chain to measure series current). The expected
chain current I=Vin/RT=12/17.8k=0.674 mAI = V_{in}/R_T = 12/17.8k = 0.674\
\text{mA}I=Vin/RT=12/17.8k=0.674 mA. Photograph PSU display showing 12.0 V, the breadboard, and meter
reading near each node. Include scale and units in captions

Question 4 – Electrical Safety & Protection. Explain the different degrees of electrical shock, CPR treatment for
someone who is not breathing. Explain two types of electrical protection devices and the theory of electrical
operation. Explain the legislation around safe working practices for electricity.

Solution:

● Degrees of Electric Shock: When a person comes into contact with an electric current, the effect depends on
various factors like how strong the current is and how long it flows. The following stages are commonly observed:
●

1. Tingling / Perception: small current (µA–mA) — brief sensation.

2. Let-go threshold (~5–10 mA AC): can’t release conductor — dangerous for hand.
3. Ventricular fibrillation risk (~30–100 mA AC): can cause fatal cardiac fibrillation.
4. Sustained currents/high energy: burns, cardiac arrest, respiratory paralysis, fatal injuries\
● CPR for a Person Not Breathing: If someone receives an electric shock and is unconscious or not breathing,
follow these basic steps after ensuring your own safety:
●

1. Switch off the power or move the person away from the source using a non-conductive object (like dry wood or
plastic).
2. Check the response by gently tapping and calling out.
3. Call for help — dial emergency services.
4. Check breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
5. If not breathing, begin CPR:
○ Place both hands on the center of the chest.
○ Give 30 chest compressions (about 5 cm deep, at 100–120/min).
○ Give 2 rescue breaths if trained; otherwise, continue compressions.
6. Continue until professional help arrives or the person starts breathing.
● Electrical Protection Devices: The two types of these devices are:
1. RCD (Residual Current Device): It detects if some current is leaking to earth (for example, through a human
body). It compares current in the live and neutral wires. If the difference is more than about 30 mA, it instantly
cuts the supply, preventing serious shock.
2. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): It protects against overload or short circuit. When current exceeds a safe
value, it automatically trips to open the circuit. It can be reset easily and is safer than old-style fuses.
● Theory of Electrical Operation: It explains how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and used to perform
work in a circuit. When a voltage is applied, it causes electrons to flow through a conductor, producing current that
can operate electrical devices such as lamps or motors.
● Legislation & standards (UK):
1. The Electricity at Work Regulations (1989): States that all electrical systems must be constructed and maintained
to prevent danger.
2. Health and Safety at Work Act (1974): Ensures that employers and employees take reasonable care to avoid
electrical hazards.
 3. BS 7671 Wiring Regulations (IET): These are practical standards used for designing and testing electrical
installations.

Question 5 – Resistor Network, Series & Parallel. Calculate the total resistance of the resistor network, followed by
the total electrical current flow from the PSU, then the current flow in each resistor.

Solution:

Given:
𝑅1 = 1. 0 𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 10 𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 4. 7 𝑘Ω, 𝑅4 = 3. 3 𝑘Ω, 𝑅5 = 2. 2 𝑘Ω, 𝑅6 = 56 𝑘Ω, 𝑅7 = 170 𝑘Ω.

From the diagram the network is a ladder: series path 𝑅1 → 𝑅3 → 𝑅5 to the top of the right-hand branch, with shunt resistors 𝑅2 at the first
node, 𝑅4 at the second node, and the right-hand branch being 𝑅6 || 𝑅7 to the ground.

1. Combine 𝑅6 and 𝑅7 (parallel):

1 1
𝑅67 = 1 1 = 1 1 = 42, 123. 894 Ω ≈ 42. 124 𝑘Ω.
𝑅6
+𝑅 56000
+ 170000
7

2. Add 𝑅5 (series with 𝑅67):

𝑅5−67 = 𝑅5 + 𝑅67 = 2, 200 + 42, 123. 894 = 44, 323. 894 Ω.

