CHAPTER 8 Arc Length, Sector Area and Radian Measure F | The wheel can be considered one of the most important technological tools since ancient times. Wheels on ‘wagons and other transportation vehicles help us move loads over long distances with less effort because of their circular shape. The circle is one of most fascinating geometric shapes. To the Greeks, itis a symbol of perfection in symmetry and balance, All circles are similar because the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter is (pi) for any circle, “This idea of proportionality also applies to other elements ofa circle including its arc length and sector area, allowing us to derive formulae to make these calculations in this chapter. In addition, we will use the proportionality of the arc length of a circle to its radius to define a new measure for angles, which will have important applications in other fields of mathematics. Learning Outcomes What will we learn in this chapter? + What radian measure is + How to convert an angle in radians to degrees and vice versa + How to find the length of an arc, the area of a sector and the area of ‘a segment of circle when given an angle in degrees or in radians >balcony Fig. 8.1 shows a scale drawing of a room with a balcony. ss ‘The arc of the balcony is an arc of a circle with centre O and radius 1.6 m. ome How do you find the length of the arc of the balcony? o Fig. 8.1 In this chapter, we will learn to find the length of an arc and the area of a sector of a circle, in order to solve such questions. We will also learn another measure of angle called the radian measure. uke lee Understanding the parts of a circle Ss s Ss ‘major Notations sector A chord isa line segment ° described by the two endpoints, tee chord PQ, ncontast we rerper asc aeay — Q—cloditreatat between the ere ree R ‘minor R are PRQ and are PSQ. Simla, ~ = wwe tre pose dverbe a (a) ) © segment, eg, segment PRQand 2 segment PSQ. Alternatively we can refer to them asthe minor or Fig. 82(a) shows a circle with centre O. The line PQis called a chord. PRQ and PSQ major segment are called arcs, which are part of the circumference. We use four points to describe ‘The are PSQ is called a major arc and the arc PRQis called a minor ae. a CERT 1, Whyis thearc PRQa minor arc? can refer to them asthe minor 2. Cana chord pass through the centre of a circle? If yes, what is the chord also called? or msiot ‘eecton. Pega) 3, Is the diameter the longest chord? Explain. ele elo ey et Fig. 4. Ifthe chord PQ in Fig, 8.2(a) passes through the centre of the cicle, will the arc the correct mathematical objet. PRQstill be a minor arc? Or will it be a major arc or neither? In Fig, 8.2(6), the chord PQ divides the circle into two segments. The region enclosed by the chord PQ and the ‘minor arc PRQ is called a minor segment. The region enclosed by the chord PQ and the major arc PSQ is called the ‘major segment. 5. Why is the segment PRQ a minor segment? 6. Cana segment be a semicircle? When will this happen? 66 HAPTER® Ar Length, Secor Aveaan‘The part of a circle enclosed by any two radii of a circle and an arc is called a sector. In Fig. 8.2(c), the region enclosed by the radii OP, OQ and the minor arc PRQ is called a minor sector of the circle. The region enclosed by the radii OP, OQ and the major arc PSQ is called a major sector of the circle, 7. Whyis the sector OPRQ a minor sector? 8, Ifthe radii OP and OQ in Fig. 8.2(0) lie on the same straight line, will the sector OPRQ still be a minor sector? Or; bea major sector or neither? 9. Cana sector be a semicircle? When will this happen? Discovering how to calculate arc length In the first diagram in Table 8.1 below, a circle is divided into 2 equal parts (or sectors). length of are APB a ‘The circumference of the circle is also divided into 2 equal parts, so imference aoe & where ZAOB Similarly, the angle at the centre of the circle, which is 360°, is divided into 2 parts, so <7°>. = 5 refers to the shaded angle in the diagram. Complete Table 8.1 by observing the number of equal parts that the circumference and the angle at the centre of the circle are divided into. B P oO. 3 B A P iB 4 Table 8.1 > th, Sector Area and Radon Mi cuarrers gSTable 8.1 1. What do you observe about the values in the last two columns of Table 8.1? 