Chapter

12 Electricity

19dru
ChoiceQuestions(MCOs)
Multiple
ar10992
inthefollowing :
questions
answerfrom thegivenfouroptions
Choose thecorrect

Q.1 a resistor,
A cell, arearrangedas showninthe
a key and an ammeter
The currentrecorded
diagramsoffigure.
intheammeter
Circuit
will
be

(i)
(a)maximumin(i) in(ii)
(b)maximum
(cmaximum in(ii) (d)the same inall thecases
Ans. (d)Allthethreecircuits
have a key,cell, and ammeterwhichare
resistor
Inallthe threefigures
connectedinseries. positiveof the cell
isconnectedwith
thepositive
of theammeter means thattheyhave same arrarngements.
Thus,the
throughtheammeter will
current be thesame inallthreecases.

Q.2 Inthe following heatproducedintheresistor

circuits, or combination
ofresistors will
connectedto a 12V battery be
2S2 2
W
2
WW
2 Ei2v
Lw
12 V 12V

(a)same inallthe cases (b)maximum incase (i)

(c)maximum incase (ii) (d)maximum incase(iii)
Ans. (d)In R= 22
Case (i),
Rç =2+2=42
Case (ii),

Case +-
(ii), 13
Since, xt,Asvoltageinthethreecasesfor
R equivalent issame
resistance
SO Ho.R
1
,
So heatproducedis
maximum incase(ii).
 fesistivity
of a given
(a)its
length metallic
wiredepends
(b)its upon

Ans.
(c)itsshape
(d) Electrical
resistivity
of a given
thickness
(d)natureofthe
material
S
frppelectrons metallicw ire depends on number
intheconductorwhichis density
M= numberof
freeelectrons
thenatureof
ie.
material. po
1
, of

perunit [Link] alsodependson the

of conductor. temperature
ab of1Ais
current
A
drawnby a filamentofan electric
bulb.
electron
passingthrougha cross-section Number of
ofthe filament
in16seconds
wouldbe roughly
(a)1020
Ans. (a) Given,current, =1A
Time, t=
I
(b)106

16s
(c)108 (d)1023
o9 A

Number ofelectronsn =? Iliw

We know that,

Current, l1ne
t (e=chargeof anelectron= 16x 101"CandQ= nel
1x16
= 1020
16x 10-19

Q.5Identify inwhichtheelectrical
thecircuit componentshavebeen
connected.
properly
()

79TD
nl

()

Ise(6)

(iv)
(iü)
(o)(ii) (d)(iv)
(a)(i) (b)(ü)
must be satisfied.
conditions
the thefollowing
circuit,
a (b) Whileidentifying
connectedinseries.
(e)An ammeter isalways
inparallel
shouldbe connected
(b)The voltmeter ofthe
terminal
positive
ofV and A shouldbe joined
to
terminals of
terminal
(C) The positive be joinedto the negative
terminals
negative should
celland their
the cell.
incase (ii).
aresatisfied
t
Ihus, he above conditions
.6 whichcan be made usingfive
What isthe maximum resistance
each of 1/52?
resistors
2 (d)12
(a)1/5 S2 (b)10 2 (c)5
are connectedinseries
isobtainedwhen resistors
Ans. (d)The maximum resistance 1
Thus equivalent
combination. R =nx
resistance R=5x=
5 12,R = equivalent

forseriescombination.
resistance

Q.7 What isthe minimum which can be made

resistance usingfive
each of 1/5Q?
resistors
(a)1/52 (b)1/25 Q (c)1/10 2 (d)25 2
Ans. (b)The minimum resistance areconnectedinparallel
isobtainedwhen resistors
Thus,equivalent
combination. resistance,
R 1/5 1
Rp = forparallel
resistance
2, Rp = equivalent combination.
5 25

Q.8 The properrepresentation

(a)(1)
(0
is
maximum potential
III IIT
(b)(ü)
ofcellsobtaining
ofseriescombination

()(ii)
(i)
HHHHH
(d)(iv)
(iv)

Ans, () The properrepresentation

of seriescombination isthatthenegative
ofcells
terminalofthefirst cell
isconnectedtothe positive terminalofthesecond cell
and thenegativeterminal ofthesecond cellisconnectedtothe positive
terminal
of
thethirdcell
and so on.

