Std.

IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES

CUET (UG) Mathematics

7 TRIANGLES

The Triangles chapter examines the basic characteristics, kinds, and congruence of triangles, along with resources
for comprehending measures and shapes. These ideas are widely used in everyday life in a variety of contexts,
including design, architecture, navigation, and everyday problem-solving.

CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES

meaning their corresponding sides and angles

Learning Outcome are equal.
In geometry, congruence involves recognizing • In congruent triangles, the corresponding parts
figures with identical shapes and sizes and applying (sides and angles) are equal. This is abbreviated
the appropriate triangle congruence criteria (SSS, as CPCT (Corresponding Parts of Congruent
SAS, ASA, RHS) and understanding the Triangles).
correspondence of parts (CPCT) . • Symbolically, if two triangles are congruent,
we write:
ABC  PQR

TOPIC HIGHLIGHTS

• Congruence is the state in which two figures are

the same size and shape. With stiff
transformations like translation, rotation, or
reflection, one figure can be changed into
another.
The symbol for congruence is '  ' .
Examples of congruent objects are bangles, ice
tray moulds, pen refills, and two similar photos In this case:
or circles with the same radius.
• Two triangles are said to be congruent if one • Side AB corresponds to side PQ .
can be exactly superimposed on the other, • Side BC corresponds to side QR .

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES

• Side CA corresponds to side RP . 1. SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence:

• Angle A corresponds to angle P and
so on. If two sides and the included angle of one
triangle are equal to two sides and the included
Correspondence of Vertices: angle of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
• There is a one-to-one correspondence For example: CBA  RQP
between the vertices of congruent triangles.
• Example:
P  A, Q  B, R  C.
• The order in which the vertices are named is
important for correct congruence.
• For example, it is not correct to write
QRP  ABC if the correspondence
doesn’t match.

In the above-given figure, we can see that,

CB = RQ
THINGS TO REMEMBER BA = QP and
B = Q
• Congruence means two triangles are Hence, CBA  RQP .
identical in size and shape, with
corresponding sides and angles being
exactly equal. Similarity, on the other 2. ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Congruence:
hand means two triangles have the same
shape, but their sizes can be different. The If two angles and the included side (the side
angles are equal, but the sides are between the two angles) of one triangle are
proportional, not equal. equal to the corresponding two angles and the
included side of another triangle, the triangles
are congruent.
CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCE For example: ACB  PQR

There are specific criteria (also called postulates or

theorems) to determine when two triangles are
congruent. After proving triangles congruent, the
remaining dimension can be predicted without
actually measuring the sides and angles of a triangle.
The main criteria for congruence are mentioned
below:

1) SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence. In the above-given figure, we can see that,

AB = PQ A = P and
2) ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Congruence. B = Q
Hence, ACB  PQR .
3) AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule.
3. AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruency Rule:
4) SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence
If two angles and a non-included side (a side
5) RHS (Right-Angle-Hypotenuse-Side) that is not between the two angles) of one
Congruence. triangle are congruent to two angles and the
corresponding side of another triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent.
For example: ACB  PQR

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES
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Therefore, BC = BD . …[CPCT]

2. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC

and DAB = CBA . Prove that
i. ABD  BAC
ii. BD = AC
iii. ABD = BAC
In the above-given figure, we can see that,
BC = QR ,
A = P and
B = Q
Hence, ACB  PQR .

Let’s Practice!!

NCERT EXERCISE 7.1

1. In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB

bisects A . Show that ABC  ABD . Solution:
What can you say about BC and BD ? In quadrilateral ABCD ,
Consider triangles ABD and ABC .
i. In ABC and ABD
Given:
AD = BC
DAB = CBA
AB = AB …[Common Side]
By the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence
criterion
 ABD  BAC .

ii. Since ABD  BAC

By Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles (CPCT),
Solution: BD = AC .

Consider triangles ABC and ABD iii. Since ABD  BAC

Given: By Corresponding Parts of Congruent
AC = AD Triangles (CPCT), ABD = BAC .
AB = AB …[Common Side]
Since AB bisects CAD 3. AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a
 CAB = DAB line segment AB . Show that CD bisects AB.
By the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence
criterion,
 ABC  ABD

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Also, l || m and AC is a transversal,

 BCA = DAC
…( ii )[Alternate interior angles]

4 Now, in ABC and CDA , we have

BAC = DCA …[From equation ( i )]
CA = AC …[Common Side]
BCA = DAC …[From equation ( ii )]
Solution: Therefore, by the Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)
congruence criterion,
AD and BC are perpendicular to AB . ABC  CDA .

i.e., AD is parallel to BC , and CD is a
transversal.
 BCD = ADC
5. Line l is the bisector of an angle A and B
It implies BCO = ADO …[Alternate angles]
is there any point on l . BP and BQ are
In BCO and ADO perpendicular from B to the arms of A .
BCO = ADO …[Alternate interior angles] Show that:
APB  AQB
BC = AD …[Given] i.
ii. BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms
OBC = OAD …[Each 90 ]
of A .
By the ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) congruence
criterion, OBC  OAD .

Therefore, by Corresponding Parts of

Congruent Triangles (CPCT), OB = OA , which l
means point O is the midpoint of AB.

Thus, CD bisects AB.

4. l and m are two parallel lines intersected by

another pair of parallel lines p and q. Show
that ABC  CDA .
Solution:

Since l is the bisector of an angle QAP .

 QAB = PAB ...(i)
AB = BA …(ii)[Common Side]
and BQA = BPA …(iii)[ 90 each]

i. In triangles AQB and APB , from

equations (i), (ii), (iii) we get
QAB = PAB
AB = BA and
BQA = BPA
Therefore, by the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)
congruence criterion APB  AQB .
Solution:

Sincep || q and AC is a transversal, ii. Since, APB  AQB

 BAC = DCA By Corresponding Parts of Congruent
…( i )[Alternate interior angles] Triangles (CPCT), BP = BQ .

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES

Thus, the point B is equidistant from the arms ii. AD = BE

of A.

6. In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and

BAD = EAC . Show that BC = DE.

Solution:

P is the mid-point of AB.

 AP = BP …(i)
 EPA = DPB
Adding EPD to both sides, we get
EPA + EPD = EPD + DPB
APD = BPE ...(ii)
and DAP = EBP . ...(iii)[Given]
Solution:
i. Consider triangles DAP and EBP ,
Given: From equations (i), (ii), (iii) we get
BAD = EAC ….( i ) APD = BPE
AB = AD AP = BP
AC = AE and DAP = EBP .
By the Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) congruence
Adding DAC on both sides of equation ( i ), criterion
we get DAP  EBP .
BAD + DAC = EAC + DAC
 BAC = DAE …( ii ) ii. Since, DAP  EBP
By Corresponding Parts of Congruent
In ABC and ADE Triangles (CPCT), AD = BE.
BAC = DAE
AB = AD 8. In a right triangle ABC , right-angled at C ,
AC = AE
M is the mid-point of hypotenuse AB . C is
By the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence joined to M and produced to a point D such
criterion that DM = CM . Point D is joined to point B.
ABC  ADE Show that:
Therefore, BC = DE. …[By CPCT] i. AMC  BMD
ii. DBC is a right angle.
7. AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. iii. DBC  ACB
D and E are points on the same side of AB 1
CM = AB
such that BAD = ABE and EPA = DPB iv. 2
Show that:
i. DAP  EBP Solution:

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Q lies on line m , prove that C is equidistant

from points X and Y .

i. Given:
AM = BM
CM = DM
Consider triangles AMC and DMB ,
AMC = BMD
…[Vertically opposite angles] Solution:
Therefore, by the Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
congruence criterion Given: (Line m ⊥ XY ).
AMC  BMD Since, O is the midpoint of XY,

ii. Since, AMC  BMD so XO = YO …( i )

By Corresponding Parts of Congruent Q lies on line m , which means Q is on the
Triangles, perpendicular bisector of XY .
BAC = DBA
AB is the transversal.
In triangles QXO and QYO :
So, DB || AC ...(i)
XO = YO ... [From ( i )]
We have AC ⊥ BC ...(ii) [Given] QXO = QYO
So, DB ⊥ BC ...[From (i) and (ii)]
i.e., DBC is a right angle, DBC = 90 ...[Line m ⊥ XY , Each 90 ]
OQ = OQ ...[Common side]
iii. Consider triangles ABC and DCB By the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence
Since, AMC  BMD , we get AC = DB…. ( i ) criterion:
QXO  QYO
BC = CB ...[Common Side]
ACB = DBC ...[Each 90]
By Corresponding Parts of Congruent
By the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence Triangles (CPCT),
criterion QX = QY
 DBC  ACB
Thus, point Q is equidistant from points X and
iv. By Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Y.
Triangles (CPCT),
DC = AB
2. If DEF is congruent to XYZ but DEF is
M is the mid-point of DC
 2CM = AB not congruent to ZYX , then identify the
1
incorrect statement among the following
CM = AB. A) DE = XY
2
B) DF = XZ
C) EF = YZ
PROBLEMS BASED ON EXERCISE 7.1
D) XY = DF

1. Consider XY as a line segment and let m be

the perpendicular bisector of XY . If point

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES

OD = OC ...[Given]
Therefore, by the SAS (Side-Angle-Side)
congruency rule, we have: AOD  BOC .

ii. Since. AOD  BOC

By CPCT, corresponding parts of congruent
triangles
AD = BC
OAD = OBC
Solution: Since, O is the midpoint of AB and
OAD = OBC , the lines AD and BC mustbe
Given that DEF  XYZ , we know that: parallel.
Two triangles are congruent if all pairs of their Thus, AD BC .
corresponding sides and corresponding angles
are equal.
NCERT EXEMPLAR
Hence, we have:
DE = XY
DF = XZ 1. In triangles ABC and PQR , A = Q and
EF = YZ B = R . Which side of PQR should be
Now, consider the statement: equal to side AB of ABC so that the two
"XY = DF" triangles are congruent? Give reasons for
your answer.
This statement is incorrect because in
congruent triangles. DEF  XYZ , the side
DF corresponds to XZ , not XY .
The side XY corresponds to side DE not DF .

Thus, the statement ( D ), "XY = DF" is false.

3. In the given figure it is stated that OD = OC

and OA = OB . Solution:
Prove that:
i. AOD  BOC Consider ABC and PQR

ii. AD BC A = Q ...[Given]
B = R ...[Given]

Since the angles A and B are given, the side

between these angles in ABC is AB .

In PQR , the corresponding side between

R and Q is QR.

