●​ Sect A.

Information Processing key- terms

Information Processing- Information Processing is the acquisition, recording, organization,
retrieval, display and dissemination, so that it can used for decision
making.

Data -Refers to raw facts, figures which by itself or on its own is not meaningful.
It is often referred to as not meaningful as it lacks context.
Information- Data that is organized in a way that there is some level of context or meaning.

Knowledge- Knowledge is the application of information to solve a problem, to make a decision

or take an action based on the information that is known.

Computer security -is the protection of computer systems and information from harm, theft,
and unauthorized use.
Cyber security-protects the integrity of a computer’s internet-connected systems,
hardware, software and data from cyber-attacks.
Data corruption -Data that is damaged or lost.

Source Document- A source document is a document where the first evidence of data
was recorded. It contains data collected for some transaction and it is used as evidence that a
transaction has occurred. Data from the source document is entered into the system.
Turn Around- A turnaround document is a machine-readable and human-readable
document that has some information printed on it by a computer but has
more information added to it by a human. It is then fed back into a
computer to transfer this newly added information.
-​ eg. Invoice
-​ Bubble Sheet

Human-readable data is data that is presented in a format that can be easily understood by
humans. This data is often presented in a natural language, such as English, and may include
text, images, and other multimedia elements. Human-readable data is often designed to be
visually appealing and easy to navigate.
-​ A news article on a website
-​ A book
-​ A PDF file with a table of data
-​ A spreadsheet with header columns

Machine-readable data is data that is presented in a format that can be easily understood by
machines. This data is often structured in a specific way, such as a table or database, and may
be encoded in a special language, such as XML or JSON. Machine-readable data is often
designed to be efficient and easy to process by computers.
-​ A CSV file with data on product sales
-​ An XML file with data on customer orders
-​ A JSON file with data on weather conditions
-​ A database table with data on employee salaries
Barcode- A barcode is a machine-readable code consisting of a series of numbers and parallel
lines of varying [Link] is used to identify and track items quickly when scanned by a barcode
reader.
Cheque-A cheque is a written document that instructs a bank to pay a specific amount of
money from a person’s account to another individual or organization.
Receipt- A receipt is a document that acknowledges payment for goods or services.
It usually includes details such as the date, amount paid, items purchased, and seller’s
information.

Hardware -A hard copy is a physical copy of a document or file, such as a printed piece of
paper.
Software- A soft copy is a digital copy of a document or file, such as an electronic document
stored on a computer or a cloud storage service.

●​ Hard copies are often used for important documents that need to be signed, sealed, and
delivered.
●​ They are also often used for documents that need to be kept as a permanent record.
Soft copies are often used for documents that need to be shared easily, such as emails
and presentations. They are also often used for documents that need to be edited
frequently.

In general, the best format to use for a document or file depends on the specific needs of the
user. If the document or file needs to be durable, portable, and difficult to edit, then a hard copy
is best. If the document or file needs to be easy to share, edit, and store, then a soft copy is
best.

Primary sources are information sources that provide first-hand accounts or evidence about an
event, object, person, or work, such as diaries, letters, speeches, memoirs, photographs,
interviews, news articles, journal articles etc.
Secondary sources are information sources that describe, interpret, explain, analyze, and/or
evaluate primary sources, such as textbooks, biographies, news articles, journal articles, etc.
Tertiary sources of information provide broad overviews or condensed narratives of topics.
They analyze and summarize the information in primary and secondary sources in order to
provide background on an idea, event, or [Link] examples of tertiary sources include
textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and almanacs.

• Primary Sources: First-hand evidence about an event or topic (e.g., diaries, letters, photographs,
interviews).
• Secondary Sources: Interpret or analyze primary sources (e.g., textbooks, biographies, review articles).
• Tertiary Sources: Summaries or condensed versions of primary and secondary sources (e.g.,
encyclopedias, dictionaries).

●​ Sect B. Database
Design View: Used to create or modify the structure of a table (set field names, data types,
keys).​

Datasheet View: Used to view and enter data directly in the table.

Type of Key Definition Example

Primary Key Uniquely identifies each StudentID

record in a table.

Foreign Key A field in one table that links StudentID in Grades table
to the primary key in another
table.

Composite Key Two or more fields used (CourseID + StudentID)

together to uniquely identify a
record.

Relationship Type Description Example

One-to-One (1:1) One record in Table A relates Person ↔ Passport

to one record in Table B.

One-to-Many (1:M) One record in Table A relates Teacher → Students

to many in Table B.

Many-to-Many (M:N) Many records in both tables Students ↔ Courses

relate to each other (needs
linking table).
 ●​ Table Structure
A database stores data in tables made up of:
●​ Fields (columns): Define the type of data (e.g., Name, Age).
●​ Records (rows): Individual entries (e.g., one person’s data).