2. Ifthe circumference of a circle is divided into equal arcs such that the arc APB In oreteE Her earentatateteavetete ee eco oO circumference 360° 3. Write down a formula for finding the length of the arc APB in terms of ZAOB. 4, Recall that ify = kx, where k + 0, then y is directly proportional to x. ZAOB Fill in the blank. Since length of arc API x circumference circumference Tag x ZAOB, ere SEUMFEtENCE is» non-zero constant, then the length of arc APB is to ZAOB. From the above Investigation, we observe the following: nen ‘Go to wwwsl-education. ‘com/tms3B/pg68 or scantheQReodeand i ‘open the geometry template “Are Length: Using the template, ‘explore the relationship between the length of arc APB and ZAOB, for any ZAOB, Proportional Since the arc length is directly proportional tothe angle subtended by the ac, we can use the constant of proportionality circumference tg calcula streuplGpence to calcu te _ thear engCalculating arc length In the diagram, O is the centre ofa circle of radius [Link] and ZAOB = 124°, = Find (i the length of the minor are AXB, (i) the perimeter of the major sector OAYB. Ne) end "Solution (i) Length of minor arc AXB = = 26.0 em (103 8£) (i) Method 1: Reflex ZAOB = 360° — 124° (sata point) 36° Perimeter of major sector OAYB = length of arc AYB + OA + OB 82367 . = BS cam 124 12412 =73..em (1038.) Method 2: For the ial anewer tbe Length of arc AYB = circumference -length of arc AXB _becurasto3nfe foermediate = nx 12-25970 vorkng should be correct to = 49428 em (t05 sf) Se ee Perimeter of major sector OAYB =length of arc AYB + OA + OB =, = 49.428 +124 12 (i) Which method do you =73.4 cm 103s.) CEN! 1. Inthe diagram, O's the centre of acircle of radius 256m Per and reflex ZAOB = 228° Find rte Cee (the length of the major are AYB, a cee Gi) the perimeter of the minor sector OAXB. a x 2. The figure shows a logo design in which a sector has been removed from the circle, centre O and radius r cm, Given that the length of the major arc PXQ is 36 cm and ZPOQ = 50), find the value of r. sand Radian Mesure ‘CHAPTERS 69iTalarere(laamay Liked) SVE) Afier learning how to calculate the length of an arc ofa circle, can you solve the Introductory Problem? Solving problem involving arc length In the figure, O is the centre of a circle of radius 8 m. The points A and Clie on the circumference of the circle and Py 068 isa straight ine. Given that ZAOB = 45° and OA is perpendicular to AB, find the perimeter of the shaded region ABC. en eo “Solution . x Length of arc AC= 3555 x 2nr For greater accuracy, we can pe ‘work in terms ofr inthe A xanx intermediate = sage X20 xB steps =2nm ZABC = 180° - 90° - 45° (Z sum of A) = 45° +. AAOBis isosceles and so AB = OA 0B" = 8 + 8 Pythagoras’ Theor = 128 0B = 128 = 11314 m (05s) = 17.6 m(to3 sf) In the figure, Os the centre ofa circle of radius 8 m, ‘The points P and R lie on the circumference of the circle and OPQis a straight line. Given that ZQOR = 36.9° and ORis perpendicular to QR, find the perimeter of the shaded region PQR. 2. In the diagram, AQB is the minor arc ofa circle with centre O and radius 17 cm. ARBis a semicircle with AB as its diameter and P as its centre. AOPB is a right-angled triangle with ZOPB = 90° and ZPOB = 59°. Find (the length of AB, Gii)_the perimeter of the shaded region, 70 “antes Ar Length1, How has my knowledge of circumference and proportionality helped me to obtain the formula for calculating arclength? 