For both the triangles to be congruent, we must

have AB = QR .

Therefore, if the above condition is satisfied,

then, by the SAS congruence rule:
Solution: ABC  QRP.

i. Consider AOD and BOC.

OA = OB ...[Given]
AOD = BOC
...[Vertically opposite angles]

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2. In triangles ABC and PQR , A = Q and another triangle, then the triangles are
B = R .Which side of PQR should be congruent.
equal to side BC of ABC so that the two Therefore, this statement is false.
triangles are congruent? Give reasons for
your answer. 5. It is given that ABC  RPQ . Is it true to
say that BC = QR ? Why?

Solution:

No, it is false that BC = QR.

Instead, BC = PQ because if ABC  RPQ ,
then by the congruence, the corresponding
sides must be equal: BC = PQ .
Solution:
6. If PQR  EDF , then is it true to say that
Consider ABC and PQR
PR = EF ? Give reasons for your answer.
A = Q …[Given]
B = R …[Given] Solution:
For the triangles to be congruent by the AAS Yes, it is true that PR = EF because they are the
(Angle-Angle-Side) congruence rule, the non- corresponding sides of PQR and EDF .
included side in ABC , which is BC , must
correspond to the non-included side in PQR If the two triangles are congruent, the
which is PR. corresponding sides must be equal by the
definition of congruence (CPCT:
Therefore, we must have: BC = PR . Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles).

3. “If two sides and an angle of one triangle are 7. In the given figure, l || m and M is the mid-
equal to two sides and an angle of another
point of the line segment AB . Prove that M is
triangle, then the two triangles must be
congruent.” Is the statement true? Why? also the mid-point of any line segment CD
having its end-points on l and m
Solution: respectively.

For triangles to be congruent, the given angle

must be the included angle between the two
sides (Side-Angle-Side-SAS rule).
If the angle is not included, it can lead to
ambiguous cases where the triangles are not
necessarily congruent.
Therefore, this statement is false.

4. “If two angles and a side of one triangle are Solution:

equal to two angles and a side of another
triangle, then the two triangles must be Consider AMC and BMD
congruent.” Is the statement true? Why?

Solution:

For triangles to be congruent, using angles and

a side, the side must be specifically between
(included by) the two angles.
The correct condition for congruence is "If two
angles and the included side of one triangle are
equal to the two angles and the included side of

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES

1 = 3 …[Alternate angles as l m ] B = i ...( 2 ) [Corresponding Angles]

2 =  4 …[Vertically opposite angles] A = r ...( 3) [Alternate interior Angles]
Since M is the midpoint of AB,
AM = BM From (1), (2) and (3) we get
B = A
By the ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) congruence  BCO = ACO
rule, we have:
AMC  BMD
In BOC and AOC ,
1 =  2 …[Each = 90 ]
By CPCT (Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles):
OC = OC … [Common side]
BCO = ACO
CM = DM .
Therefore, by the ASA congruency rule, we
Hence, M is also the midpoint of the line have: BOC  AOC
segment. Hence, AO = BO …[By CPCT]

8. The image of an object placed at a point A 9. In a right triangle, prove that the line segment
before a plane mirror LM is seen at the joining the mid-point of the hypotenuse to
point B by an observer at D as shown in the opposite vertex is half the hypotenuse.
the given figure. Prove that the image is as
far behind the mirror as the object is in
front of the mirror.
[Hint: CN is normal to the mirror. Also,
angle of incidence = angle of reflection].

Solution:
Solution:

ABC is a right triangle, right angled at B .

D is the mid-point of AC .

To prove: BD = AC .

Proof:
Extend BD to E such that BD = DE .
Join EC.
In ADB and CDE , we have
Let AB intersect LM at O . AD = CD …[ D is the mid-point of AC ]
ADB = CDE
To Prove: AO = BO …[Vertically opposite angles]
BD = DE …[By construction]
Given: Therefore, by the SAS congruency rule, we
i = r ...(1) have: ADB  CDE
…[∵ Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection]

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 AB = EC …[By CPCT] 1 = 2 …(i)

1 =  2 ...[By CPCT] …[Each angle of a square is 90 ]
Since 1 and  2 are alternate angles. In CDE :
 EC || BA 3 = 4 …(ii)

Now, EC is parallel to BA and BC is the …[Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60 ]

transversal
 ABC + BCE = 180° By adding (i) and (ii), we get:
 90 + BCE = 180 ∠1 + ∠3 = ∠2 + ∠4
ADE = BCE
 BCE = 180 – 90 = 90
Now, consider ADE and BCE :
In ABC and EBC
DE = CE
BC = BC …[Common side]
…[Sides of the equilateral triangle are equal]
AB = EC ADE = BCE …[Proved above]
CBA = BCE …[ ∵ Each = 90 ] AD = BC …[Sides of the square are equal]
Therefore, by the SAS congruency rule, we
have: ABC  EBC Therefore, by the SAS (Side-Angle-Side)
 AC = EB …[By CPCT] criterion of congruence:
⇒
1 1
AC = EB ADE  BCE .
2 2
1 Thus, proved.
⇒ AC = BD
2
11. ABCD is a quadrilateral such that diagonal
Hence, BD = AC AC bisects the angles A and C . Prove that
AB = AD and CB = CD.
10. CDE is an equilateral triangle formed on a
side CD of a square ABCD (Figure below).
Show that ADE  BCE .

Solution:

A quadrilateral ABCD such that 1 = 2 and

3 = 4.

Solution: To Prove: AB = AD and CB = CD

Given: An equilateral triangle CDE is Proof:

constructed on the side CD of square ABCD.
In ABC and ADC :
To Prove: ADE  BCE 1 = 2 …[Given]
AC = AC …[Common side]
Proof: 3 = 4. …[Given]

In square ABCD.

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES

By the ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) criterion of By the SAS congruence rule, we have:

congruence: AMD  BMC

ABC  ADC Therefore, AD = BC

Hence proved.
By CPCT (Corresponding Parts of Congruent
Triangles):
AB = AD and CB = CD PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED
Hence, AB = AD and CB = CD . ON EXERCISE 7.1

12. Line-segment joining the mid-points M and 1. In triangles XYZ and MNO , it is given that
N of parallel sides AB and DC respectively X = M and Y = N . Which side of
of trapezium ABCD is perpendicular to both MNO should be equal to XY for the triangles
the sides AB and DC . Prove that AD = BC . to be congruent? State the rule used.

Solution: 2. “If two angles and a non-included side of one

triangle are equal to two angles and a
corresponding non-included side of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.”
Is the statement true? Provide justification.

3. It is given that GHI  JKL . Is it true to say

that GH = KL ? Provide justification.

Join MD and CM 4. Prove that two triangles with two sides and the
Since, AB CD included angle equal to two sides and the
included angle of another triangle are
DNM = NMB …[Alternate interior congruent. What is the congruence criterion
angles] used?
Now, in triangles DNM and CNM
DN = CN …[Since N is the midpoint of DC
]
DNM = CNM …[Each 90 ]
Answers:
NM = NM …[Common side] 1. of , ASA rule used.
By the SAS congruence rule, we conclude: 2. True.
DNM  CNM
3. False
4. SAS (Side-Angle-Side)
From this, we get: Congruence Rule
DM = CM …( i )[By CPCT]
NMD = NMC …( ii )[By CPCT]

Next, we know: MCQ QUESTIONS BASED ON

EXERCISE 7.1
AMN = BMN …[Each 90 ]
NMD = NMC
1. In triangles ABC and DEF , AB = FD and
Subtracting the angles, we get:
AMN - NMD = BMN - NMC A = D . The two triangles will be congruent
AMD = BMC …( ii ) by the SAS axiom. Then,
[NCERT Exemplar]
Since: (A) BC = EF
AM = BM …[Given] (B) AC = DE
DM = CM …[From ( i )] (C) AC = EF
AMD = BMC …[From ( ii )] (D) BC = DE

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Std. IX: Mathematics CHAPTER-7: TRIANGLES
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(A) The corresponding sides are equal.

2. In two triangles, if two sides and the included (B) The corresponding angles are equal.
angle of one triangle are equal to the (C) The areas of the triangles are equal.
corresponding parts of another triangle, then (D) The medians of the triangles are equal.
the triangles are congruent by the:
(A) Side-Angle-Angle (SAA) criterion 9. It is given that ABC  FDE and AB = 5 cm
(B) Side-Side-Side (SSS) criterion B = 40° and A = 80°. Then which of the
(C) Side-Angle-Side (SAS) criterion following is true?
(D) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) criterion [NCERT Exemplar]
(A) DF = 5 cm F = 60°
3. In triangles ABC and DEF , B = E and (B) DF = 5 cm E = 60°
BC = DE . Which of the following conditions
(C) DE = 5 cm E = 60°
would prove the triangles are congruent?
(D) DE = 5 cm D = 40°
(A) AB = DF
(B) AB = EF
(C) AB = DE,
(D) AB = DC

4. In the triangle, if ABC  DEF , which of

the following is true about the corresponding Answers:
parts of the triangles?
(A) AB = DE, A = D 1. (B)
(B) AB = DF , B = E 2. (C) Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
(C) AB = DE , B = D 3. (B)
(D) AB = DF , A = D 4. (A)
5. (B) Two sides and a non-included
5. Which of the following is an invalid condition
angle are equal.
for proving the congruence of two triangles?
(A) Two sides and the included angle are 6. (C) Side-Angle-Angle (SAA)
equal. 7. (C) Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
(B) Two sides and a non-included angle are 8. (D) The medians of the triangles
equal. are equal.
(C) Three sides are equal. 9. (B)
(D) Two angles and the included side are
equal.

6. Which of the following is not a valid criterion

for congruence of two triangles? ASSERTION AND REASON
(A) Side-Side-Side (SSS)
(B) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) For the following questions, two statements are
(C) Side-Angle-Angle (SAA) given – one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
(D) Side-Angle-Side (SAS) labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from
7. In PQR and XYZ , it is given that PQ = XY the codes (A), (B) , (C) and (D) as given below:
, QR = YZ and Q = Y . What is the (A) Both A and R are true, and the reason is the
congruence criterion used to prove that the correct explanation for the assertion.
triangles are congruent? (B) Both A and R are true, but the reason is not the
(A) Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) correct explanation for the assertion.
(B) Side-Side-Side (SSS) (C) A is true, but and R is false.
(C) Side-Angle-Side (SAS) (D) A is false, but and R is true.
(D) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)
1. Assertion (A): Two triangles can be congruent
8. Which of the following does NOT follow from by the SAS criterion even if the corresponding
the congruence of two triangles? angles are not mentioned directly.