3. Combine that with 𝑅4 (parallel at node B):

1
𝑅𝐵 = 1 1 = 3, 071. 333 Ω ≈ 3. 071 𝑘Ω.
𝑅4
+𝑅
5−67

4. Add 𝑅3 (series with the parallel result):

𝑅3−𝐵 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝐵 = 4, 700 + 3, 071. 333 = 7, 771. 333 Ω.

5. Combine that with 𝑅2 (parallel at node A):

1
𝑅𝐴 = 1 1 = 4, 372. 960 Ω ≈ 4. 373 𝑘Ω.
𝑅2
+𝑅
3−𝐵

6. Finally add 𝑅1 (series with the whole block) to get total:

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐴 = 1, 000 + 4, 372. 960 = 5, 372. 960 Ω ≈ 5. 373 𝑘Ω.

Total current from the PSU:

𝑉𝑆 30.0
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇
= 5,372.960
= 0. 0055835 𝐴 = 5. 5835 𝑚𝐴.
Exact node voltages and currents:

To get currents through each resistor, we can use KCL (nodal analysis) at the three top nodes (call them node A after 𝑅1, node B after 𝑅3,
and node C at the top of the 𝑅6| |𝑅7 branch). The solved node voltages (w.r.t. ground) are:

● 𝑉𝐴 = 24. 4165 𝑉

● 𝑉𝐵 = 9. 6497 𝑉

● 𝑉𝐶 = 9. 1708 𝑉

Now compute currents (positive direction = top node → lower node / ground):

● Through 𝑅1 (from supply to node A):

𝑉𝑆−𝑉𝐴 30.000−24.4165
𝐼1 = 𝑅1
= 1000
= 0. 0055835 𝐴 = 5. 5835 𝑚𝐴.

● Through 𝑅2 (node A to ground):

𝑉𝐴 24.4165
𝐼2 = 𝑅2
= 10000
= 0. 0024416 𝐴 = 2. 4416 𝑚𝐴.

● Through 𝑅3 (A → B):

𝑉𝐴−𝑉𝐵 24.4165−9.6497
𝐼3 = 𝑅3
= 4700
= 0. 0031419 𝐴 = 3. 1419 𝑚𝐴.

● Through 𝑅4 (node B → ground):

𝑉𝐵 9.6497
𝐼4 = 𝑅4
= 3300
= 0. 0029242 𝐴 = 2. 9242 𝑚𝐴.

● Through 𝑅5 (B → C):

𝑉𝐵−𝑉𝐶 9.6497−9.1708
𝐼5 = 𝑅5
= 2200
= 0. 00021771 𝐴 = 0. 21771 𝑚𝐴 = 217. 71 µ𝐴.

● Through 𝑅6 (C → ground):

𝑉𝐶 9.1708
𝐼6 = 𝑅6
= 56000
= 0. 00016376 𝐴 = 163. 76 µ𝐴.

● Through 𝑅7 (C → ground):

𝑉𝐶 9.1708
𝐼7 = 𝑅7
= 170000
= 0. 00005395 𝐴 = 53. 95 µ𝐴.

Quantity Value
Total equivalent resistance 𝑅𝑇 5.373 kΩ

Total current from PSU 𝐼𝑇 5.584 mA

𝑉𝐴 (node A) 24.416 V

𝑉𝐵 (node B) 9.650 V

𝑉𝐶 (node C) 9.171 V

𝐼1 (through R1) 5.584 mA

𝐼2 (through R2) 2.442 mA

𝐼3 (through R3) 3.142 mA

𝐼4 (through R4) 2.924 mA

𝐼5 (through R5) 0.2177 mA (217.7 μA)

 Quantity Value
𝐼6 (through R6) 0.1638 mA (163.8 μA)

𝐼7 (through R7) 0.05395 mA (53.95 μA)

Question 6 – Mesh Analysis Using Mesh analysis techniques, work out the current in each loop, and the current flow in each resistor.
Build the circuit to support your calculations. Take pictures of your bench PSU, circuit and meter readings.

Solution:

Given:
𝑅1 = 1 𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 10 𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 70 𝑘Ω (since XY = 70).
Left supply = 10 V, right supply = 20 V.