2, What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of? Exercise 48:7.N Find the length of each ofthe following arcs AXB. Find the radius ofeach of the following circles @ 4 ) Mem @ pe A > Ovary 7 a 6 O x @ x Length of minor arc = 26.53 em oO (b) tera = Aad ae For each of the following circles, find Length of major are = 104.6 em (i) the length of the minor are AXB, (ii) the perimeter of the major sector OAYB. @ tre radius ofa circle is 14 m, Find the angle at the centre of the circle subtended by an arc of length A ” (a) 2m, (b) 195m, | dyer |* (0 642m, (@) 846m, giving your answers correct to the nearest degree. ry @ The hour hand of large clock mounted on a clock Yy tower travels through an angle of 45°. If the hour hand is 15 mong, how far does the tip of the hour hand travel? eS, x y (a) we A piece of wire 32 em long is bent to form a sector ofa circle of radius 6 cm. Find the angle subtended by the wire at the centre of the circle. A fon oe | : 7 Length Sector Arca and Radian Measur carers gy i BeeOe) Exercise Find the radius of each of the following circles. (a) a» wa Perimeter of minor sector = 77.91 em (b) B Perimeter of major sector = 278.1 cm ‘The figure shows two sectors OAB and OPQ with O as the common centre, and OAP and OBQ are straight lines. The lengths of OA and OQ are 8 cm and 17 om respectively. P A A Given that ZAOB = 2POQ = 60°, find the perimeter of the shaded region, giving your answer in the form a + bn, where a and b are rational numbers. 7 In the diagram, the length of the minor arcis 3 of the circumference of the circle. (Find ZA0B. (ii) Given that the diameter of the circle is 14 cm, find the length of the minor are. 72 (0, In the figure, Ois the centre ofa circle of radius 7.5 cm. The points A and B lie on the circumference of the circle and OBP is a straight line. 4 P~Ttem A Given that PA = 14 cm and OA is perpendicular to AP, find @ 2P0A, ii) the perimeter of the shaded region PBA ‘The diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 26 cm. Triangles OPR and OQR are congruent and ZOPR = ZOQR = 90°. Pp 18 R Le eed Length, Sector Area and Radian Measur cums 973Area of sector Discovering how to calculate sector area In the first diagram in Table 8.2 below, a circle is divided into 2 equal parts (or sectors). area ofsector OAPB _ 1 The area ofthe circle is divided into 2 equal parts, so “SE SCCO-OTS. = >. “The angle at the centre of the circle, which is 360°, is divided into 2 parts, so ae = } where ZAOB refers to the shaded angle in the diagram. Complete Table 8.2 by observing the number of equal parts thatthe area and the angle atthe centre ofthe circle are divided into, A Pp a a ») 2 2 2 B A P ol 3 B A P oO. B 4 A P .B 5 Table 8.2 bya wm Are Length Sector Arca and Radian MealL By 3. 4. sy Table 8.2 ‘What do you observe about the values in the last two columns of Table 8.22 Ifa circle is divided into n equal sectors such that the sector OAPB is one of the area of sector OAPB ZAOB Go to wwwal-education. sectors, state the values of Eo and So Soe a Write down a formula for finding the area of the sector OAPB in terms of ZAOB, Sa" the QR code and ‘open the geometry template ‘Sector Ared: Using the template, explore the relationship between, the area of sector OAPB and 2408, for any ZAOB. Recall that ify = kx, where k* 0, then yis directly proportional tox. ——_ illin the blank. Since area of sector OAPB = “AB. area of circle Proportionaity Since the sector area is directly proportional tothe sector angle, ‘we can use the constant of area of circle x where 22 0f cite, 4 non-zero constant, then the area of sector OAPB is proportionality 360" to calculate the sector are to ZAOB. Is the area of sector OABP directly proportional to the length of arc APB? Explain. From the above Investigation, we observe the following: oo & th, Sector Area and Radon Mi carers 7mCalculating sector area Inthe figure, Ois the centre ofa circle of radius 9 cm and ZAOB = 150°. Find the area of 4 3 (i) the minor sector, Al Gi) the major sector. Leave your answers in terms of t. A) ei “Solution (Area of minor sector = 555 x mF = 150° 7 Sape xX9 = 33.75 em? (ii) Method 1: Reflex ZAOB = 360° ~ 150° (Zsat a point) = 210° Area of major sector = 275 x nr 