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Reason (R): The SAS congruence criterion 1. (D)

establishes congruency by requiring two sides For SAS, while the sides and angles are crucial
and the included angle to be equal, which for congruence, the angles themselves must be
automatically guarantees the equality of all inferred from the known sides and angles. The
other parts of the triangle. congruency does not rely only on side lengths
but also on the included angle.
2. Assertion (A): The criteria SSS, SAS, and
RHS are sufficient to prove that two triangles 2. (A)
are congruent. These three criteria (SSS, SAS, and RHS) are
Reason (R): SSS, SAS, and RHS are the only sufficient and necessary to prove the
criteria that guarantee the congruency of two congruency of triangles. Any other criteria
triangles based on the given sides and angles. would either be redundant or insufficient to
guarantee congruency.
Solution:

SOME PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE

Learning Outcome
Apply fundamental properties of triangles,
including the angle sum property, and recognize the
properties of isosceles triangles.

TOPIC HIGHLIGHTS
• Based on Angles:

• A triangle, being the simplest polygon, has 1. Acute Triangle: All angles are less than
several unique properties.
90 .
• These properties help us understand the
relationships between the sides and angles, 2. Right Triangle: One angle is exactly 90 .
especially in specific types of triangles like
isosceles and equilateral triangles. 3. Obtuse Triangle: One angle is greater than
90 .
• Triangles can be classified based on the basis of
both sides and angles.

• Based on Sides:

1. Scalene Triangle: All three sides are of

different lengths.

2. Isosceles Triangle: Two sides are of equal

length. An isosceles triangle has two equal
sides and the angles opposite to these sides are
also equal.

3. Equilateral Triangle: All three sides are of

equal length

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ISOSCELES TRIANGLE PROPERTIES

THINGS TO REMBEMBER:
Theorem 2: Sides Opposite to Equal Angles of a
• Angle Sum Property of a Triangle-In any Triangle are Equal.
triangle (whether it is scalene, isosceles, or
equilateral), the measures of the three Statement: If B = C in ABC , then AB = AC.
interior angles add up to This
property holds true for all types of triangles, Proof:
regardless of their shape or size.

• Exterior Angle Property of a Triangle -

The measure of an exterior angle of a
triangle is equal to the sum of the measures
of the two non-adjacent (opposite) interior
angles.
It applies to all types of triangles (scalene,
isosceles, and equilateral).

• The exterior angle is equal to the sum of the

two opposite interior angles, not the adjacent Draw the bisector of A meeting BC at D .
interior angle. This property can be used to In ABD and ACD :
find unknown angles in a triangle when at BAD = CAD …[By construction]
least two angles are known. AD = AD …[Common side]
B = C …[Given]

Thus, ABD  ACD …[By ASA rule]

RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE PROPERTIES
Hence, AB = AC . …[By CPCT]
Theorem 1: Angles Opposite to Equal Sides of an
Isosceles Triangle are Equal.

Statement: If AB = AC in ABC , then B = C . • In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the

right angle is called the hypotenuse, which is the
longest side.
Proof:
Pythagorean Theorem: In a right-angled triangle:
Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular 2

Draw the bisector of A to meet BC at D .

In ABD and ACD :

AB = AC …[Given]
BAD = CAD …[By construction]
AD = AD …[Common side]
Thus, ABD  ACD [By SAS rule]
Hence, B = C .
…[Corresponding angles of congruent triangles]
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MEDIAN, ALTITUDE AND PERPENDICULAR 3. Perpendicular Bisector: A line that divides a

BISECTORS IN TRIANGLES side of a triangle into two equal parts at .

1. Median: A line segment from a vertex to the

midpoint of the opposite side.
In an isosceles triangle, the median from the
vertex angle also acts as an altitude and
perpendicular bisector.

2. Altitude: A perpendicular line from a vertex to

the opposite side (or its extension).
Every triangle has three altitudes, and they
intersect at a point called the orthocenter.

Let’s Practice!!
ii. Consider triangles AOB and AOC :
We know:
NCERT EXERCISE 7.2 OB = OC …[From ( i )]
AO = OA …[Common side]
AB = AC …[Given]
1. In an isosceles triangle ABC , with AB = AC By the SSS criterion of congruence,
, the bisectors of B and C intersect each AOB  AOC .
other at O . Join A to O . Show that:
i. OB = OC Thus, AOB  AOC by the SSS
ii. AO bisects A congruence rule.
OAB = OAC …[By CPCT]
AO bisects BAC.

2. In ABC , AD is the perpendicular bisector

of BC . Show that ABC is an isosceles
triangle in which AB = AC.

Solution:

i. In triangle ABC , we have:

AB = AC …[Given]
Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are
equal.
 ABC = ACB
1 1
ABC = ACB
Solution:
2 2
Thus, OBC = OCB Given: AD is the perpendicular bisector of
BC
Thus,
Sides opposite to equal angles in a triangle are BD = CD and ADB = ADC = 90° …(i)
equal. Now, let’s look at triangles ADB and ADC
 OC = OB …( i ) :
BD = CD
ADB = ADC …[From (i)]

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AD = AD …[Common side]

Therefore, by the SAS congruence rule.

ADB  ADC

Hence, AB = AC

This shows that ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle

with AB = AC. …[By CPCT]

3. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which

altitudes BE and CF are drawn to equal
sides AC and AB respectively. Show that
Solution:
these altitudes are equal.
i. Consider triangles ABE and ACF ,
BE = CF …[Given]
A = A …[Common Angle]
AEB = AFC …[Each 90 ]
Thus, by the AAS rule, ABE  ACF.
ii. Since ABE  ACF.13
it follows that AB = AC …[By CPCT]
Therefore, ABC is an isosceles triangle.

5. ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on

the same base BC (see figure). Show that
ABD = ACD.

Solution:
In ABC , it is given that AB = AC.
This implies ACB = ABC …(i)
…[Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle
are equal.]

Now, consider triangles BFC and CBE

FBC = ECB …[From (i)]
BC = CB …[Common side]
BFC = CEB …[Each 90 ]
Thus, BCF  CBE by the AAS congruence
rule.
Hence, CF = BE. [By CPCT]
Solution:
4. ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and In ABC ,
CF to sides AC and AB are equal (see figure AB = AC …[ ABC is isosceles]
below).  ABC = ACB …( i )
Show that: …[Angles opposite equal sides of a triangle
i. ABE  ACF are equal]
ii. AB = AC , i.e., ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Similarly, in BDC,
BD = CD …[ BDC is also isosceles]
 CBD = BCD …( ii )
…[Angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are
equal]

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Adding equations (1) and (2), we get

ABC + CBD = ACB + BCD
which implies that ABD = ACD .

6. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which

AB = AC. Side BA is produced to D such
that AD = AB (see figure). Show that BCD is
a right angle.

Solution:

Given that
AB = AC,
B = C …(i)
..[Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle
are equal]
Solution: In ABC :
The sum of angles is: A + B + C = 180°
Given:
… [Angle sum property of a triangle]
AB = AC …( i )
Since A = 90° (right-angled triangle):
AB = AD …( ii ) 90° + B + B = 180°
From ( i ) and ( ii ), we get: 2B = 90° …[Using (i)]
AC = AD
B = 45°
Now, in ABC :
Thus, B = C = 45°.
ABC + ACB + BAC = 180°
…[Angle sum property of a triangle]
8. Show that the angles of an equilateral
2ACB + BAC = 180° …( iii )
triangle are 60° Each.
..[ ABC = ACB , as angles opposite to
equal sides are equal]

Similarly, in
ACD :
ADC + ACD + CAD = 180°
2ACD + CAD = 180° …( iv )
…[ ADC = ACD , as angles opposite to
equal sides are equal]

Adding equations ( iii ) and ( iv ), we get:

2ACB + BAC + 2ACD + CAD = 180° + 180°
2 [ACB + ACD  +  BAC + CAD] = 360°
Solution:
Since BAC and CAD form a linear pair.
2BCD = 180°
In ABC :
AB = BC = CA
BCD = 90°
Thus, BCD = 90°. …[ ABC is an equilateral triangle]
Since AB = BC …( i )
7. ABC is a right-angled triangle in which …[Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle
are equal]
A = 90° and AB = AC . Find B and C.
Similarly, AC = BC
A = B …( ii )
Let x be the measure of each angle

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From equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), we get: Since these conditions satisfy the SAS (Side-
A = B = C = x Angle-Side) criterion of congruence, we
Using the angle sum property of a triangle: conclude that ABD  ACE .
A + B + C = 180° Hence, proved.
x + x + x = 180°
3x = 180°
x = 60° .
PROBLEMS BASED ON EXERCISE
7.2
Therefore, A = B = C = 60°. This shows
that all angles in an equilateral triangle are 60. 1. If the angle bisector of a triangle divides the
opposite side into two equal parts, prove
that the triangle is isosceles.
9. In the given figure, D and E are points on the
side BC of a ABC such that BD = CE and
AD = AE. Show that ABD  ACE.

Solution:
Solution:
Given: In triangle ABD , BD = CE and The angle bisector of a triangle also bisects the
AD = AE. opposite side.

To Prove: ABD  ACE In triangle ABC ,

Let AD be the bisector of A , and suppose
Proof: that AD divides BC into two equal parts.
In triangle ABD ,
AD = AE. …[Given] In triangles ABD and ACD
This implies that 2 = 1 DAB = DAC …[Since AD bisects A ]
…[Since angles opposite equal sides of a AD = AD …[Common side]
triangle are equal]
BD = CD …[Since AD bisects BC ]
Next, from the linear pair axiom:
By the SAS (Side-Angle-Side) congruence
1 + 3 = 180° …( i )
criterion, ABD  ACD.
2 + 4 = 180° …( ii )
From equations ( i ) and ( ii ), we can equate the
Thus, by CPCT AB = AC which means that
angles:
1 + 3 = 2 + 4 triangle ABC is isosceles.
3 = 4 …[ 1 = 2 ]
Therefore, since the two sides of the triangle
are equal, the triangle ABC is an isosceles
Now, in triangles ABD and ACE , we have
triangle.
the following:
AD = AE. …[Given]
2. In the given figure, where PQ is greater
3 = 4
BD = CE …[Given] than PR and QS and RS are the angle
bisectors of Q and R , respectively, prove
that SQ is greater than SR .

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NCERT EXEMPLAR BASED ON

EXERCISE 7.2

1. Is it possible to construct a triangle with

lengths of its sides as 4 cm , 3 cm and 7 cm ?
Give a reason for your answer.