Q.9 Which ofthefollowing

represents
voltage?
Work done
(a) (b)Work done x Charge
Currentx Time
Work donex Time
(C
Current (d)Work done x Charge
xTime
Ans. ()As we know that,
Work done,W = Vg = VIt (iq=It)
where, V=Voltage
I=Currentflowing
t=Time taken
W Work done
CurrentxTime

Q. 10 Acylindricalconductor
has resistance
[Link]
l
oflengthand uniformareaof
crossection
A
o f 2l
length and
the same material
hasareaofcross-section. R of
resistance
(a)A/2 (b)3A/2 (c)2A
Ans. (c)Infirst
case, (d)3A

Resistivity p= RA
oftheconductor,
)
Electricity
195
Insecond case,
of theconductor,p=RA'
Resistivity
21
For same material,
resistivity
ofthe conductorwill
be same.
So,on subsituting
thevalue ofp inEq.(ii),
we have
RA RA'
A'=2A
21
Alternate
Method

Length ofthefirst
conductor
Lengthofthesecond conductor L, =
1
21
Resistance ofboththe conductors= R
Area of the first
conductorA = A no
Letareaof the second conductorbe A,
We know thatresistance isgiven as.

R=p
A

R-pp

Pelting
thevaluesof 4 ,
and A,inabove
21
equation,
we get

A A, timT9
A, -2A Cais brs

Q.I) A student outanexperimnentand plots

carries
samples of nichromewirewithresistances
theV graphofthree
R1,R,and R,respectively
I
-
as shown infigure. istrue?
Which of thefollowing

Rz

dow
I(ampere)
979ri

V(volt)

(a)R= R, = Rg
(b)R > R > Rs
(c)R > Rz> &
(d)R, > R,> &
a studentplotV-lgraphof threesåmplesof
an experiment,
Ans. (c) Whileperforming
R,R, and R.
nichromewirewithresistances
 196 NGEKI EmptaT oIEnce10th

And we know thatslopeof V and

1
)c Resistance
I
tells and
about the resistance

(slopeofVand
W,0
diber

Current

TodT.1o2 ()Volt
So, R > R > R.
Q. 12 If I
thecurrent througha resistor by 100% (assumethat
isincreased
inpower dissipated
temperatureremainsunchanged),theincrease
will
be
(a)100% (b)200% (c)300% (d)400%
4 =I
R=I'R,
Ans. (c)
and I,
=21, R=41PR
=(21)°
[..
100% incurrentmeans thatcurrent
increase becomes 21|
:. = B-R
Increaseinpower dissipated
= 41'R-1'R
=31²R (: R= R)

inpower dissipated
Percentageincrease = 100 300%
bstsTS
Q. 13 The resistivity
does notchangeif
(a)thematerialischanged.
(b)thetemperatureischanged.
(c)theshape ofthe resistor
ischanged.
(d)bothmaterial
and temperatureare changed.
Ans. (c)Resistivity
dependson the natureofthematerial
and thetemperature
but
does notdependon the shape oftheresistor.

Q.14 Inan electrical

circuitthreeincandescent
40W, 60 W and 100 W,
bulbsA,B and C ofrating
respectively
are connectedinparallel
electric
source.
Which ofthe following toan
islikely
tohappen
theirbrightness? regarding
(a)Brightness
of all
the bulbswillbe the same.
(b)Brightness
ofbulbA will be the maximum.
(c)Brightness
ofbulbB willbe more thanthatofA.
(d)Brightness
of bulbC willbe lessthanthatofB.
Electricitye
A 197
In
Ans. (c) an electrical
circuit,
threeincandescentbulbsA, B and C ofrating
60 W and 100 W are 40 W,
connected inparallel
to an electric
withthehighest source,then the bulb
wattage glowswithmaximum
Therefore,
thebrightness brightness.
ofdifferent bulbsareinfollowing
order
Coo> Bao > Aso

Therefore,
brightness
ofbulbB will
be more thanthatofbulbA.