●​ Query and Relationship

Used to search, filter, or analyze data.
Writing the head
Choosing the correct table to form the relationship
Using correct criteria

●​ Pseudocode
Loops- A repetition construct (also known as a loop) is a control structure that allows the
computer to repeat a block of instructions as long as a specified condition remains true.
-​ The set of instructions that repeat inside the loop is called the loop
body or loop statements.
Types of loops
Counter-Controlled Loop
Repeats a set of instructions a predetermined number of times.
The number of repetitions is known before the loop starts.
●​ Example:Repeating a message 10 times

Event-Controlled Loop
Repeat a set of instructions until a specific condition is met.
The number of repetitions is not known in advance — it depends on an event or condition.
It is also used when the program must wait for user input, monitor a value, or respond to
changes.
●​ Examples: Repeating until the user enters the correct password

How to Know Which Loop to Use

Use a FOR loop if:
●​ The problem mentions an exact number of repetitions.
Use a WHILE or REPEAT loop if the problem includes phrases like:
●​ Dummy value
●​ Terminated by
●​ Repeat until
●​ Continue as long as
These phrases mean the number of repetitions is not known in advance, so the loop must
continue until a condition changes.
QUIZZ

Perfect ✅ — here’s your fully completed and formatted IT Practice Test, with all
multiple-choice options shown for Section A and the correct answers clearly selected.​
Everything is clean, exam-ready, and easy to print or convert into Word later if you wish.

IT PRACTICE TEST

SECTION A — Information Processing (10 marks)

Each question is worth 1 mark. Choose the best answer.

1. Which of the following best describes data?​

✅
A. Processed facts that are meaningful​
B. Unprocessed facts and figures ​
C. Organized information​
D. Knowledge stored in memory

2. Which of the following is an example of machine-readable information?​

A. A printed report​
B. A barcode ✅ ​
C. A handwritten note​
D. A spoken message

3. Which of the following best describes information processing?​

A. Entering data into a computer​

✅
B. Storing data on a flash drive​
C. Converting data into useful information ​
D. Printing a document

✅
4. Which of these is an example of input?​
A. Barcode reader ​
B. Printer​
C. Monitor​
D. Speaker

5. Which of these is an output device?​

A. Scanner​

✅
B. Keyboard​
C. Printer ​
D. Mouse

6. Which of the following would be found on a receipt?​

✅
A. Barcode of the item only​
B. Price, date, and store name ​
C. Password​
D. IP address

7. The term knowledge refers to:​

A. Raw facts​

✅​
B. Data that is organized​
C. Information used with experience and understanding
D. Data stored in memory
8. The correct order of the information processing cycle is:​
A. Processing → Output → Input​

✅
B. Input → Output → Processing​
C. Input → Processing → Output ​
D. Output → Input → Processing

9. Which of the following is an example of human-readable data?​

A. Barcode​

✅
B. QR code​
C. Invoice ​
D. Magnetic stripe

✅
10. Which of these characteristics ensures information is correct and precise?​
A. Accuracy ​
B. Timeliness​
C. Cost​
D. Simplicity

SECTION B — Databases (25 marks)

1. Define the following terms:

(a) Primary key (2 marks)​

A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table.​
Example: StudentID in a student table.

(b) Foreign key (2 marks)​

A field in one table that links to the primary key in another table.​
Example: CustID in the Orders table that links to CustID in the Customer table.

2. State one difference between:

(a) A field and a record (2 marks)

●​ Field: A single piece of data (e.g., Name, Age).​

 ●​ Record: A complete set of related fields about one entity (e.g., one student’s details).​

(b) Design view and Datasheet view (2 marks)

●​ Design View: Used to create or modify the table’s structure (field names, data types,
keys).​

●​ Datasheet View: Used to enter, view, and edit actual data records.​

3. Two tables are shown below:

Customer: CustID, CustName, Address, Phone​

Orders: OrderID, CustID, Date, Total

(a) Type of relationship:​

→ One-to-Many relationship (One customer can make many orders).

(b) Field used to form the relationship:​

→ CustID

(c) Query to list all customer names who made orders above $100:

SELECT [Link]
FROM Customer, Orders
WHERE [Link] = [Link]
AND [Link] > 100;

Result: Displays names of customers whose order totals exceed $100.

4. Explain the difference between:

(a) One-to-One relationship:​

Each record in Table A is linked to only one record in Table B.​
Example: Each person has one passport.

(b) One-to-Many relationship:​

One record in Table A can be linked to multiple records in Table B.​
Example: One customer can place many orders.
5. Write one query using proper headings, field names, and criteria.

Example Query:

SELECT StudentName, Grade

FROM Students
WHERE Grade >= 80;

Result:​
Displays all students who scored 80 or higher.

SECTION C — Programming (15 marks)

1. Identify 3 parts of the pseudocode structure. (3 marks)

1.​ Input – Getting data from the user.​

2.​ Process – Performing calculations or logic.​

3.​ Output – Displaying results to the user.​

2. Pseudocode to input 5 numbers, find and display the sum and average.
(6 marks)
BEGIN
SET Sum ← 0
FOR i ← 1 TO 5
OUTPUT "Enter number: "
INPUT Num
Sum ← Sum + Num
END FOR
Average ← Sum / 5
OUTPUT "Sum = ", Sum
OUTPUT "Average = ", Average
END
3. Pseudocode to use a for loop that prints the user’s name 4 times. (4
marks)
BEGIN
OUTPUT "Enter your name: "
INPUT Name
FOR i ← 1 TO 4
OUTPUT Name
END FOR
END

4. State the purpose of:

(a) Loop start and loop end (1 mark)​

They mark where the repetition begins and ends in a loop structure.

(b) For loop (1 mark)​

Used to repeat a set of instructions a specific number of times.