Solution:
Given: 4 cm , 3 cm and 7 cm .
Solution:
To form a triangle "the sum of any two sides of a
Given: triangle must be greater than the third side."
PQ > PR
In this case:
To prove: SQ > SR 4 + 3 = 7 , which is not greater than 7 .

Proof: Therefore, it is not possible to construct a triangle

with side lengths of 4 cm , 3 cm and 7 cm .
In PRQ , it is given that:
PQ > PR 2. In ΔPQR , P = 70o and R = 30o .Which side
of this triangle is the longest? Give a reason for
your answer.
Since QS is the bisector of Q
PQS = SQR
Q = PQS + SQR
Q = SQR + SQR
Q = 2SQR …( i )

Since RS is the bisector of R

PRS = SRQ
R = PRS + SRQ
R = SRQ + SRQ
R = 2SRQ …( ii )

Since in a triangle, the angle opposite the Solution:

longer side is greater.
So, R > Q …[ PQ > PR ] In PQR , we need to find the measure of Q
From equations ( i ) and ( ii ),
2SRQ > 2SQR Q = 180° – (P + R)
SRQ > SQR …( iii )
= 180° – ( 70° + 30° )
Since in a triangle, the side opposite the greater = 180° – 100°
angle is longer. = 80°
SQ > SR …[From equation ( iii )]
Since Q is the largest angle in PQR , the side
Hence, proved. opposite this angle, which is PR will be the
longest side.

Thus, PR is the longest side of the triangle

because the side opposite the largest angle is
always the longest.

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To Prove: BD = CE
3. Is it possible to construct a triangle with
lengths of sides as 9 cm , 7 cm and 17 cm ? Proof:
Give a reason for your answer. In ABC, it is given that:
AB = AC
Solution: 1 1
AB = AC
2 2
No, a triangle cannot be formed with these side AE = AD
lengths because: …[Since D is the midpoint of AC and E is the
midpoint of AB ]
9 cm + 7 cm = 16 cm , which is less than 17 cm.
Now, consider triangles ABD and ACE
In a triangle, the sum of any two sides must
always be greater than the third side. Hence, it AB = AC …[Given]
is not possible. A = A …[Common angle]
AD = AE …[Proven above]
4. Is it possible to construct a triangle with
lengths of its sides as 8 cm , 7 cm and 4 cm ? By the SAS (Side-Angle-Side) congruence
Give a reason for your answer. criterion, we have:
ABD  ACE
Solution: which implies BD = CE …[By CPCT]
Yes, it is possible to form a triangle with these Hence, proved.
side lengths because the sum of any two sides
is greater than the third side:
6. In the given figure below D and E are points
8 cm + 7 cm = 15 cm > 4 cm on the side BC of a ABC such that
8 cm + 4 cm = 12 cm > 7 cm BD = CE and AD = AE . Show that
7 cm + 4 cm = 11 cm > 8 cm ABD  ACE .

Therefore, a triangle can be constructed.

5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC

and BD and CE are its two medians. Show
that BD = CE.

Solution:

Given: In ABC,
BD = CE
and AD = AE

Solution: To Prove: ABD  ACE

Given: Proof:
In ABC,
AB = AC …[Given] In ADE,
AD = CD …[ D is the midpoint of AC ] AD = AE …[Given]
AE = BE. …[ E is the midpoint of AB ] 2 = 1
…[Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]

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…[Since BO and CO are the bisectors of B and

Now, we know: C respectively]
1 + 3 = 180 …(i) [Linear pair axiom]
In OBC ,
2 + 4 = 180 …(ii) [Linear pair axiom] we consider the exterior angle MOC

From equations (i) and (ii): According to the exterior angle theorem, the
1 + 3 = 2 + 4 exterior angle is equal to the sum of the
3 = 4 …[Since 1 = 2 ] opposite interior angles.
Now, consider triangles ABD and ACE,
AD = AE …[Given] MOC = 1 + 2
3 = 4 …[Proved above] Since 1 = 2 , it follows that:
MOC = 21
BD = CE …[Given]
Thus, we have:
By the SAS (Side-Angle-Side) congruence 1
criterion: MOC = ABC …[ 1 = ABC ]
2
ABD  ACE
Hence, proved.
Hence, proved.
9. Bisectors of the angles B and C of an isosceles
8. Bisectors of the angles B and C of an triangle ABC with AB = AC intersect each
isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC intersect other at O . Show that the external angle
each other at O . BO is produced to a point M. adjacent to ABC is equal to BOC.
Prove that MOC = ABC.

Solution: Solution:
In ABC , AB = AC. Given:
The angle bisectors of B and C intersect at In ABC , AB = AC
point O .
BO is extended to a point M . To prove: DBC = BOC

To prove: MOC = ABC Proof:

Since AB = AC ,
Proof: we have:
B = C
Since AB = AC , we have: …[ Angles opposite to equal sides in a
ABC = ACB triangle are equal]
…[ Angles opposite to equal sides in a
triangle are equal] 1 1
Thus: B = C …( i )
2 2
Thus:
1 1
ABC = ACB which implies that In OBC
2 2 1
1 = 2 1 = B
2

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1
and 2 = A A + A + A = 180
2
 1 = 2 …[Using equation ( i )] 3A = 180o
180o
A = = 60
Now, from the straight line ABD : 3
DBC + 1 + OBA = 180 …( i ) A = B = C = 60
DBC + 21 = 180 … [ 1 = OBA]
Therefore, A = B = C = 60 .
In OBC
11. P is a point on the bisector of ABC . If
1 + 2 + BOC = 180
the line through P , parallel to BA meet
21 + BOC = 180 … [ 1 = 2] …(ii) BC at Q , prove that BPQ is an isosceles
triangle.
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
DBC + 21 = 21 + BOC
DBC = BOC

Thus, we have:
DBC = BOC

Hence, proved.

10. Find all the angles of an equilateral triangle.

Solution:

To prove: BPQ is an isosceles triangle.

Proof: Since BP is the angle bisector of ABC

1 = 2 …( i )

Now, PQ is parallel to BA and BC intersects

them, we have:
Solution: 1 = 3 …( ii )
In ABC …[Alternate interior angles]
Given:
AB = AC From (1) and (2), it follows that:
C = B …( i ) 2 = 3
…[Since angles opposite to equal sides are
equal] In BPQ , since 2 = 3 we get:
PQ = BQ
BC = AC …[Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
A = B …( ii )
…[Since angles opposite to equal sides are Thus, BPQ is an isosceles triangle.
equal]

Now, using the angle sum property of a

triangle:
A + B + C = 180

Substituting ( i ) and ( ii ):

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12. O is a point in the interior of a square altitudes to the sides BC and AC. Prove
ABCD such that OAB is an equilateral that AE = BD.
triangle. Show that OCD is an isosceles
triangle.

Solution:

Solution: In ADC and BEC

Given: Given:
A square ABCD where AC = BC …( i )[Given]
OA = OB = AB
ADC = BEC …[Both are 90 ]
ACD = BCE …[Common angle]
To Prove: OCD is an isosceles triangle.
Therefore, by the AAS congruence rule, we
Proof: have:
ADC  BEC
In square ABCD :
1 = 2 …( i ) This implies:
…[Each angle is 90 ] CE = CD …( ii ) [By CPCT]
In OAB , we have
3 = 4 …( ii ) Substituting equation ( ii ) from ( i ), we get
AC – CE = BC – CD
…[Each angle is 60 ] AE = BD

Substituting equation ( ii ) from ( i ), we get Hence, we conclude:

1 − 3 = 2 − 4 AE = BD .
5 = 6
14. Prove that the sum of any two sides of a
Now, in DAO and CBO , triangle is greater than twice the median
AD = BC with respect to the third side.
…[Opposite sides of the square are equal]
5 = 6
OA = OB …[Given]

By the SAS congruence criterion:

DAO  CBO
This implies:
OD = OC …[By CPCT]

Hence, OCD is an isosceles triangle.

13. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which

AC = BC . AD and BE are respectively two

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Solution:
To prove: ABC = 90
Given: ABC with median AD
As D is the midpoint of AC , it follows that:
AD = DC
To prove:
AC + AB > 2AD
Since D is the midpoint of AC , AC , we have:
Construction: Extend AD to point E such that 1
BD = AC = AD
DE = AD and join EC. 2
Thus, BD = AD = DC
Proof:
In ADB and EDC , we have: In ABD , we have
AD = ED …[By construction] BD = AD
1 = 2 1 = 2 …( i )
…[Vertically opposite angles are equal] …[∵ Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
DB = DC …[Given]
By the SAS congruence criterion, we conclude: Similarly, in BDC , we have
ADB  EDC BD = DC
3 = 4 …( ii )
Thus: …[∵ Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
AB = EC …[By CPCT]
3 = 4 …[By CPCT] In ABC , we know:
1 + ABC + 4 = 180
Now, in AEC , we apply the triangle Substituting ABC = 2 + 3 we get:
inequality:
AC + CE > AE 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 180o
[Since the sum of two sides of a triangle is 2 (2 + 3) = 180o
greater than the third side] o
So, we conclude that: 2 + 3 = 90
This gives us: Therefore, ABC = 90
AC + CE > AD + DE
AC + CE > AD + AD …[Since AE = AD ]
Hence, the proof is complete.
AC + CE > 2AD
Since AB = EC , we have:
16. ABCD is a quadrilateral such that
AC + AB > 2AD
diagonal AC bisects the angles A and
Similarly, AB + BC > 2AD and BC + AC > 2AD C . Prove that AB = AD and CB = CD.
Hence, proved.

15. In a triangle ABC , D is the mid-point of the

1
side AC such that BD = AC . Show that
2
ABC is a right angle.

Solution:

Given: A quadrilateral ABCD where

1 = 2 and 3 = 4

To prove: AB = AD and CB = CD .
Solution:
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Since CD is the longest side of the

Proof: quadrilateral ABCD
CD > BC
In triangles ABC and ADC , we have: Therefore, CBD > BDC …( ii )
1 = 2 …[Given]
AC = AC …[Common side] By adding equations ( i ) and ( ii ), we get:
3 = 4 …[Given] ABD + CBD > ADB + BDC
By the ASA congruence criterion, we can ABC > ADC
conclude: Thus, B > D.
ABC  ADC . Hence, the proved.

Thus, by CPCT (corresponding parts of 18. Prove that in a triangle, other than an
congruent triangles), we get: equilateral triangle, the angle opposite the
AB = AD and CB = CD longest side is greater than 2 of a right
Hence, proved. 3
angle.
17. AB and CD are the smallest and largest
sides of a quadrilateral ABCD . Out of B
and D decide which is greater.