.1SInan electrical
circuit,
two resistors
of 2 and 42 respectivelyare
connectedinseriestoa 6V battery.
The heatdissipatedby the 4s2
in5s will
resistor be
(a)5J (b)10J (c)20 J (d)30 J
QThinkingProcessFirst
ofall
we findthenetcurrent
flowing
throughthe resistor.
Then
(H= I'R).
use formula

Ans. (c)Given, ,
resistors R 22 and R, 4
V =6V Time,t = 5s
Voltage,
Resistance,
R= 4
H =?
Heatdissipated, Df (6)

R R+ R, =2+
Resistor, = =62

I =1A. 4

6
Current, =
R 6

Heat dissipated H=1'Rt=1x4x5=20J

MistakeAlert () !
Make suretoadd resistance Some mightforget
correctly. tosum up
in
connectlg series.
(ii)
Pay attention toavoidmistakesincalculations.
tounits 0199
.16 An electric
kettle
consumes 1kW of electric
power when operatedat
220 V. A fusewireof whatrating must be used forit? 9rT
(a)1 A (b)2 A (c)4 A (d)5 At (s)
power, P= 1kW 1000 W
Ans. (d)Given,

od (b)A
asob

Yw WOA
Tbsls
ort

V=220V
Voltage,
1=?
Current, P 1000
=45A
220
than4.5 A
is5 A which isgreater
 NCERT ExemplarScience10th
198

22 and4 2when connected toa batter

. 7 Two resistors
ofresistance
will
have
parallel
(a)same currentflowing throughthem when connectedin
throughthem when connectedin
series
(b)same currentflowing in
acrossthem when connected series
difference
(c)same potential
across them when connected in
parallel
potential
(d)different difference
of resistancessame currentflowsthrougheach resistor
Ans. (b)Inseriescombination
existacrosseachresistor. Thus,
combination
where as inparallel same voltage
of resistances22and 4are connected inseries h as Same
the two resistors
current
flowingthrough [Link]
Q. 18 Unit ofelectric
powermay alsobe expressedas
hour (c)watt second
(b)kilowatt (d)joulesecond
0g ka)volt
ampere
Ans.o(o)Electric
power isgivenby P= voltagex current
SIUnitofvoltage=Volt
SIUnitof current=Ampere
So,its
unitisvoltampere.

ShortAnswer Type Questions

Q. 19 Ahildhas drawntheelectric to studyOhm's law asshown in
circuit
Histeachertoldthatthe circuit
figure. diagramneedscorrection.
diagramand redraw it
Studythecircuit making all
after corrections.

abivib

Thecrcuitdiagramisnotcorrect because of following

reasons
(i)
Ammeter isconnected inparallel withR and voltmeterconnected in series.
withitincontraryof thefactthatammeter shouldbe
voltmeter connectedinseries ana
inparallel.
Thisisso becausesame currentflowsin
series and same
i)
Voltageexistinparallelcombination.
The currentisdrawn from negative
oto9rinpositive
terminal and enterintothe batterya
terminalwhichisnotpossible inonebattery
ol(iif)'Cells circuit.
arenotconnectedinseriescombination inthebattery
ofthecircuit.

tsrid
Electricity 199
The correct
diagramisas follow

0. 20 Three2 2 resistors,
A, B and C areconnectedas shown infigure.
Each ofthem dissipates
energyand canwithstanda maximum power
of18 W withoutmelting.
Findthemaximum current thatcan flow
throughthethreeresistors?
2
I 22
A
2 W

Concept Insight inresistors

Power dissipation (P= 1R),Thisformularelatespower
dissipatedina resistor
tothecurrent
flowingthr hitand its Here,
resistance.
P=18 W, R= 22,and we need to findthe maximum current(Ima).
Ans. Resistance, R2
Maximum power, max = 18 W

Maximum current,Imax =?
P= PR
P18
===3
V2 A=Imax

A is3A. Thiscurrentdivides
Maximum currentthatcan flowthroughresistor
voltageacrossB and C remain

I
alongB and C because1
inparallelcombination,

same and hence, oc R Since,B and Chave

same resistance22 each,therefore.