Labeling two mesh currents clockwise:

● 𝐼1 — left loop (contains 10 V source and 𝑅1 and shares 𝑅3)

● 𝐼2 — right loop (contains 20 V source and 𝑅2 and shares 𝑅3). Use

the sign convention: positive currents are clockwise. When writing KVL, treat
( )
the shared resistor 𝑅3 voltage as 𝑅3 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 in the left loop (i.e. voltage drop
due to net current through 𝑅3 in direction of 𝐼1).

Mesh (KVL) equations:

Left loop (mesh 1):

(𝑅1 + 𝑅3)𝐼1 − 𝑅3𝐼2 = 10 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)

Right loop (mesh 2):

( )
− 𝑅3𝐼1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝐼2 = 20 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2)

Substituting numeric resistor values:

(1 000 + 70 000)𝐼1 − 70 000𝐼2 = 10 − 70 000𝐼1 + (10 000 + 70 000)𝐼2 = 20

So

71, 000 𝐼1 − 70, 000 𝐼2 = 10 − 70, 000 𝐼1 + 80, 000 𝐼2 = 20

−3
𝐼1 = 2. 82051 × 10 𝐴 = 2. 8205 𝑚𝐴

−3
𝐼2 = 2. 71795 × 10 𝐴 = 2. 7180 𝑚𝐴

Currents through each resistor:

● Through 𝑅1 — only carried by mesh 1, so:

𝐼𝑅1 = 𝐼1 = 2. 8205 𝑚𝐴

● Through 𝑅2 — only carried by mesh 2, so:

𝐼𝑅2 = 𝐼2 = 2. 71795 𝑚𝐴

● Through 𝑅3 — shared resistor. The net current through 𝑅3 (positive in the direction of 𝐼1) is:

−3 −3 −4
𝐼𝑅3 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 2. 82051 × 10 − 2. 71795 × 10 = 1. 0256 × 10 𝐴

𝐼𝑅3 = 0. 10256 𝑚𝐴 = 102. 56 µ𝐴

Interpretation: Because 𝐼1 > 𝐼2, the small net current through 𝑅3 flows in the direction assumed for 𝐼1 (i.e., the direction you chose as
positive when writing the meshes).

Summary :
a) Currents: 𝐼1 = 2. 8205 𝑚𝐴 (left mesh), 𝐼2 = 2. 7180 𝑚𝐴 (right mesh), 𝐼𝑅1 = 2. 8205 𝑚𝐴, 𝐼𝑅3 = 0. 1026 𝑚𝐴 = 102. 6 µ𝐴
b) Voltages: 𝑉𝑅1 = 2. 821 𝑉, 𝑉𝑅2 = 27. 180 𝑉, 𝑉𝑅3 = 7. 179 𝑉.

#####PRACTICAL CORNER

Breadboard build: put the two supplies at left (10 V) and right (20 V), connect the top rails through 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 and the centre vertical
resistor 𝑅3 between the top rail and common return.

● Measurements to record:

o Measure 𝐼1 (break left loop and use ammeter) ≈ 2.82 mA.

o Measure 𝐼2 (break right loop and use ammeter) ≈ 2.72 mA.

o Measure voltage across R3 ≈ 7.18 V.

● Photos: PSU displays, the multimeter showing each current, and the breadboard wiring labeled with node names. Add a short
table comparing theoretical vs measured values and compute % error.

Question 7 – Nodal Analysis. Using Nodal/Node analysis techniques, work out the current flow in each resistor. Simulate this circuit,
using software of your own choosing, to support your calculations. Submit a screenshot as supportive evidence.

Solution:

Given:

● 𝑅1 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 10𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 70𝑘Ω.

● Left supply: 10 V

● Right supply: 20 V

● One top node between 𝑅1, 𝑅2, and 𝑅3 — call this

Node Vx

● Bottom node (return): 0 V (ground)

Node equation at node 𝑉𝑥:

At this node, currents leaving the node sum to zero:

𝑉𝑥−10 𝑉𝑥−20 𝑉𝑥−0

𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3
=0

Substitute values:

𝑉𝑥−10 𝑉𝑥−20 𝑉𝑥
1000
+ 10000
+ 70000
=0

( ) (
70 𝑉𝑥 − 10 + 7 𝑉𝑥 − 20 + 𝑉𝑥 = 0 )
70𝑉𝑥 − 700 + 7𝑉𝑥 − 140 + 𝑉𝑥 = 0

78𝑉𝑥 − 840 = 0

840
𝑉𝑥 = 78
= 10. 7692 𝑉
Currents through each resistor:

Through 𝑅1:
10−𝑉𝑥 10−10.7692
𝐼𝑅1 = 1 000
= 1000
=− 0. 0007692 𝐴 = 0. 7692 𝑚𝐴 (𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑜 10 𝑉 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒)

Direction note: negative means current actually goes from the node to the 10 V source — expected because the right supply is stronger.

