Science Study guide

Forces in Fluids
Vocab
● Fluids: Any substance that can change shape or flow easily.
● Pressure: The amount of force exerted per area.
● Fluid pressure: The pressure at a place within a fluid caused by the fluid’s
weight.
● Air pressure: the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth.
● Elevation: The height to which something is elevated above sea level.
● Water pressure: A force that makes the flow or water strong or weak.
● Buoyancy: an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a
partially or fully immersed object.
● Density: A substance's mass per unit of volume
Vocab 2
● Pascal’s Principle: The external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is distributed or
transmitted evenly throughout the liquid in all directions.
● Force: an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity.
● Hydraulic Systems: systems that function and perform tasks by using pressurized fluids.
● Bernoulli’s principle: as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid
decreases.
● Liquid: The state of matter in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow and
little or no tendency to disperse, and is amorphous but has a fixed volume and is difficult to
compress
● Gas: The state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by relatively low density
and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and
temperature, the ability to diffuse readily, and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed
uniformly throughout any container.
Pressure Fluid Pressure
● All of the forces exerted by the individual
● Pressure decreases as the
particles in a fluid combine to make up
area over which a force is the pressure exerted by the fluid.
distributed increases. ● A fluid is a gas, such as air, or a liquid,
such as water.
● Pressure tells how much
● The tiny particles in a fluid move all the
force pushes on each part time.
of a surface. ● The particles push on everything around
them.
● The formula for pressure
● Fluid pressure is the force exerted by the
is: Pressure = Force ÷ Area particles of a fluid.
● The unit for pressure is ● Air pushes down on everything on Earth.
● Air pressure is one kind of fluid pressure.
the Pascal (Pa).
● Atmospheric pressure is the pressure due
● 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 to the weight of atmosphere on earth.
=101 Kpa
Calculation of pressure in fluid Variations in Fluid Pressure
● Formula of Fluid ● As your elevation increases, air
Pressure= pressure decreases.
Pfluid = P + ρgh ● There are different amounts of
air pressure in different
● P= Pressure at the places.
reference point ● There is less air pressure in
● Pfluid= the pressure at a high places, such as on a
point in a fluid mountain top.
● ρ= the fluid’s density ● There is more air pressure in
● g= the acceleration lower places, such as in a
because of gravity valley.
(considering earth g = 9.8 ● Air pressure is measured with
m/s) a barometer.
● Elevation vs. Pressure
What Affects Water Pressure? Variations in Fluid Pressure 2
The pressure increases as ● Water pressure
the diver gets deeper increases as depth
because more and more increases.
water is pushing on her. In
addition, the atmosphere ● Water also exerts fluid
pushes down on the pressure.
water. Therefore,the total
pressure on the diver is ● The deeper you go in
the sum of the water the water, the more
pressure and the water pressure pushes
atmospheric pressure. on you.
Buoyancy Density
● The buoyant force acts in the ● By comparing densities, you
direction opposite to the force can predict whether an object
of gravity, so it makes an object will sink or float in a fluid.
feel lighter. ● Density tells how much mass
● Water and other fluids push up an object has for its volume.
on objects. ● To find density, you can use
● This upward push is called the the formula:
buoyant force. Density = Mass ÷ Volume
● It makes objects in fluid feel ● If an object is more dense than
lighter. a fluid, the object will sink in
● If an object’s weight is more that fluid.
than the buoyant force, the ● If an object is less dense than
object will sink. a fluid, the object will float on
● If the object’s weight is equal to that fluid.
the buoyant force, the object ● What does it mean if the object
will float. is suspended in the fluid?
Buoyancy Pascal’s Principle
● When the object is placed in a ● When force is applied to a
fluid, it takes up space. confined fluid, the change in
● Some of the fluid needs to pressure is transmitted equally
to all parts of the fluid.
move to make room for the
● A fluid pushes against its
object.
container.
● The weight of the fluid that
● When a container of fluid is
needs to move is equal to the
squeezed, the fluid pressure
buoyant force.
increases.
● A big object takes up more ● Pascal’s principle says that
room than a small object. when force is applied to a fluid
● So a big object is acted on by in a closed container, pressure
a greater buoyant force than increases all through the fluid.
a small object.
Pascal’s principle Hydraulic Systems
● You can see Pascal’s ● A hydraulic system
principle with a water multiplies force by applying
balloon. the force to a small surface
● When you push in on one area.
part of the balloon, other ● The increase in pressure is
parts of the balloon bulge then transmitted to
out. another part of the
● A hydraulic device contains confined fluid, which
fluid. pushes on a larger surface
● Force is applied to one part area.
of the device. ● Hydraulic systems use
● The change in fluid fluids to transmit pressure.
pressure can be used to ● Hydraulic systems multiply
multiply the force. force.
Hydraulic systems Bernoulli’s Principle
● When a hydraulic system is ● Bernoulli’s principle states
used, a force is applied to a that as the speed of a moving
small area. fluid increases, the pressure
● The pressure is transmitted within the fluid decreases.
through the fluid. ● Bernoulli’s principle says that
● The fluid pushes on a larger the faster a fluid moves, the
area. less pressure it exerts.
● The pressure stays the same, ● Fluid moves from places with
but the force is multiplied. high pressure to places with
● The lifts used in car repair low pressure.
shops, and the chairs in ● When you suck on a drinking
barber shops and beauty straw, you make an area of
salons, use hydraulic low pressure in the straw. This
systems. causes the fluid in the cup to
move up the straw.
Applying Bernoulli’s Principle Applying Bernoulli’s Principle
● Wind moves air over a chimney. ● Bernoulli’s principle helps
● The air pressure is lower at the explain how planes fly.
top of the chimney than at the ● It also helps explain why smoke
bottom. rises up a chimney, how an
● Smoke moves up the chimney atomizer works, and how a
flying disk glides through the
because of the different air
air.
pressure. ● Airplane wings are curved so
air moves faster over the top.
● There is less pressure on top of
the wing.
● Fluid pressure pushes the
airplane wing upward.
● Lift is an upward force due to
different air pressures above
and below an object.