15A fows throughB and C.

same currenti.e

ofan ammeter be low or high?Givereason.

21 Shouldtheresistance be low. An ammeter has to be connectedin
of an ammeter
should
Ans. The resistance In case,itsr is not verylow,
esistance
to measure current.
series withthecircuit the currentto be [Link], an ideal
reduce
inthecircuitwill resistance,
itsinclusion
has zero
ammeterisone which
electric circuit
containing a key,an
a cell,
Q.22 Draw diagramof anseries with a combination
circuit two resistors
a
of 2 in o f
ammeter, a resistor acrosstheparallel combination.
and a voltmeter
(42 each)in parallel
differenceacross 22 resistors
the be the same asthat

Will the potential of 4 2 Givereason.

resistors?
combination
 NCERT ExemplarScience10th
200
2

[Link] cell,
a
791key,
a of
resistor 22 in with
series a
(42 each)
of two resistors
W
combination
4
andavoltmeter
2gin parallel across the K 4
combination
Oparallel isshown below.
SoTheresistanceof parallel
combination
of tworesistors
(4each) is22.
and oftwo
22(equivalent
Cho The same currentpassesthroughthe2S2 resistor
wparallel of 42).
resistor So,voltagedrop by them willbe same, hence the voltage
Vissame across22 resistor combination
and the parallel of two resistors,cellof

42.

Q. 23 How does use ofa fuse wireprotect electricalappliances?

Ans. A fuseisa circuit connectionthat will be destroyedby excessivecurrentflow,
creatinga n open to
circuit, protecte appliances
lectrical from receivingtoo high
Itisdesignedto be theweakestlink
current. whichwill
inthe circuit, fail
before
theothercomponents are damaged.
The simplest fusescontainthin wirestrips thatmeltswhen heated by excessive
currentflow. A fusewireconsists oflow melting pointand highresistivityand it
isalwaysconnectedinlive wire.

Q.24 What iselectrical

resistivity?a series In circuit
electrical comprising
a
made up ofa metallic
resistor wire,theammeter reads 5A. The
reading tohalf
oftheammeter decreases when thelengthofthewire
isdoubled.
Why?
Ans. The electrical
resistivity
of a materialisdefined ofa conductor
as theresistance
made ofthatmaterial of unitlength and unitcross-setional
area.
The resistance
of an uniformconductorisgivenby

R=0A
l
where, isthe length
of the conductor
p istheelectrical
resistivity
ofthe material
A isthecross-sectional
area.
l
If isdoubled,then Risalsodoubled.
So,inthis
case, =p=2
R
A A
=2R
Since,
R

V_!
I'=
2R 2

when, R is I
doubled, becomes

O. 25 What isthe
commercialunitof electrical
energy?Represent
itinterms
ofjoules.
[Link]
of electrical
energy iskilowatt
[Link]
iswritten
1 kWh=1kWxh as kWh
= 1000 W
=3.6× 10°)
x 3600 s
(1
kW =1000W, 1h=3600 s)
Electricity 201

0.26 current
A of 1A flowsina series
circuit
containingan electric
and a conductorof52 when connectedto a 10V battery. lamp
Calculatethe
resistanceoftheelectric
lamp.
Now, ifa resistance
of10Nisconnectedinparallel withthisseries
combination, what change (if
any)incurrentflowingthrough52
conductor and potential acrossthelamp will
difference takeplace?
Givereason.
Ans. Giverncurrent,= I 1A
Resistanceof conductor,R=52
A59
Voltage, V= 10V 1A
Resistance
of lamp, R =?
Total inthecircuit,
resistance
V=10VstA
V 10 = 102