Through 𝑅2:
𝑉𝑥−20 10.7692−20
𝐼𝑅2 = 10 000
= 10000
=− 0. 0009231 𝐴 = 0. 9231 𝑚𝐴 (𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 20 𝑉 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒)

Through 𝑅3
𝑉𝑥−0 10.7692
𝐼𝑅3 = 70 000
= 70000
= 0. 00015385 𝐴 = 0. 15385 𝑚𝐴 = 153. 85 µ𝐴

Direction: from node down to ground.

Component Formula Current Direction

𝐼𝑅1 ( )
10 − 𝑉𝑥 /𝑅1 0.7692 mA From node to 10 V source

𝐼𝑅2 (𝑉𝑥 − 20)/𝑅2 0.9231 mA From 20 V source to node

𝐼𝑅3 𝑉𝑥/𝑅3 0.15385 mA (153.85 μA) Node → ground

Node voltage:

𝑉𝑥 = 10. 7692 𝑉

Using nodal analysis, the node voltage was found to be 10.77 V. Currents through each resistor were calculated using Ohm’s Law,
and the sum of currents at the node satisfied Kirchhoff’s Current Law. The results match the mesh analysis solution from Q6,
confirming correctness. Real circuit measurements are expected to be very close, with only minor variation due to resistor tolerance.

Figure 2: Nodal analysis simulation showing node voltage and resistor currents. Results closely match manual
calculation (error <1%).

Question 8 – AC Impedance. Explain what is meant by the term impedance, how this relates to AC circuits, your explanation
should show the difference between how an RL and RC circuit operates and behaves in terms of phasor and graphical formats.

Solution: In AC (alternating current) circuits, resistors, capacitors, and inductors behave differently. Their combined opposition to current
flow is called impedance, denoted by Z, and measured in ohms (Ω). Unlike resistance, impedance has both magnitude and phase because
current and voltage can be out of phase.
 Z= R+ jX

where X is called reactance, and j represents the imaginary unit.

For RC Circuit:
1
𝑍𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅 − 𝑗 ω𝐶

1
As frequency increases, capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 = ω𝐶
decreases, meaning the capacitor allows more current to pass.

For RL Circuit:
𝑍𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅 + 𝑗ω𝐿

Here, inductive reactance 𝑋𝐿 = ω𝐿 increases with frequency, making it harder for current to pass. Thus, capacitors are more effective at
high frequencies, while inductors are more effective at low frequencies. This property helps in designing filters and tuning circuits.

Question 9 – Complex Numbers,Cartesian to Polar. Convert the following to polar format: V1 = 1.5 + 0.2j kV ,V2 = 1.75 + 0.5j kV
,Z1 = 0.75 + 0.2j Ω ,Z2 = 0.35 + 0.5j Ω Calculate the following in polar format and remember to put the units: I1 = V1 / Z1, I2 = V2 /
Z2

Solution: Given:

𝑉1 = 1. 5 + 0. 2𝑗 𝑘𝑉, 𝑉2 = 1. 75 + 0. 5𝑗 𝑘𝑉

𝑍1 = 0. 75 + 0. 2𝑗 Ω, 𝑍2 = 0. 35 + 0. 5𝑗 Ω

For 𝑉1 = 1. 5 + 0. 2𝑗

Magnitude:

2 2
|𝑉1| = (1. 5) + (0. 2) = 2. 25 + 0. 04 = 1. 513 𝑘𝑉

Phase angle:

◦
θ𝑉 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
1
( ) = 7. 59
−1 0.2
1.5

