SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING, AND
12
MATEMATICS
FORMULAS
CHEMICAL BONDS,
Nestor Oliveros Jr. NAMES AND
SST-I
FORMULAS
MELC.
Represent compounds using chemical
formulas, structural formulas and models
(STEM_GC11AMIc-e-j-21)
Objectives
• Learn how to Represent compounds using
chemical formulas, structural formulas
and models
Structural Formula
Structural Formula
A structural formula displays
the atoms of the molecule in
the order they are bonded. It
also depicts how the atoms
are bonded to one another,
for example single, double,
and triple covalent bond.
Covalent bonds are shown
using lines.
Structural Formula
The number of dashes indicate
whether the bond is a single,
double, or triple covalent bond.
Structural formulas are helpful
because they explain the
properties and structure of the
compound which empirical and
molecular formulas cannot
always represent.
Valence Shell
Valence Shell
The valence shell is the
outermost shell of an
atom that contains the
electrons involved in
chemical bonding. These
electrons are known as
valence electrons.
Valence Shell
The valence shell is the
outermost shell of an
atom that contains the
electrons involved in
chemical bonding. These
electrons are known as
valence electrons.
Valence Shell
How many valence
electron does this
element have?
Valence Shell
How many valence
electron does this
element have?
Valence Shell
How many valence
electron does this
element have?
Valence Shell
How many valence
electron does this
element have?
Valence Shell
How many valence
electron does this
element have?
Valence Shell
How many valence
electron does this
element have?
Valence Shell
Valence Shell
Valence Shell
Chemical Reactions:
Why is the Valence Shell
Important?
• Atoms bond with each
other to form molecules,
and this bonding
primarily involves the
valence electrons.
Valence Shell
Chemical Reactions:
Why is the Valence Shell
Important?
• Atoms bond with each
other to form molecules,
and this bonding
primarily involves the
valence electrons.
Valence Shell
Valence Shell
Valence Shell
Why is the Valence Shell Chemical Reactions:
Important?
• Atoms tend to be more stable
when they have a full valence
shell, which usually means having
8 electrons (known as the octet
rule). This is similar to the
electron configuration of noble
gases, which are very stable.
Valence Shell
Why is the Valence Shell Chemical Reactions:
Important?
• Atoms tend to be more stable
when they have a full valence
shell, which usually means having
8 electrons (known as the octet
rule). This is similar to the
electron configuration of noble
gases, which are very stable.
Valence Shell
Why is the Valence Shell Chemical Reactions:
Important?
• Atoms tend to be more stable
when they have a full valence
shell, which usually means having
8 electrons (known as the octet
rule). This is similar to the
electron configuration of noble
gases, which are very stable.
Valence Shell
Why is the Valence Shell Determining Reactivity:
Important?
The number of valence electrons
determines how an element reacts
chemically. For example:
Elements with 1 or 2 valence
electrons (like sodium or
magnesium) are more likely to lose
electrons and form positive ions.
Valence Shell
Why is the Valence Shell Determining Reactivity:
Important?
The number of valence electrons
determines how an element reacts
chemically. For example:
Elements with 5, 6, or 7 valence
electrons (like nitrogen, oxygen, or
fluorine) are more likely to gain
electrons to fill their valence shell.
Valence Shell
The valence shell is crucial for
understanding how atoms
interact and bond with one
another. By focusing on the
valence electrons in this outer
shell, you can predict how
different elements will behave in
chemical reactions.
Valence Shell
1. Sodium (Na)
•Electron Configuration: 2, 8, 1
•Valence Electrons: 1 (in the
outermost shell)
•Behavior: Sodium tends to lose its
one valence electron to achieve a
stable configuration. When it does
this, it forms a positive ion (Na⁺).
Valence Shell
2. Chlorine (Cl)
•Electron Configuration: 2, 8, 7
•Valence Electrons: 7
•Behavior: Chlorine tends to gain
one electron to complete its outer
shell (to have 8 electrons). When it
does this, it forms a negative ion
(Cl⁻).
Valence Shell
3. Magnesium (Mg)
•Electron Configuration: 2, 8, 2
•Valence Electrons: 2
•Behavior: Magnesium tends to
lose its two valence electrons to
achieve a stable configuration,
forming a positive ion (Mg²⁺).
The Octet Rule
The octet rule refers to the
tendency of atoms to prefer to
have eight electrons in the
valence shell. When atoms
have fewer than eight
electrons, they tend to react
and form more stable
compounds.
The Octet Rule
The octet rule refers to the
tendency of atoms to prefer to
have eight electrons in the
valence shell. When atoms
have fewer than eight
electrons, they tend to react
and form more stable
compounds.
Valence Shell
A stable arrangement is attended
when the atom is surrounded by
eight electrons. This octet can be
made up by own electrons and
some electrons which are shared.
Thus, an atom continues to form
bonds until an octet of electrons is
made.
The Octet Rule
1. Normally two electrons pairs up and forms a bond, e.g., H2
2. For most atoms there will be a maximum of eight electrons in the
valence shell (octet structure), e.g., CH4
The Octet Rule
1. Normally two electrons pairs up and forms a bond, e.g., H2
2. For most atoms there will be a maximum of eight electrons in the
valence shell (octet structure), e.g., CH4
DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURES
For very simple molecules and molecular ions, we can
write the Lewis structures by merely pairing up the
unpaired electrons on the constituent atoms.
examples:
examples:
For more complicated molecules and
molecular ions, it is helpful to follow
the step-by-step procedure
[Link] the total number of
valence (outer shell) electrons
among all the atoms. For cations,
subtract one electron for each
positive charge. For anions, add
one electron for each negative
charge.