R = +R
R

R = RR= 5=52

rs
10 –
9rlT
Potatial
difference
acrossthelamp

ROLR 2c = IR=1x5=5V i

isconnectedinparallel
When 10Q resistance withtotal resistance
R (R,+ R= 102),thentotalresistanceR inthe circuit
isgivenby
R =52 R=52
A B D691
sb ai

bsm
W
10 r9rlT

1
R
1+
10
11
10V

R 10
1_2_1
10 105
19rlw
119

R=52
Currentthroughthecircuit, V 10 = 2A
R 5
aonie

Since102ad, ,
R (102)arein parallel currentthrough R ,
is
2 2
1

is1A.,AlsoPDacross
lamp and conductor of 52 inseries
Thus,currentthrough
lamp
-x5=1x5=5V -1
wiring ?
27 Why arrangementused indonmestic ofthe following
isparallel to
u
arrangement sedindomesticwiringbecause
Ans. Parallel supply
worksatthe same voltageas thatofthe electric
All
(i) theappliances fused,allother
If isout of order,[Link] bulb get
one of the appliances
(ii) arrangement
is not brokeninparallel
circuit
keep on workingas the
appliances
 NCERT ExemplarScience10th
202

bulbsconnectedas shown infigure.

Q. 28 B,,B,and B,arethreeidentical
by the
When allthe threebulbsglow,a currentof 3A isrecorded
5 ammeter A.

nrlgi
B:(00

A3)

HH-
) 4.5 V

What happenstothe glow oftheother

getsfused?
two bulbswhen thebulbB,

(ü) What happenstothe readingofA,,Az,AgandA when thebulbB,

getsfused?
(i)
How much power isdissipated
T-9g bulbsglow together?
inthe circuit
when allthe three

of threebulbsinparallel
of combination
Ans. Resistance
45
Reg = 152
3

If
Ristheresistance
of eachwire,then
1
Req
1
+1
RRTOT Res
1
R

R=3Rg =3x 15 = 2
4.5

Currentineachbulb, I452 = 1A
nmdno
(i)

unaffected.
R 45Q
When bulb B getsfused,the currentsinB, and
B, remain
becausevoltageacrosstheB2 and Bs bulbremainssame,
same I,= =lA,
so their
glow remains
,
When bulbB gets fused,thecurrentinB,becomes
(ii)
zeroand current
inB and
B,[Link],
and B bulbremainsame.
Totalcurrent I=h+ l,+ L =1+ 0+1=2A
Currentinammeter,A, = 0
Currentinammeter,A, = 1A
Currentinammeter,A = 1A
Currentinammeter,A = 2A
noitE
(iiü)
When all
thethreebulbsare connected.

91DPower dissipitated,
P = (45)?= 13.5W
Rea 15
 LongAnswerType
Questions
Q.29 Thereincandescent bulbsof 100
electric n
[Link] each are connectedinseries
W

bulbs ofthe
inan
same wattageare
connectedinparallel to thesame source.
(a) Willthebulbinthe two
circuits glow withthe same
Justifyyouranswer brightness?
(b) Now letone bulbinboththe
circuitsget [Link] therestof the
bulbscontinue toglowineachcircuit? Givereason
Ans. (a)Letus assume thatthe
resistance
of eachbulb be [Link] circuit
diagramintwo
casesmay be drawn as givenbelow.

B, B2 B3

(iD)

(in)
Equivalent inseries
resistance R
combination = R+ R+R=3R, voltage= V
Letcurrent
througheachbulbinseries
combination
be ,.
By Ohm'slaw, t

V=hx3R h= 3R

ofeachbulb inseries
So,power consumption combination.E
V2

R=i(3R) x 3R=
9R2 X3R 3R
...)
3R

For parallel
circuit,
of each bulb = R
The resistance

Voltageacross eachbulb=V
[:same voltageinparallel
combination]
combination
ofeachbulbinparallel
.Powerconsumption
...ü)
R