◦
𝑉1 = 1. 513 𝑘𝑉∠7. 6

For 𝑉2 = 1. 75 + 0. 5𝑗

2 2
|𝑉2| = (1. 75) + (0. 5) = 3. 0625 + 0. 25 = 1. 82 𝑘𝑉

◦
θ𝑉 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
−1
( ) = 15. 95
0.5
1.75

◦
𝑉2 = 1. 82 𝑘𝑉∠16. 0

For 𝑍1 = 0. 75 + 0. 2𝑗

2 2
|𝑍1| = (0. 75) + (0. 2) = 0. 5625 + 0. 04 = 0. 776 Ω

◦
θ𝑍 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
1
−1
( ) = 14. 93
0.2
0.75

◦
𝑍1 = 0. 776 Ω∠14. 9

For 𝑍2 = 0. 35 + 0. 5𝑗

2 2
|𝑍2| = (0. 35) + (0. 5) = 0. 1225 + 0. 25 = 0. 610 Ω

◦
θ𝑍 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
−1
( ) = 55. 0
0.5
0.35
 ◦
𝑍2 = 0. 610 Ω∠55. 0

Calculating Currents in Polar Form:

𝑉1
𝐼1 = 𝑍1

Use division rule for polar form:

𝐼1 =
|𝑉1|
(
|𝑍1| ∠ θ𝑉1 − θ𝑍1 )
◦ ◦
𝐼1 =
1.513
0.776 (
∠ 7. 6 − 14. 9 )
◦
𝐼1 = 1. 949 𝑘𝐴∠ − 7. 3 ( )
◦
𝐼1 = 1. 95 𝑘𝐴∠ − 7. 3

𝑉2
𝐼2 = 𝑍2

𝐼2 =
|𝑉2|
(
|𝑍2| ∠ θ𝑉2 − θ𝑍2 )
◦ ◦
𝐼2 =
1.82
0.610 (
∠ 16. 0 − 55. 0 )
◦
𝐼2 = 2. 984 𝑘𝐴∠ − 39. 0 ( )
◦
𝐼2 = 2. 98 𝑘𝐴∠ − 39. 0

Quantity Cartesian Polar Form Units

𝑉1 1.5 + 0.2j 1.513 ∠ 7.6° kV

𝑉2 1.75 + 0.5j 1.82 ∠ 16.0° kV

𝑍1 0.75 + 0.2j 0.776 ∠ 14.9° Ω

𝑍2 0.35 + 0.5j 0.610 ∠ 55.0° Ω

𝐼1 = 𝑉1/𝑍1 — 1.95 ∠ –7.3° kA

𝐼2 = 𝑉2/𝑍2 — 2.98 ∠ –39.0° kA

Question 10 – Complex Numbers, Polar to Cartesian, Covert the following to Cartesian format: I1 = 1.5∠60° kA I2 = 2.5∠30° kA
Z1 = 1∠10° Ω Z2 = 3∠70° Ω Calculate the following in cartesian format and remember to put the units: V1 = I1Z1 V2 = I2Z2

Solution- Given:

◦ ◦
𝐼1 = 1. 5∠60 𝑘𝐴, 𝐼2 = 2. 5∠30 𝑘𝐴

◦ ◦
𝑍1 = 1∠10 Ω, 𝑍2 = 3∠70 Ω

Step 1: Convert to rectangular form

𝐼1 = 0. 75 + 𝑗1. 30 𝑘𝐴, 𝐼2 = 2. 165 + 𝑗1. 25 𝑘𝐴

𝑍1 = 0. 985 + 𝑗0. 174 Ω, 𝑍2 = 1. 026 + 𝑗2. 819 Ω

Step 2: Multiply to find voltages

𝑉1 = 𝐼1𝑍1 = 0. 513 + 𝑗1. 409 𝑘𝑉

𝑉2 = 𝐼2𝑍2 =− 1. 301 + 𝑗7. 386 𝑘𝑉

References:

• Hughes, E. (2017) Electrical and Electronic Technology. 12th ed. Pearson.

• Bird, J. (2020) Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology. 8th ed. Routledge.

• Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). (2018). BS7671 Wiring Regulations, 18th Edition.