Solution:

Given: A triangle ABC , which is not an

equilateral triangle.

To prove: A > 2 right angle

3
Proof:
Solution:
In ABC ,
Since in a triangle, the angle opposite the
Given: A quadrilateral ABCD where AB and
longer side is larger.
CD are the smallest and largest sides, BC > AB
respectively. A > C …( i )
Since in a triangle, the angle opposite the
To prove: B > D.
longer side is larger
BC > AC
Construction: Join BD. A > B …( ii )
Proof: By adding inequalities ( i ) and ( ii ), we get:
In ABD , we know: A + A > B + C
Since AB is the smallest side of the 2A > B + C
quadrilateral ABCD
AB < AD Now, adding A to both sides:
Hence, AD > AB 2A + A > A + B + C
3A > A + B + C
Since the angle opposite the longer side is
greater 3A  180
ABD > ADB …( i ) …[Angle sum property of a triangle]

In CBD , we have:

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180 MCQ QUESTIONS BASED ON

A 
3 EXERCISE 7.2
2
A   90
3 1. In ABC, AB = AC and B = 50°. Then C is
2 equal to
A  right angle
3 [NCERT Exemplar]
Hence, the proved. o
(A) 40
(B) 50o
PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED
(C) 80o
ON NCERT EXERCISE
(D) 130o

1. If PQ = PR and PQR = 40° in an isosceles 2. In ABC, BC = AB and B = 80°. Then A is

triangle PQR , find the value of QPR. equal to
[NCERT Exemplar]
2. In triangle GHI, GJ represents the median (A) 80 o
between the vertex G and side HI . Given
(B) 70o
HJ = 6 cm and JI = 6 cm , find the length of HI
. (C) 50o
(D) 100o
3. In the isosceles triangle ABC ( AB = AC ) , let D
and E be the points on the [Link] statement 3. In PQR, R = P and QR = 4 cm and
that AD is equal to AE is proved using which PR = 5 cm . Then the length of PQ is
congruency rule. [NCERT Exemplar]
(A) 4 cm
(B) 5 cm
(C) 2 cm
(D) 2.5 cm

4. In an isosceles triangle GHI, G = 40o and

GH = GI then,
(A) H = I = 70
°

(B) H = 40o , I = 100o

(C) H = 60o , I = 60o
(D) H = 100o , I = 40o

5. In triangles ABC and PQR , AB = AC ,

Answers:
C = P and B = Q . The two triangles are
1. [NCERT Exemplar]
2. is (A) isosceles but not congruent
3. rule (B) isosceles and congruent
(C) congruent but not isosceles
(D) neither congruent nor isosceles

6. In quadrilateral ABCD , which of the following

is correct?
(A) AB + BC + CD + DA > AC + BD
(B) AB + BC + CD + DA < AC + BD
(C) AB + BC + CD + DA = AC + BD

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(D) AB + BC + CD + DA = 2AC + 2BD

1. Assertion (A): In a triangle, if two sides are
7. In triangle ΔABC , if BC > AB and BC > AC , equal, then the angles between them are greater
what can be concluded? than or equal to the angles between any other
(A) A > B and A > C pair of sides.
Reason (R): The largest angle in any triangle
(B) A = B is opposite the longest side, and if two sides are
(C) A < B equal, the angle between them is always greater
(D) A = 90o than the angles between any other pair of sides.

2. Assertion (A): In an isosceles triangle, the

median drawn to the unequal side divides the
Answers: triangle into two congruent triangles.
Reason (R): The median of an isosceles
1. (B) triangle divides it into two triangles of equal
area and shape by symmetry, and the two new
2. (C) triangles are congruent.
3. (A)
Solution:
4. (A)
5. (A) isosceles but not congruent
1. (D)
6. (A)
In a triangle if two sides are equal, the angles
7. (A) and opposite these sides are equal as well. The
angle between any two sides depends on their
length and does not necessarily have to be
greater than or equal to the angles between any
ASSERTION AND REASON other pair of sides. The largest angle is opposite
the longest side.

For the following questions, two statements are 2. (A)

given – one labelled Assertion (A) and the other In an isosceles triangle, the median drawn to
labelled Reason (R). the unequal side does indeed divide the triangle
Select the correct answer to these questions from into two congruent triangles.
the codes (A), (B) , (C) and (D) as given below: As the median from the vertex to the unequal
(A) Both A and R are true, and the reason is the side creates two smaller triangles that are
correct explanation for the assertion. mirror images of each other due to symmetry.
(B) Both A and R are true, but the reason is not the These triangles are congruent because they
correct explanation for the assertion. have equal sides and angles.
(C) A is true, but and R is false.
(D) A is false, but and R is true.

SSS AND RHS CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCY IN TRIANGLES

• According to the SSS Congruency (Side-Side-

Side Rule): If three sides of one triangle are
Learning Outcome
equal to the three sides of another triangle, then
Understand and apply the SSS (Side-Side-Side)
the two triangles are congruent.
and RHS (Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side)
congruence criteria to prove triangle congruence.
• This rule is based on the idea that when all three
corresponding sides of two triangles are equal,
the triangles will match exactly when placed
TOPIC HIGHLIGHTS over each other, regardless of their orientation.

For Example:  ABC   DEF.

SSS CONGRUENCY (Side-Side-Side Rule)

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• In this rule, the right angle is not the included

angle, but the hypotenuse and one side must be
equal between the two right-angled triangles.

• For example: ABC  DEF.

In the above figure,

AB = DE
BC = EF
and AC = DF
Hence ABC  DEF.

RHS CONGRUENCY (Right-angle-Hypotenuse • In the above figure,

Side Rule) Hypotenuse, AC = DF
• According to the RHS Congruency (Right-angle Side, BC = EF
Hypotenuse Side Rule): In two right-angled
Hence, ABC  DEF.
triangles, if the hypotenuse and one side of one
triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side
of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

Let’s Practice!!

Solution:
NCERT EXERCISE 7.3
i. In triangles ABD and ACD :
1. ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles AB = AC …[Given]
on the same base. BC and vertices A and D BD = CD …[Given]
are on the same side of BC (see Figure and AD = DA …[Common side]
below). If AD is extended to intersect BC at
Therefore, by the SSS congruency rule.
P , show that:
ABD  ACD
i. ABD  ACD
Thus by CPCT:
ii. ABP  ACP
BAD = CAD and ABD = ACD .
iii. AP bisects A as well as D
iv. AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC . ii. In triangles ABP and ACP :
AB = AC …[Given]
AP = PA …[Common side]
and BAP = CAP …[ From (i)]
Therefore by the SAS congruence rule
ABP  ACP
Thus by CPCT:
BP = PC and BPA = CPA .

iii. Since BAP = CAP

AP bisects A
Also,
BAD + ABD = CAD + ACD …[From (i)]

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giving BDP = CDP ii. ABC  PQR

…[ Exterior angle theorem]
So, DP bisects D.
Thus, AP bisects A as well as D.

iv. BPA + CPA = 180° … [Linear pair]

2BPA = 180°
BPA = 90°.
Since BP = CP …[From (ii)]
AP ⊥ BC Solution:
Hence, proved AP is the perpendicular bisector
of BC . i. M and N are the midpoints of BC and QR ,
respectively, since AM and PN are medians.
2. AD is the altitude of an isosceles triangle Thus,
ABC in which AB = AC . Show that 1 1
BM = BC and QN = QR ...(i)
i. AD bisects BC . 2 2
Given that BC = QR , we have:
ii. AD bisects A .
1 1
BC = QR
2 2
BM = QN ...(ii) [From (i)]

Now, considertriangles ABM and PQN

AB = PQ …[Given]
AM = PN …[Given]
and BM = QN … [From (ii)]
Therefore, by the SSS congruence rule.
ABM  PQN

ii. From part (i),

ABM = PQN , implying ABC = PQR
Solution: Now, for triangles ABC and PQR , we have
AB = PQ … [Given]
Consider triangles ABD and ACD :
We have BC = QR …[Given]
AB = AC …[Given] and ABC = PQR. …[From (ii)]
AD = AD … [Common Thus, ABC  PQR.
side]
and ADB = ADC …[ 90° each] 4. BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a
Thus, ABD  ACD by the RHS congruence triangle ABC . Using the RHS congruence
rule. rule, prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
i. Therefore, by CPCT:
BD = CD meaning AD bisects BC.

ii. Also, by CPCT:

BAD = CAD indicating that AD bisects
BAC , i.e., it bisects A .

3. Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one

triangle ABC are respectively equal to the
sides PQ , QR and median PN of PQR
(see Figure). Show that: Solution:
i. ABM  PQN

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Consider triangles BFC and CEB :

BE = CF …[Given]
BC = CB …[Common side]
and BFC = BEC …[ 90° each]
Therefore, by the RHS congruence rule,
BFC  CEB

As a result, by CPCT: FBC = ECB

which implies ABC = ACB.
Solution:
Since sides opposite equal angles in a triangle
are equal. AC = AB
Extend CB to a point D such that BC = BD.
Thus, AC = AB proving that ABC is an
Join AD.
isosceles triangle.
In trianglesABD and ABC we have
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.
BD = BC …[By construction]
Draw AP ⊥ BC to show that B = C. AB = AB …[Common side]
and ABD = ABC …[ 90° each]
Therefore, by the SAS congruence rule
ABD  ABC
So, AD = AC …(i) [By CPCT]
BAD = BAC …( ii ) [By CPCT]

Now,
BCA = 2BAC
BCA = BAC + BAC
BAC = BAC + BAD …[From ( ii )]
BAC = CAD
Solution:
In ACD
Consider triangles APB and APC DCA = CAD
AB = AC …[Given] AC = CD
AP = PA …[Common side] …[Sides opposite to equal angles in a triangle
and APB = APC [ 90° each] are equal]
Thus, by the RHS congruence rule. AC = BC + BD …[From equation ( i ) ]
ABP  ACP AC = BC + BC …[ BD = BC ]
AC = 2BC
From this, we get. B = C …[By CPCT]
Hence, proved that the hypotenuse. AC is twice
the length of BC .
PROBLEMS BASED ON EXERCISE 7.3
1 2. In right-angled triangles ABC and DEF
1. In triangle ABC , with the right angle at B , , the following information is given:
it is given that BCA = 2BAC . Prove that ABC = 90o , AB = 7 cm , BC = 24 cm
the hypotenuse. AC is twice the length of BC DEF = 90o ,DE = 7 cm , EF = 24 cm
Are the triangles congruent? Justify your
answer using the RHS congruence criterion.