- V/R
"From Eqs.(i) we have
and (ii), R V'/3R
3R B=3R=3

to thatof each
eachbulbinparallelcombinationglows 3 timesbrighter
Therefore,
bulbinseries combination.
theninseriescombination, circuit
getsfusedin both thecircuit,
(b)When one bulb bulb don'tglow
stops tlowingand remaining
gets broken and current to act on the
combination, same voltagecontinue
Whereas in parallel with same
other bulbs continueto glow
remainingvoltageand hence,
brightness. wattsand
up volts,
mixing
MistakeAlert!Not
conclusions.
inunits(e.g.,
consistency
maintaining
toincorrect
ohms) canlead
 NCERT ExemplarScience10th
204

itbe verified
StateOhm's law?How can Does it
experimentally? hold
Q30
good underall
conditions?
Commnent.
currentflowing
thatthe electric througha conductor isdirectly
Ans. Ohm's lawstates
applied
difference
to the potential acrossits
ends,providedthe
proportional
physicalconditionssuch as temperatureremainsunchanged.
IfVisthe potential
differenceappliedacrossthe ends ofconductorthroughwhich
I
current flows,thenaccordingtoOhm's law.
VocI V=IR

where,R isthe constantof proportionality ofconductorata

calledresistance
[Link] experimental setup of Ohm'slawismade as the circuit
shown belowninthe figure, consistingof a nichrome wireXY,anammeter (A).
A voltmeter(V)and fourcellsof 1.5V each.
+V V V V

The reading intheammeterA forthe currentand reading ofthevoltmeterV for

thepotentialdifferenceacrossthe nichromewireXY ismeasure and recordedin
the tablegivenbelow,firstby using onlyone cell
and thenby the two,threeand
fourcellsinsuccessivereadings.
[Link]. Number ofcells Currentthroughthe Potential difference VII
usedin the nichromewire,I acrossthenichrome
(Volt/Ampere)
circuit (ampere) wire,
V (volt)
1.
2. 2
3 3
4. 4

Calculating
difference
the ratio
V and currentI.
I
of V to foreachpairof potential
A graphisplottedbetween
Vand Iandthe natureof the graphisobservedas ()
shown [Link] same valueforV/ lisobtained
corresponding toone,two,threeand fourcellsin
Current
[Link],the V - Igraphisobtained
asstraightlinethatpassesthroughthe origin.
Thislaw
isonlyvalid [Link]. X
Thus,V /lisa constant, i.e.,
V | Volt()
Thisverifies Ohm [Link]'s law does not hold
nota fundamentallaw of nature goodunderall as it
conditions is
like
Newton'[Link] isobeyedby metallic
conductors onlywhen physical conditions
liketemperatureetc,arekept
[Link] isnotobeyedby a lampfilament, junction
diode,thermistoretc.
These arecallednon-ohmicconductor.
Electricity 205

31 What iselectrical
resistivity
of a material?
What isitsunit?
anexperiment Describe
tostudythe factors
on which the resistance
of
conducting
wiredepends.
Ans. Theelectrical
resistivity
ofa material
is definedastheresistance
of a
conductor
made ofthatmaterial
of unitlength
and unitcross-sectional
[Link]
SIunitis
Ohm metre (2m).
RA where,A= 2m
R=p p= l=1m
Consider an electric
circuit
consisting
of a cell,
an ammeter,a nichromewireof
length L(marked1lto4) andaplugkeyasshown below.

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

Atpoint
plugthekey and note [Link] nichrome wire
by anothernichromewireof same thickness buttwicethe length thatis2lat
[Link] thereading. Now, replacethe wire by a nichromewire
thicker
ofsame length l(marked 3).A thickerwirehas a largerc ross-sectional
area.

Again notedown thecurrentthroughthe [Link]

of atpoint
cross-section 4. Note the
copperwireofsame lengthand same area
in the current inall
cases. When the length
Noticethe difference
valueof current.
of thewireisdoubled,thenthe ammeter reading decreasesto half itsprevious
throughthe [Link],resistance of the wire R=
current
valuei.e., 1'
R o L
then Risdoubledwhichimplies
one ofsame material and length,
When thenichromewireisreplacedby a thicker o f the thicker
which means thatthe resistance
thecurrentinthewireincreases 1
wire(1).Thisimplies Ro
wire(3)islessthan thatof the thinner A'
wire(4) of thesame lengthand
When thenichromewireisreplacedby a copper is [Link]
same cOSS-Sectionalarea,thenthe currentrecorded by the ammeter
the nichrome wire of
ofcopperwireis lessthanthatof
means thattheresistance of its
of the wire depends on the nature
the resistance
i.e.,
the same dimensions
material.
the same
.32How will withthe helpofan experimentthat
you infer
containing three
current flowsthrough everypartof thecircuit
connected to a battery?
resistances inseries
R, R,and Rof three
setup comprisesof threeresistors
Ans. Let the experimental connectedin series.
different such as 12,252 and 3sZ which are
values
206 NCERT Exemplar
Science10th

