Answers
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.5
Exercise 3.1 a The principal energy levels
b The spacing gets smaller / the lines get closer together.
a A 2; B 1s; C 2; D 18; E 3; F 3s, 3p, 3d; c Electrons falling from higher to lower energy levels
b i 1s22s22p5 d A
ii Si e I
iii 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 f The energy levels get closer.
iv 1s22s22p6 g H
v 19 h It takes more energy to remove the electron from hydrogen as the
vi Br− electron is at a lower energy level closer to the attractive force
vii 1s22s22p63s23p63d2 of the nucleus / it takes less energy to remove the outer electron
c i Group 2 from a lithium atom since the outer electron is further from the
ii Group 15 attractive force of the nucleus.
iii Group 17
iv Group 18
Exam-style questions
Exercise 3.2
Question 1
a Across a period, there is a general increase in the value of ∆Hi1.
a i 1s22s22p3 (1)
This is because of the increase in nuclear charge. Across a period
ii 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p1 (1)
the electrons are added to the same principal quantum shell
iii 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 (1)
so the attractive forces between the nucleus and the outer
b No / gallium ion is smaller (0 mark on own) because the outer
electrons increases gradually. So the first ionisation energy
electrons in the atom are further from the nucleus / the outer
increases gradually. Across a period there is not much difference
electrons in the atom are not pulled in by the nuclear charge
in shielding because there are the same number of inner shell
as much. (1)
electrons.
c Gallium (0 mark)
b A and I (ionisation energy increases across a period to a maximum
because the outer electrons are further from the nucleus. (1)
at Group 18)
Greater amount of shielding of outer electrons by inner
c i A and B or I and J
electron shells. (1) 3
ii F and G
These two factors are greater than the effect of greater
iii C and D or K and L
nuclear charge in gallium. (1)
d C and K
d i Boron has lower first ionisation energy than beryllium
e E
because the 5th electron goes into a p subshell (1)
f H
which is further from the nucleus (1)
g Similar points further on in the curve have lower values, e.g. I is
so attractive force on nucleus on electron is less. (1)
lower than A, J is lower than B, K is lower than C, etc.
Boron has lower first ionisation energy than carbon
because it has a lower nuclear charge (1)
Exercise 3.3
so attractive forces between the nucleus and outer
a i There is a sudden jump in ionisation energy when the second electrons greater. (1)
electron has been removed (because that is in a shell closer to Similar amount of shielding since outer electrons are
the nucleus). in the same principal quantum shell. (1)
ii Removal of electrons 10 and 11 takes much more energy than ii B(g) → B +(g) + e−
the others (because they are nearer the nucleus). Symbols (1), gas state symbols (1)
iii There is a gradual change as electrons 2 to 9 are removed / e s is spherical shape (1)
there are no sudden jumps in the ionisation energy on p is propeller / dumbbell shape (there should be no electron
removal of successive electrons from 2 to 9. density in the centre) (1)
b i Ca3+(g) → Ca4+(g) + e− Total = 17
ii P+(g) → P2+(g) + e−
Question 2
Exercise 3.4
a i 1s22s22p63s23p6 (1)
a i They are higher up on the diagram. ii 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 (1)
ii The arrows are shown pointing in the opposite direction. iii 1s22s22p63s23p63d3 (1)
b i ii iii b Argon (1)
3p 3p
c i The electrons are being removed from the same principal
quantum shell. (1)
3s 3s
There is a gradual increase in nuclear charge (1)
2p 2p 2p so attractive force between the nucleus and electrons
gradually increases. (1)
2s 2s 2s ii The 8th electron is in a quantum shell nearer to
the nucleus. (1)
1s 1s 1s
Cambridge International AS and A level Chemistry
Attractive forces between the nucleus and the outer b An ionic bond is the strong force of electrostatic attraction
electrons are higher. (1) between positive and negative ions in a crystal lattice. The
Very little shielding. (1) charge on the ions is spread out in all directions. It is not like a
iii F2+(g) → F3+(g) + e−) covalent bond where the bonding is in one direction between
Symbols (1), gas state symbols (1) two particular atoms.
Total = 12 c Metals conduct electricity because the delocalised electrons
are able to move throughout the structure between the positive
Question 3 metal ions. Many metals are strong and hard because the metal
ions are held together by the strong electrostatic forces of
a B and C (1)
attraction between the ions and the delocalised electrons.
Because there is a large jump in ionisation energy between the
first and second electrons being removed (1)
b B (1)
Exercise 4.2
c A (1) a H H
Because there is a large jump in ionisation energy between the H H
third and fourth electrons being removed (1) H N H H C C O H C C
So there are 3 electrons in the outer shell (1)
Group 13 elements form stable ions by loss of 3 electrons. (1) H H H H H
d Accept values between 9000 and 11 000. (1) ammonia Ethanol ethene
Element is in Group 2. (1)
3rd, 4th and 5th ionisation energies are increasing steadily (so b
i ii iii
must have at least 8 electrons in this shell). (1)
e i 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 (1) Cl P Cl N N H Br
ii V+(g) → V 2+(g) + e−
Cl
Symbols (1), gas state symbols (1)
f 3p iv v vi O
S O C O H C
3s
Cl Cl
4 O
H
2p
2s vii H viii
F F F
1s H N B F F S F
Correct levels and correct number of orbitals filled / partly F F F
H
filled (1), correct number of electrons in each subshell (1),
correct spin (1)
Total = 16 Exercise 4.3
a i R = 107° ii S = 109.5° iii T = 120°
Chapter 4 iv U = 109.5° v V = 104.5°
b
Exercise 4.1 i O ii + iii
Cl Be Cl
− H 104.5° H O
a i H H
H 107° 180°
F
2+ Linear
V - shaped Triangular
pyramidal
Mg H
− 109.5°
iv O C O v P vi C N H
F 180° H
Cl Cl107°Cl H 107° H
Linear Triangular Tetrahedral around
pyramidal C atom.
ii +
Pyramidal around the
vii viii H N atom
Na +
− 2− H H 109.5°
+
C C 120°(Allow 117–120°) N
Li Cl O H H
H H
+ H
Planar
Na
Tetrahedral