Unit I: Introduction to Computer
1. Introduction to Computer
A computer is an electronic device that takes data as input, processes it, and gives meaningful
information as output. It performs tasks like calculation, data processing, and storage with great
speed and accuracy.
2. Characteristics of a Computer
1. Speed – Performs operations at very high speed.
2. Accuracy – Produces error-free results if input is correct.
3. Automation – Works automatically once a program is loaded.
4. Storage – Stores large amounts of data permanently.
5. Versatility – Can perform multiple types of tasks.
6. Diligence – Never gets tired or bored like humans.
7. Connectivity – Can connect and share data across networks.
3. Concept of Hardware and Software
Hardware: Physical components of the computer that can be touched. Examples: Keyboard,
Monitor, CPU, Mouse, Printer.
Software: Set of programs or instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Examples: MS Word,
Windows, Chrome.
Types of Software: System Software, Application Software, Utility Software.
4. Evolution of Computers and Generations
Generation Time Period Technology Used Example Features
1st Gen 1940–1956 Vacuum Tubes ENIAC, UNIVAC Large size, slow, high heat
2nd Gen 1956–1963 Transistors IBM 1401 Smaller, faster, reliable
3rd Gen 1964–1971 Integrated Circuits IBM 360 Compact, low power
4th Gen 1971–1980s Microprocessors Apple II, IBM PC Personal computers developed
5th Gen 1980s–Present AI, VLSI/ULSI Robotics, AI devices High speed, intelligent systems
5. Types of Computers
A. Based on Data Handling:
Analog Computers – Work with continuous data. Example: Speedometer.
Digital Computers – Work with binary data. Example: Desktop, Laptop.
Hybrid Computers – Combine analog and digital features. Example: Hospital monitoring systems.
B. Based on Purpose:
General Purpose – Perform various tasks. Example: PC, Laptop.
Special Purpose – Designed for specific tasks. Example: ATM, weather forecasting computer.
6. Limitations of Computer
1. Lack of Intelligence.
2. No Emotions or Creativity.
3. Depends on User’s Instructions.
4. Cannot Make Decisions on its Own.
5. Requires Regular Maintenance and Power.
7. Applications of Computer in Various Fields
Field Applications
Education Online classes, e-books, results processing
Business Accounting, payroll, inventory management
Banking ATM services, online transactions
Healthcare Patient records, diagnostics
Government Data storage, public services
Engineering CAD, simulation
Entertainment Gaming, movies, music
Communication Email, social media, video calls
8. Functional Block Diagram of Computer
Main Components:
1. Input Unit – Accepts data and instructions.
2. CPU – ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs arithmetic and logical operations. CU (Control Unit)
controls all activities.
3. Memory Unit – Primary (RAM, ROM) and Secondary (Hard Disk).
4. Output Unit – Displays processed information (Monitor, Printer).
9. Bus Structure of Digital Computer
Bus: Communication pathway for data and signals among components.
Types of Buses:
1. Address Bus – Carries address of data (Unidirectional).
2. Data Bus – Transfers actual data (Bidirectional).
3. Control Bus – Carries control signals (Bidirectional).
Summary:
A computer is a fast, accurate, and versatile electronic device. It has evolved through five
generations, improving in speed and intelligence. With both hardware and software working
together, computers are now essential in every field — from education to healthcare.