of6 V, an ammeter and

Connect them witha battery
pluga key,as shown in
figure,
R3

The key Kisclosedand the ammeter readingisrecorded. of

Now, the position
ammeter ischanged toanywhere inbetween the resistors theammeter
again,
reading [Link]'sobservedthattherewas identicalreadingeach
time,whichshows thatsame currentflowsthrougheverypartofthe circuit
containing inseriesconnectedtoa battery.
threeresistances

Q33 you concludethatthe same potential

How will difference
(voltage)
exists connectedina parallel
acrossthreeresistors arrangementtoa
battery?
Ans. The experimentalset-upcomprisesofthreeresistors R R
R, and whichare
joined inparallel
combinationand connectingthem witha battery,
an ammeter
(A),a voltmeter(V)and a plugkey K, as shown infigure
(a).
The key Kisclosedand thevoltmeter and ammeter readings
arerecorded.
M

Ro

H3
S

(a)

The key Kisopen and removingthe ammeter and voltmeterfromthecircuit

and
insert V inparallel
the voltmeter withR and ammeter inseries withtheresistor
R, as shown inFig(b)Again,the voltmeter
and ammeter readingsarerecorded.

(b)
Similarly,
measuringthe potential
differences R,and Ra:
acrossresistances
Tt is
foundthatvoltmetergivesidentical
readingwhich leads
toconcludethatthe
oltace orpotential
difference
acrosseachresistors
is same and equal tothe
potential
difference
acrossthecombination.
lecticity
207
A 24 What isJoule's
heating How canit
effect? be demonstrated
experimentally?
Listitsfourapplications
indaily
[Link] heating life.
ofcurrentisdefined
effect by Jouleslawof heating.
heatH producedby a resistor Itstatesthatthe
ofresistance
R duetocurrentflowing
fortime fis throughit
H=rRt. Itisalsocalledohmicheatingand resistive
heating.
Ina conductorwhen an electric
field
isappliedacrossits
ends, the freeelectrons
initstartdrifting
available oppositetothe direction
of the electric
electrons [Link]
collide
withthe atoms whichhave lost
the [Link] a resultofthese
collisions
some energyofthe electrons istransferred
tothe atoms which vibrate
violently
[Link],heatisdevelopedintheconductor. Greater
greaterwill
thecurrent, be the rateof collision will
and so greater be the heat
produced.
The fourapplications
usingheatingeffect
ofcurrent
are as follovws
(i)roomn heater (ii)
electric
bulb
(ii)electriciron (iv)
electric
fuse

Q3S intheelectric
Findoutthefollowing giveninfigure
circuit
(a)effective oftwo 82 resistors
resistance inthecombination
(b) current
flowing
through4Q
resistor 4Q
8V
(c) potential
difference
across4
resistance
in4
(d) power dissipated 2 resistor
(e) inammeterreadings,
difference
ifany
Ans. (a) Since,two are inparallel,
82 resistors thentheir
effective R,is
resistance

givenby 1 1.1 1
1 1
Rp 8 8 4
Rp = 42

inthe circuit
resistance R 4+ Rp
(b)Total
=42+ 42=8
Currentthroughthe
Il=
circuit R8 =1A
(where,V = Voltageofbattery
arnd

R= Net equivalentresistanceof circuit

and same
1s 1 A as 42 and R, are inseries
Thus,currentthrough4 resistOr
them.
currentflowsthrough
ispotentialdrop by the 42 resistor
across4 resistor
difference
Poterntial
(c)
V= IR= 1x4 =4 V
i.e,
in4 resistor PrR1x4-4w
(d) Power dissipated as same current
inthe readingsof ammeters A and A,
(e)T hereisno difference currernt.
allelementsina series