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Hence, both ABC and DEF are right-angled

triangles.

Now, in these right triangles:

BA = DE …[Given]
BC = EF …[Proved above]
Thus, by the RHS (Right-angle, Hypotenuse,
Side) congruence rule:
ABC  DEF
Hence, proved.
Solution:
2. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC
Given: and D is a point on BC such that AD ⊥ BC
ABC = DEF …[ 90° each]
(See fig.). To prove that BAD = CAD , a
AB = DE = 7 cm
BC = EF = 24cm
student proceeded as follows:
In ABC and ACD ,
AB = AC …[Given]
Since the corresponding legs and hypotenuses B = C …[ AB = AC ]
of the right-angled triangles are equal, by the
and ADB = ADC
RHS (Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side)
Therefore, ABD  ACD …[ By AAS]
Congruence Criterion, we conclude:
So, BAD = CAD …[By CPCT]
ABC  DEF
Thus, the triangles are congruent by the RHS What is the defect in the above arguments?
criterion. [Hint: Recall how B = C is proved when
AB = AC .]

NCERT EXEMPLAR

1. In given figure below, BA ⊥ AC, DE ⊥ DF

such that BA = DE and BF = EC . Show that

Solution:

In triangles ADB and ADC , we have

ADB = ADC …[ 90 each]
AB = AC …[Given]
and AD = AD …[Common side]

By the RHS criterion of congruence, we can

Solution: conclude that. ABD  ACD

Given: BF = EC. Therefore, BAD = CAD …[By CPCT]

Therefore: Hence, the result is proved.

BF + FC = EC + FC 3. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = BC

BC = EF
and AD = CD . Show that BD bisects both
the angles ABC and ADC .
In ABC and DEF :
A = 90 and D = 90

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Solution:

Given: A right-angled triangle where

AB = AC and the angle bisector of A
intersects BC at D .

To prove: BC = 2AD

Proof:

In right triangle ABC ,

AB = AC …[Given]
so BC is the hypotenuse
…[ Since the hypotenuse is the longest side]
Therefore, BAC = 90°.
Solution:
Now, in triangles CAD andBAD , we have:
Since angles opposite to equal sides are equal
AC = AB …[Given]
AB = BC …[Given]
 2 = 1 …(i) 1 = 2 … [Since AD is the bisector of ∠A]
and AD = CD …[Given] AD = AD …[ Common side]
By the SAS criterion of congruence, we
 4 = 3 …(ii)
conclude that CAD  BAD.
On adding equations. (i) and (ii), we get:
2 + 4 = 1+ 3 Therefore, CD = BD …[By CPCT]
BCD = BAD …(iii) and hence AD = BD = CD.
Consider triangles BAD and BCD , we have
AB = BC …[Given] Since BC = BD + CD ,
BAD = BCD …[ From equation (iii)] we have BC = AD + AD , which gives BC = 2AD
AD = CD … [Given] .
By the SAS congruence rule, we conclude that .
BAD  BCD. Thus, BC = 2AD , as required.

Therefore, ABD = CBD …[ By CPCT] 5. ABC and DBC are two triangles on the
and ADB = CDB …[ By CPCT] same base? BC such that A and D lie on the
Hence, BD bisects both ABC and ADC. opposite sides of BC , AB = AC and
DB = DC . Show that AD is the
4. ABC is a right triangle with AB = AC . perpendicular bisector of BC .
Bisector of A meets BC at D . Prove that
BC = 2AD.

Solution:

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Given: Triangles ABC and DBC share the

same base BC.
Additionally, AB = AC and DB = DC .

To prove: AD is the perpendicular bisector of

BC. i.e., OB = OC.

Proof:
In triangles ABD and ACD , we have:
AB = AC …[Given]
BD = DC …[Given]
AD = AD … [ Common side]
By the SSS criterion of congruence, we
conclude that ABD  ACD
Solution:
Hence,
BAD = CAD [By CPCT] Given: Lines l , m and n intersect at point O .
and BAO = CAO [By CPCT]
Point P lies on line n , such that P is
equidistant from lines l and n .
In triangles AOB and AOC , we have:
AB = AC … [Given] To prove: Line n is the bisector of QOR
AO = OA …[ Common side]
BAO = CAO
Proof:
By the SAS criterion of congruence, we
In triangles OQP and ORP , we have:
conclude that AOB  AOC
1 = 2 …[Each 90 ]
Hence, OP = OP …[Common side]
AOB = AOC …(i) [ By CPCT] PQ = PR …[Given]
and BO = OC …[ By CPCT] By the RHS criterion of congruence, we
conclude that OQP  ORP
We know, Therefore, by CPCT: 3 = 4
AOB + AOC = 180
Thus, line n is the bisector of ∠QOR.
…[ Linear Pair]
Hence, proved.
AOB + AOB = 180 …[ From (i) ]
2AOB = 180 7. ABCD is quadrilateral such that AB = AD
and CB = CD . Prove that AC is the
180
AOB = = 90 perpendicular bisector of BD.
2

Therefore, AD ⊥ BC and AD is the

perpendicular bisector of BC .

6. Two lines l and m intersect at the point O

and P is a point on a line n passing through
the point O such that P is equidistant from l
and m . Prove that n is the bisector of the
angle formed by l and m .

Solution:
Given: A quadrilateral ABCD in which
AB = AD and CB = CD.

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ABD  ACD.
To prove: AC is the perpendicular bisector of
BD.

Proof: Answers:
In triangles ABC and ADC , we have:
AB = AD …[Given] 1. True.
BC = CD … [Given] 2. By SSS Congruency rule
AC = AC …[Common side]
By the SSS criterion of congruence, we
conclude that ABC  ADC .
so 1 = 2 . …[CPCT] MCQ QUESTIONS BASED ON
EXERCISE 7.3
Now, in triangles AOB and AOD , we have:
AB = AD …[Given]
1 = 2 …[Proven above]
AO = AO …[Common side] 1. Which of the following is not a criterion for
By the SAS criterion of congruence, we get congruence of triangles?
AOB  AOD [NCERT Exemplar]
so BO = DO …[CPCT] (A) SAS
and 3 = 4 …[CPCT] (B) ASA
(C) SSA
Since 3 + 4 = 180 …[ Linear pair axiom] (D) SSS
we have 3 + 3 = 180° …[ 3 = 4 ]
2. If AB = QR, BC = PR and CA = PQ , then
23 = 180°
3 = 90°. [NCERT Exemplar]
(A) ABC  PQR
Thus, AC is the perpendicular bisector of BD (B) CBA  PRQ
(since 3 = 90°. and BO = DO ). (C) BAC  RPQ
Hence, proved. (D) PQR  BCA

3. In triangles ABC and DEF , if AB = DE ,

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED BC = EF and AC = DF, which congruence
ON EXERCISE 7.3 criterion can be used to prove that the two
triangles are congruent?
1. In an isosceles triangle ABC , the altitude (A) SAS
from the vertex also acts as the angle bisector. (B) SSS
Is this statement true? Explain. (C) RHS
(D) ASA

4. In two right-angled triangles ABC and DEF

, if AB = DE , BC = EF , and the right angles are
at ABC and DEF respectively, which
congruence rule applies?
(A) AAS
(B) RHS
(C) SSS
(D) SAS

2. In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC , if 5. Two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent.
Which of the following conditions must be true
AD is both the median and altitude, show that
based on the SSS congruence rule?
(A) AB = DE, BC = EF,CA = FD
(B) AB = DE and BC = EF
(C) AB = DE and ACB = DFE

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(D) AB = DE , BC = EF and CB = FB 1. Assertion (A): If two triangles are congruent

by the RHS criterion, then the corresponding
6. Which of the following is NOT a correct sides and angles must be equal.
scenario for proving two triangles congruent Reason (R): The RHS criterion works only
using the SSS criterion? when the hypotenuses are equal, but not the
(A) All three corresponding sides of the legs of the triangles.
triangles are equal.
(B) Two sides and the included angle are 2. Assertion (A): If the corresponding sides of
equal. two triangles are equal, then the triangles are
(C) All three sides are equal between the two congruent by the SSS criterion.
triangles. Reason (R): The SSS criterion applies when
(D) Each triangle has three corresponding only two sides of the triangle are equal, not all
equal sides. three.

7. In ABC and PQR , the following conditions Solution:

are given:
AB = PQ, BC = QR and ABC = PQR 1. (C)
Which of the following can be concluded about In RHS congruence if the hypotenuse and one
these two triangles? leg are equal in two right-angled triangles, all
(A) The triangles are congruent by SSS. corresponding sides and angles are also equal.
(B) The triangles are congruent by SAS.
(C) The triangles are congruent by ASA. 2. (C)
(D) The triangles are congruent by AAS. The SSS criterion states that if all three
corresponding sides of two triangles are equal,
the triangles are congruent.

Answers: HOTS
1. (C) SSA
2. (B) 1. In the given diagram, equilateral triangles
3. SSS ABD and ACE are constructed on the
4. SAS sides of the triangle ABC . Show that
5. CD = BE.
6. Two sides and the included
angle are equal.
7. The triangles are congruent by
SAS.