2. Draw a skeleton structure of the
molecule or ion, arranging the atoms
around a central atom. (Generally,
the least electronegative element
should be placed in the center.)
Connect each atom to the central atom
with a single bond (one electron pair).
3. Distribute the remaining
electrons as lone pairs on the
terminal atoms (except
hydrogen), completing an
octet around each atom.
3. Place all remaining electrons
on the central atom.
4. Rearrange the electrons of
the outer atoms to make
multiple bonds with the
central atom in order to
obtain octets wherever
possible.
Let us determine the Lewis
structures of OF2 and HCN as
examples in following this O + 2 (F) = OF2
procedure:
1. Determine the total number of 6e- + (2 x 7e-)
valence (outer shell) electrons in the
molecule or ion. For a molecule, we
=
add the number of valence electrons 20e-
(use the main group number) on
each atom in the molecule.
Let us determine the Lewis
structures of OF2 and HCN as
examples in following this H + C + N = HCN
procedure:
1. Determine the total number of - - -
valence (outer shell) electrons in the 1e + 4e + 5e
molecule or ion. For a molecule, we
add the number of valence electrons =
(use the main group number) on
each atom in the molecule. 10e-
2. Draw a skeleton structure of
the molecule or ion, arranging
the atoms around a central atom
and connecting each atom to the
central atom with a single (one
electron pair) bond.
3. Distribute the remaining
electrons as lone pairs on the
terminal atoms (except hydrogen)
to complete their valence shells
with an octet of electrons.
•In OF2, six electrons are placed on
each F.
•In HCN, six electrons placed on N
4. Place all remaining electrons on
the central atom.
• In OF2, 4 electrons are placed
on O.
• In HCN: no electrons remain
(the total valence of 10e-is
reached) so nothing changes.
5. Rearrange the electrons of
the outer atoms to make
multiple bonds with the central
atom in order to obtain octets
wherever possible.
•In OF2, each atom has an octet
as drawn, so nothing changes.
•In HCN, form two more C–N
bonds
MULTIPLE BONDS
In many molecules, the octet rule Following steps 1 to 4, we draw the
would not be satisfied if each pair following:
of bonded atoms shares only two
electrons. Review HCN in Step 5.
Another example is carbon dioxide
(CO2). CO2 has a total valence of
4e- + (2 x 6e-) = 16e-.
MULTIPLE BONDS
This does not give the carbon
atom a complete octet; only
four electrons are in its valence
shell. This arrangement of
shared electrons is far from
satisfactory.
MULTIPLE BONDS
In this case, more than one pair of
electrons must be shared between two
atoms for both atoms to have an
octet. A second electron pair from
each oxygen atom must be shared
with the central carbon atom shown by
the arrows above. A lone pair from
each O must be converted into a
bonding pair of electrons.
MULTIPLE BONDS
In this arrangement, the carbon atom shares four electrons (two pairs)
with the oxygen atom on the left and four electrons with the oxygen
atom on the right. There are now eight electrons around each atom.
Two pairs of electrons shared between two atoms make a double bond
between the atoms, which is represented by a double dash:
Some molecules contain triple bonds. Triple bonds are covalent bonds
in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Another
compound that has a triple bond is acetylene (C2H2), whose Lewis
diagram is as follows:
Draw the Lewis diagram for each
molecule.
1. N2
2. CH2O
The total number of electrons is 2 x 5 = 10
electrons. The bond between the two nitrogen
atoms is a triple bond.
The total number of electrons is 4 x 2(1) + 6
= 12 electrons. In CH2O, the central atom is
surrounded by two different types of atoms.
Write Lewis structures for the following:
1.H2
[Link]
3.PCl3
4.SF2
5.H2CCH2
Write Lewis structures for the following:
1.H2
[Link]
3.PCl3
4.SF2
5.H2CCH2
Write Lewis structures for the following:
1.H2
[Link]
3.PCl3
4.SF2
5.H2CCH2
The Lewis electron-pair approach
can be used to predict the
number and types of bonds
between the atoms in a
substance, and it indicates which
atoms have lone pairs of
electrons. This approach gives no
information about the actual
arrangement of atoms in space.
The VSEPR Model
We continue our discussion of
structure and bonding by
introducing the valence-shell
electron-pair repulsion
(VSEPR) model (pronounced
“vesper”), which can be used to
predict the shapes of many
molecules and polyatomic ions.
Keep in mind, however, that the VSEPR model, like
any model, is a limited representation of reality; the
model provides no information about bond lengths or
the presence of multiple bonds.
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR model can predict
the structure of nearly any
molecule or polyatomic ion in
which the central atom is a
nonmetal, as well as the
structures of many molecules
and polyatomic ions with a
central metal atom.
The VSEPR Model
The premise of the VSEPR
theory is that electron
pairs located in bonds and
lone pairs repel each other
and will therefore adopt
the geometry that places
electron pairs as far apart
from each other as
possible.
The VSEPR Model
This theory is very simplistic and
does not account for the
subtleties of orbital interactions
that influence molecular shapes;
The VSEPR Model
; however, the simple VSEPR counting procedure accurately
predicts the three-dimensional structures of a large number of
compounds, which cannot be predicted using the Lewis
electron-pair approach.
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
Common Molecular Geometries for Species with Two to Six
Electron Groups. Lone pairs are shown using a dashed line.
The VSEPR Model
Common Molecular Geometries for Species with Two to Six
Electron Groups. Lone pairs are shown using a dashed line.
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
The VSEPR Model
[Link]
2.H2CNH
[Link] –
[Link]
[Link] –
[Link]
2.H2CNH
[Link] –
[Link]
[Link] –