210° = BN xnxo =47.25n em? Method 2: Area of major sector = area of circle ~ area of minor sector = mx 933.750 =47.25n 0m? 1. In the figure, O is the centre of a circle of radius 15 cm and ZAOB = 126° Feekes Find the area of ae (the minorsector, a > hy (i) the major sector 2. In the diagram, O is the centre of a circle of radius 26 cm. P “The length of minor are AQB is 52 cm. (Show that ZAOB is approximately 114.6°, Gii)_ Hence, find the area of the major sector OAPB. a 8 Solving problem involving sector area bibcieed In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezium in which p B ie ADis parallel to BC, AD =7 cm, BC= 10cm and 4 LAMA w7le ADC~angle BCD = 90°, Pisapointon ABand 7 em 10cm PXD is an arc ofa circle with centre A while PYC is c an arc ofa circle with centre B. (i) Show that angle BAD is equal to 100.2°, correct to one decimal place. (ii) Hence, find the area of the shaded region. * ‘CHAPTERS Arc Length, Secor Area and Radian Measore 76“Solution We will use Pélya’s Problem Solving Model to guide us in solving this problem. Stage I: Understand the problem What information is given and what is not? + What is given: ABCD is a trapezium in which two of its angles are 90°; radii of the two sectors + What is not given: angles of the two sectors; area of the two sectors; arc lengths DXP and. cYP What are we supposed to find? + BAD, which is the angle of sector ADXP; area of shaded region Stage 2: Think of a plan What formula involving angle can we use? Gan we use the sector area formula to find BAD? We cannot find the sector angle without the arc length DXP and the sector area ADXP. ‘Therefore, we have to think of another way. What given information have we not used? ‘+ ABCD is trapezium in which two of its angles are 90° + The radii of the two sectors What other formula involving angle can we use? Since the trapezium has two right angles, can we identify a right-angled triangle to use the definitions of trigonometric ratios? Yes, we can. Draw a line AT perpendicular to BC such that T’lies on BC (see diagram below), Stage 3: Carry out the plan 10.164° ([Link]) BAD = 90° + 10.164° = 100.2° (to 1 dip.) (shown) AT? = 172-3! Pythagoras’ Theorem = 280 AT = 280 = [Link] (to 5 sf) ABT = 180° - 90° - 10.164° (2 sum of A) = 79.836" (to 3 4p.) Area of shaded region = Area of trapezium ABCD ~ area of sector ADP ~ area of sector BCP 1 100.164° 179838 ag: 5 (7 + 10)(16,733) — EE se nx 72 BEE on x 10 = 29.7 cm’ (to 3 sf) cures 77 : 1s Length, Sector Area and Radian MeA) ie is = Stage 4: Look back How can we check whether the answers are correct? Can we work backwards by finding the sum of the area of the shaded region and the areas of the two sectors to see ifit is equal to the area of the trapezium? What can we learn from this problem? ‘We can try to divide a figure into different components, e.g. right-angled triangles, which can allow us to apply concepts we have learnt in trigonometry to solve for unknowns. In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezium in which ABs parallel to DC, AB = 19 m, DC= 15 mand angle ABC = angle DCB = 90°. Pisa point on AD and PXBis an arc ofa circle with, centre A while PYCis an arc ofa circle with centre D. (8 Show that angle ADC is equal to 96.8°, correct to one decimal place. (ii) Hence, find the area of the shaded region. Finding area of segment oO ‘The diagram shows a sector ofa circle, centre O, with radius 17 em. ‘Mis the midpoint of the chord AB and OM = 13 cm. i) Show that angle AOB = 80.2°, correct to 1 decimal place. i) Calculate the shaded area. A B "Solution o OM (cos ZAom= OW tem = eor' {13 zaon=o'(!) A B = 40.119° (to 3dp) Sa ZAOB =2x ZAOM =2x 40.119° = 80.238" = 80.2° (to 1 dp.) (shown) 80.238", 2 0238" (17?) = 202.36 cm’ (to 5 sf) (ii) Area of sector = Area of AAOB = + x OA x OB x sin ZAOB x 17 x 17 x sin 80.238" 2 1 2 = 142.41 em? (to 5 sf) Shaded area = area of sector ~ area of AAOB 102.36 — 142.41 = 60.0 cm? (to 3s) TER Arc Length, Sector Are and Radian Measure