ASSERTION AND REASON

For the following questions, two statements are

given – one labelled Assertion (A) and the other Solution:
labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from Given:
the codes (A), (B) , (C) and (D) as given below: ABD and ACE are equilateral triangles
(A) Both A and R are true, and the reason is the
correct explanation for the assertion. ABD is an equilateral triangle
(B) Both A and R are true, but the reason is not the
correct explanation for the assertion. BAD = 60o …( i ) [ Each angle = 60 ]
(C) A is true, but and R is false.
(D) A is false, but and R is true. Similarly, in ACE

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CAE = 60o …( ii ) [ Each angle = 60 ]

 BAD = CAE …( iii )
…[From ( i ) and ( ii )]
Answers:
On adding BAC to both the sides, we get:
1.(D) The perimeter of congruent
BAD + BAC = CAE + BAC
triangles is always unequal.
 CAD = BAE …( iv )
2. (A) Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
In CAD and BAE
AC = AB
…[ ACE is an equilateral triangle]
 CAD = BAE …[From equation ( iv )]
ASSERTION AND REASON
AD = AE
…[ ABD is an equilateral triangle]
By the SAS criterion of congruency, we
For the following questions, two statements are
conclude that CAD  BAE
given – one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
labelled Reason (R).
Therefore, by CPCT [Corresponding Parts of
Select the correct answer to these questions from
Congruent Triangles]
the codes (A), (B) , (C) and (D) as given below:
CD = BE
(A) Both A and R are true, and the reason is the
Hence, proved.
correct explanation for the assertion.
(B) Both A and R are true, but the reason is not the
correct explanation for the assertion.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (C) A is true, but and R is false.
(D) A is false, but and R is true.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Assertion (A): In any triangle, if two angles are
equal, the third angle must also be equal to the
remaining angles for the triangle to be
1. If two triangles are congruent. Which of the isosceles.
following statements does NOT seem to be true Reason (R): The property of an isosceles
about congruent triangles? triangle states that the angles opposite the equal
sides are also equal, so the third angle must
(A) Corresponding sides of congruent follow from the sum of angles in a triangle.
triangles are equal.
(B) Corresponding angles of congruent 2. Assertion (A): If two triangles are congruent
triangles are equal. by SAS (Side-Angle-Side), the corresponding
(C) The area of congruent triangles is always angles and sides are always equal.
equal. Reason (R): In congruent triangles, the
(D) The perimeter of congruent triangles is corresponding sides and angles are always
always unequal. equal by definition, but the SAS rule does not
imply equal angles directly.
2. In ABC , the side BC = 6 cm , side AB = 10 cm ,
and angle B = 60o . In DEF , side EF = 6 cm Solution:
, side DE = 10 cm , and angle E = 60o .Which 1. (D)
criterion can be used to prove that If two angles are equal, the third angle doesn't
ABC  DEF? necessarily have to be equal to the other two. It
(A) Side-Angle-Side (SAS) just follows the property that the sum of all
(B) Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) angles in a triangle is 180.
(C) Side-Side-Angle (SSA) In an isosceles triangle: the angles opposite the
(D) Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) equal sides are congruent, but this does not
imply that the third angle must be equal to the
other two.

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2. (C) 4. If DA and CB are equal perpendiculars to

If two triangles are congruent by the SAS line segment AB . prove that CD divides AB
(Side-Angle-Side) criterion, then by definition, into two equal parts.
their corresponding sides and angles must be
equal. Solution:
It does imply that the corresponding angles
between the two triangles are equal, as the Consider triangles AOD and BOC
angle is included between the two congruent AD = BC …[Given]
sides. A = B …[Vertically Opposite Angles]
AOD = BOC
…[Vertically Opposite Angles]
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS By the AAS criterion of congruence, we
QUESTIONS conclude that :
1. In ABC , if the sides are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 AOD  BOC
and the perimeter is 24 cm , find the length Therefore, OA = OB …[By CPCT]
of each side. Hence proved

Solution: 5. If the angles of a triangle are in a given ratio

1 : 3 : 5 , find the three angles.
Let the sides be 3x, 4 x , and 5x
Perimeter = 24 cm Solution:
3x + 4 x + 5 x = 24
12 x = 24 Given: Angles of a triangle are in the ratio
x = 2 cm 1: 3: 5
Thus, the sides are: Let the angles be x, 3x, 5 x
3x ( 2) = 6 cm Sum of all angles of triangles = 180o
4 x ( 2) = 8 cm
x + 3x + 5 x = 180o
5 x ( 2) = 10 cm
9 x = 180
o

x = 20
o

2. A triangular roof has two sides measuring

7 m each, and the base is 10 m . Prove that
the angles opposite the equal sides are equal. Thus, 3x = 3 ( 20 ) = 60o
5 x = 5 ( 20 ) = 100o
Solution:

Since the two sides are equal, the triangle is 6. If the angles A,B and C of triangle ABC
isosceles. In an isosceles triangle, the angles satisfy the relation C − B = A − C , then find
opposite the equal sides are always equal. the measure of C .
Therefore, the angles opposite the 7 m sides
are equal. Solution:
Sum of all angles of triangles = 180
3. In ABC , if the medians from vertices A,B
and C are all of equal lengths, what type of So, A + B + C = 180 … (i )
triangle is ABC ?
Given: C − B = A − C … (ii )
Solution: 2C = A + B … (iii )

If the medians of a triangle are equal in length,

By Substituting (iii ) into (i ) , we get:
the triangle must be equilateral. This is because
in an equilateral triangle, all sides and all A + B + C = 180
medians are of equal length due to the (A + B) + C = 180
symmetry of the shape. (2C) + C = 180
3C = 180

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So, C = 60o QA and RP are internal bisector of Q and

Therefore, the measure of C is 60o. R
External Q = 180 − Q
7. Prove that if two angles and the included QO and RO are external bisector of Q and
side of one triangle are equal to two angles R
and the included side of another triangle, External R = 180 − R
then the two triangles are congruent.
In QAR
Solution: 1 1
QAR + Q + R = 180
2 2
In two triangles two angles and the included
QAR = 180 − (Q + R) … (i )
side of one triangle is equal to two
angles and the included side of the other
triangle. In QOR
1 1
QOR + (180 − Q) + (180 − R) = 180
Consider triangles ABC and PQR 2 2
B = Q …[Given] 1
QOR +180 − (Q − R) = 180
2
C = R …[Given]
AB = PQ …[Given] QAR + QOR = 180 ...[Using (i )
]
By the AAS criterion of congruence, we
conclude that : Hence. proved
ABC  PQR
9. In an isosceles triangle ABC , if AB = AC
and B = 50o , find the measure of C and
A . Justify your answer.

Solution:

Given:
Hence. proved that if two angles and the AB = AC , the triangle ABC is an isosceles
included side of one triangle are equal to two
triangle, meaning the angles opposite the equal
angles and the included side of another triangle,
sides ( AB and AC ) are equal.
then the two triangles are congruent.
B = C
8. In triangle PQR , the internal bisectors of We are given that, B = 50o
Q and R intersect at point A , and the Since the sum of angles in any triangle is 180 ,
external bisectors of Q and R intersect at we can find A as follows:
point O . Prove that QAR + QOR = 180o.
The sum of angles in a triangle ABC = 180
A + B + C = 180
A + 50 + 50 = 180
A +100 = 180
A = 180 − 100 = 80

Therefore, C = 50
... [Since AB = AC and B = C ]

Solution:

In PQR

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To apply the Pythagorean theorem, check if the

CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION square of the longest side ( AC ) equals the sum
of the squares of the other two sides:
AB² + BC² = AC²
1. A craftsman is designing a triangular window 9² + 12² = 15²
with dimensions AB = 9 cm, BC = 12 cm, and 81 + 144 = 225
AC = 15 cm. . The craftsman suspects that the Since 225 = 225 ,
window frame might be a right-angled Therefore, ABC is a right-angled triangle.
triangle. He decides to apply various concepts
of triangles to verify its properties, calculate
the area, and check for congruence with ii. (B)
another similar triangle. Area of a right-angled triangle is given by:
1
Area =  base  height
2
Here, base = 9 cm and height = 12 cm .
1
Area =  9  15 = 54 cm 2
2

iii. The circumradius is 7.5cm , so the

circumference C is given by:
C = 2πR = 2π  7.5
C  47.12cm

iv. If AC is doubled, the new side lengths would be

AB = 9cm , BC = 12cm , AC = 30cm
New Perimeter = 9 + 12 + 30 = 51cm .

2. An engineer is designing a triangular support

structure for a bridge. The triangular frame is
made up of beams that are of equal lengths.
i. Using the Pythagorean theorem, check if ABC The angles at two vertices are known, and the
is a right-angled triangle. third angle is calculated using the angle sum
A) AB² + BC² = AC² property. To ensure stability, the engineer
B) AB² + AC² = BC² checks whether the triangles formed by the
C) AC² = AB² + BC² beams are congruent.
D) AB² = AC² + BC²

ii. Calculate the area of the right-angled trian

ABC .
A) 45 cm²
B) 54 cm²
C) 72 cm²
D) 108 cm²

iii. If the triangle were to be inscribed in a circle,

find the circumference of the circle.
i. The engineer uses the angle sum property to
iv. If the side AC is doubled, how would the calculate the third angle of a triangle. If two
perimeter of the new triangle change? angles of the triangle are 45 and 65 , what
is the measure of the third angle?
Solution: [1]

i. (C) ii. If the engineer uses an equilateral triangle

for the support structure, what would be the
measure of each angle in the triangle?

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[1] 180
= 60
3
iii. In the triangular frame of a bridge, two
beams have equal lengths, and the angles at iii. Since two sides of the triangle are equal (beams
two vertices are known. If the angle sum of equal length), and the included angles between
property is used to find the third angle, these sides are known, by the ASA (Angle-Side-
explain why the triangles formed by the Angle) criterion, the two triangles formed by the
beams are congruent. [2] beams are congruent.
The third angle is calculated using the angle sum
OR property, ensuring that the sum of all angles in

The engineer needs to verify if the design of the triangle is 180 . Hence, the triangles formed
a triangular support structure satisfies the are congruent.
conditions of the Triangle Inequality
Theorem. If the lengths of the sides of the OR
triangle are AB = 7 cm , BC = 9 cm and
CA = 12 cm , determine if this triangle can The Triangle Inequality Theorem states that for
exist based on the Triangle Inequality any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two
Theorem. sides must be greater than the length of the third
side.
Solution: To apply the Triangle Inequality Theorem, the
sum of the lengths of any two sides must be
i. The angle sum property states that the sum of the greater than the third side.
AB + BC = 7 + 9 = 16 > 12
angles in a triangle is 180°.
AB + CA = 7 + 12 = 19 > 9
BC + CA = 9 + 12 = 21 > 7
180 − ( 45 + 65 ) = 180 − 110 = 70
Since all three inequalities are satisfied, the
So, the third angle is 70°. triangle can exist.

ii. In an equilateral triangle, all three angles are

equal. Since the sum of angles in any triangle is
180 , each angle would measure.

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MEMORY MAP

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CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

[Total Marks: 25]

Select and write one most appropriate option out of the four options given for each of the questions 1 – 6 .

SECTION - A

1. Which of the following is true if two triangles have one pair of corresponding sides equal and the included
angle between them equal, and one other pair of corresponding sides equal? [1]

(A) The triangles are congruent by SAS.

(B) The triangles are congruent by ASA.
(C) The triangles are congruent by AAS.
(D) The triangles are congruent by SSS.

2. Two trees are growing in the shape of triangles with corresponding sides in the ratio 2 : 3 . If the smaller
tree has a side of 10 m , what will be the length of the corresponding side of the larger tree?
[1]
A) 12 m
B) 15 m
C) 13 m
D) 14 m

3. In DEF , if DE = DF , E = 60° and the bisector of D intersects side EF at point G , what congruence rule
can be used to prove DEG  DFG ? [1]
(A) AAS
(B) SSS
(C) SAS
(D) ASA

4. A rectangular park has length 60 m and width 80 m . What is the length of the diagonal?
[1]
A) 100 m
B) 90 m
C) 120 m
D) 110 m

5. If the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180° which of the following is always true? [1]
(A) The angles can never be greater than 180° .
(B) The angles can never be less than 90° .
(C) The angles must be equal.
(D) The sum of the angles is always exactly 180° .

6. For the following questions, two statements are given – one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (A), (B) , (C) and (D) as given below:
(A) Both A and R are true, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.
(B) Both A and R are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.
(C) A is true, but and R is false.
(D) A is false, but and R is true.

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Assertion (A): If two triangles have two sides and the included angle of one triangle is equal to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, the triangles are congruent by the SAS (Side-Angle-Side)
criterion.
Reason (R): The SAS criterion states that if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to
the corresponding parts of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

SECTION – B

7. In triangle ABC , if AB = AC and BC = BD , where D lies on side AC, Can we say that ABC  ABD ?
Justify your answer. [2]

8. In a triangle, if the lengths of two sides are equal, can we conclude that the angles opposite these sides
are equal? Justify your answer. [2]

SECTION – C

9. (a) In triangle ABC , AB = AC and BC = 10 cm . If the perpendicular from A meets BC at point D such
that BD = CD , prove that triangle ABD is congruent to a triangle ACD .

OR

(b) A triangular beam in a construction project is formed with sides 6 meters, 8 meters, and 10 meters.
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, determine whether the beam frame is right-angled. If it is, calculate
the area of the triangle and explain its relevance to the beam's stability.
[3]

10. If two triangles are congruent by the "Side-Side-Side" (SSS) criterion, does it mean that the triangles are
also congruent by the "Side-Angle-Side" (SAS) criterion? Justify your answer. [3]

SECTION – D

9. (a) In a right-angled triangle ABC , AB = 8 cm , BC = 15 cm and B = 90°. Another triangle DEF is given,
where DE = 8 cm , EF = 15 cm and E = 90°. Prove that ABC is congruent to DEF Using the RHS
congruency criterion. Additionally, explain how the properties of the hypotenuse and side in the
congruent triangles help ensure the stability of these shapes in practical applications, such as in
construction or engineering.

OR

(b) In an equilateral triangle ABC , all sides are equal. If a line segment is drawn from A to BC , it bisects
the angle BAC and is perpendicular to BC . Prove that the two smaller triangles formed by this line are
congruent. Use the ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) criterion and also provide a real-life example of where this
property is useful in architecture or design. [5]

SECTION – E

12. An architect is designing a roof truss for a multi-storey building. The truss will be made up of several
triangular supports to distribute the load of the roof evenly. The architect needs to ensure that all the
triangular sections are congruent so that they can support the same amount of weight. By ensuring the
triangles are congruent, the load is distributed evenly across the entire truss, preventing deformation
and structural failures.

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(i) During the construction, one triangular section is measured with sides 6 m, 8 m, and 11 m. Should this
triangle be used in the truss?
[1]

(ii) One triangle’s sides are measured as proportional to 6 m, 8 m, and 10 m in a ratio of 3:4:5. Can this
triangle be used in the roof truss?
[1]

(iii) (a) The architect needs to check if two triangular sections of the truss are congruent. The first triangle
has sides 5 cm , 12 cm and 13 cm , while the second triangle has sides 5 cm , 12 cm and 13 cm. Prove
whether the two triangles are congruent and discuss how this affects the strength of the roof truss.
OR

(b) Two beams of a roof truss are constructed with sides 6 cm , 8 cm and 10 cm . One triangle has a right
angle between the sides of 6 cm and 8 cm , while the second triangle has a right angle between the sides
of 8 cm and 10 cm . Prove whether the two beams are congruent or not. [2]

ANSWERS:

SECTION – A

1. (A)
The given conditions meet the criteria for the SAS (side-angle-side) congruence rule, as one pair of
corresponding sides is equal, the included angle is equal, and another pair of corresponding sides is equal.

2. (B)
Since the triangles are similar, the ratio of corresponding sides is .
10 2
=
x 3
10  3
x= = 15 m
2

3. (B)
In DEG and DFG
DE = DF …[Given]
DEG = DFG …[Since the angle bisector divides D ]
DG = DG …[Common Side]

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Therefore, by the ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) congruence rule

DEG  DFG

4. (A)

The length of the diagonal ddd is given by : d = l 2 + w2

d = 3600 + 6400
d = 10000
d = 100m

5. (D)
The angles of a triangle can never be greater than 180 because the sum of all three angles is always exactly 180 .

6. (A)
If two triangles have two sides and the included angle of one triangle equal to the corresponding parts of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent. This is exactly what the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) criterion asserts.

SECTION - B

7. No, we cannot directly conclude that the triangles are congruent because the third side of the two triangles is
not provided as equal. To use congruence criteria, the third side or angle must be specified. With the given
information, SSS or SAS cannot be applied directly.

8. Yes, we can conclude that the angles opposite these sides are equal.
This property holds true in the case of an isosceles triangle. In an isosceles triangle, the two sides that are equal
are opposite the two equal angles. Therefore, if two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite them must
also be equal.
.

SECTION C

9. (a)
Given:
In triangle ABC :
AB = AC
BC = 10 cm
and the perpendicular from A meets BC at point D such that BD = CD.

To prove: ABD  ACD

Step 1: Show the triangles share common elements.

In triangle ABD and triangle ACD

AB = AC …[Given]

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AD = AD …[Common side]
BD = CD …[Given]

Step 2: Use the criteria for congruence.

By SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence Criterion, since all the corresponding sides of the triangle ABD and
triangle ACD are equal:
AB = AC
AD = AD
BD = CD
Thus, by SSS, we conclude that triangle ABD  ACD .

OR

(b)
First, using the Pythagorean Theorem:
62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
102 = 100
Since both sides are equal, the triangle is right-angled.
The area of a right-angled triangle is:
1
Area = × base × height
2
1
Area = × 6×8 = 24 m 2
2
This confirms the stability of the beam, as right-angled triangles provide structural strength.

10. Yes, it is true that if two triangles are congruent by the "Side-Side-Side" (SSS) criterion, they are also congruent
by the "Side-Angle-Side" (SAS) criterion.
The Side-Side-Side (SSS) criterion states that if the three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding
three sides of another triangle, the triangles are congruent. Since the sides are equal, the angles opposite those
sides must also be equal, making the triangles similar according to the Angle-Angle-Angle (AAA) criterion.
Since the triangles are similar (due to AAA), the angles in one triangle will be congruent to the corresponding
angles in the other.
This allows the application of the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) criterion, because one angle is already equal, and the
two sides adjacent to that angle are also equal by the SSS criterion.
Thus, if two triangles are congruent by SSS, they are also congruent by SAS, which shows how congruence
properties are interconnected.

SECTION – D

11. Step 1: Applying RHS Congruency Criterion.

For triangles ABC and DEF , we are given:
B = E = 90
AB = DE = 8 cm …[One side]
BC = EF = 15 cm … [The other side]
As the two sides are equal, we can conclude using Pythagoras theorem that the Hypotenuse are also equal.
Since the triangles are right-angled and the hypotenuses and one side are equal, by the RHS (Right angle-
Hypotenuse-Side) congruency criterion, we can conclude:
ABC  DEF

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Step 2: Stability in Practical Applications.

In construction and engineering, using congruent triangles ensures the stability of structures. The equal
hypotenuses and sides in the triangles allow for the precise fitting and alignment of beams or supports, ensuring
that the load distribution remains uniform and the structure does not become unstable.
This is particularly important in creating frameworks, as congruence ensures that the shapes hold the same
dimensions, providing equal strength in every part of the structure.

OR

Given:
Since, ABC is equilateral:
AB = AC
A = B = C = 60o

AD is both the angle bisector of BAC and perpendicular to BC :

BAD = CAD = 30 …[Angle bisector property]
ADB = ADC = 90

To Prove: ABD  ACD Using ASA.

Proof:
In ABC
BAD = CAD = 30 …[Each 30 ]
AD = AD …[Common Side]
ADB = ADC …[Each 90 ]

Therefore, by the ASA criterion (Angle-Side-Angle)

ABD  ACD

Step 2: Real-Life Application.

This property is often used in architecture, particularly in the design of roof trusses or support beams. The
congruence of the triangles ensures that the load distribution is uniform across the structure. For instance, when
constructing a roof frame, equal division of the angle at the peak and symmetry in the sides ensure that the
pressure on each beam is equal, preventing sagging or tilting.

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SECTION – E

12. (i) No, this triangle should not be used because the side lengths do not satisfy the triangle congruence
conditions of the standard triangle. The side lengths also fail the Pythagorean theorem, indicating it is
not right-angled

(ii) Yes, it can be used. A triangle with sides in the same ratio ( 3: 4 : 5 ) is similar to the standard triangle.
Similar triangles have the same shape and proportional dimensions, which ensures structural uniformity.

(iii) (a)
Given:
The first triangle has sides 5 cm , 12 cm and 13 cm .
The second triangle has sides. 5 cm , 12 cm and 13 cm .

To Prove: Whether the two triangles are congruent.

Since both triangles have the exact same side lengths ( 5 cm , 12 cm and 13 cm ), by the SSS (Side-Side-
Side) Congruence Criterion, the two triangles must be congruent.

The two triangles are congruent.

This means that the two sections of the truss will have identical dimensions, ensuring equal strength and
stability across the roof truss.

OR
(b)
Given:
The first triangle has sides 6 cm , 8 cm and 10 cm with a right angle between the sides of 6 cm and 8 cm
The second triangle has sides. 6 cm , 8 cm and 10 cm , with a right angle between the sides of 8 cm and
10 cm .
To Prove: Whether the two triangles are congruent or not.
Although the sides of the two triangles are the same ( 6 cm , 8 cm and 10 cm ), the placement of the right
angle differs. The first triangle has the right angle between the sides. 6 cm , 8 cm , while the second
triangle has the right angle between the sides 8 cm and 10 cm .

Using the RHS (Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side) congruence criterion, the triangles must have the right
angle between the same pair of sides to be congruent.
Since this condition is not met, the two triangles are not congruent.

Conclusion: The two triangles are not congruent because the right angle is between different pairs of
sides. This would result in different structural behaviour if used in the truss design, leading to possible
variations in strength.

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