XII –Chemistry
Solutions-1
MIXTURE:
When two or more chemically non-reactive substances are mixed they
form a mixture. Most of the materials we encounter in our daily lives
are in the form of mixtures.
Example:
i) The air, we breathe, is gaseous mixture of primarily oxygen and
nitrogen.
ii) Blood is a mixture of many different components, rock are solid
mixtures of different minerals.
It is of two types:
i) Homogeneous mixture
It consists of single phase i.e., it is uniform and its properties are same
throughout the mixture. Its components cannot be seen by the naked
eye or with the help of a microscope.
ii) Heterogeneous mixture
It consists of distinct phases (i.e.,) it is not uniform. Its components can
be seen by naked eye or with the help of microscope.
SOLUTION:
A homogeneous mixture of two or more components whose
composition can be varied within certain limits is termed as a solution.
We can’t filtrate out the components of solution. All solutions are
characterized by
i) Homogeneity (ii) Absence of settling (iii) Particle size range is (10-7 -
10-8 cm)
Methods of expressing the concentration of a solution:
i) Mass percentage (W/W):
It is defined as the amount of solute in grams in 100g of the solution.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mass percentage of solute = X 100
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
ii) Volume percentage (V /V):
It is defined as the volume of solute in mL present in 100mL solution.
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percentage of solute by volume = X 100
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
iii) Mass by volume % (W/V):
Defined as the mass of solute present in 100mL of solution.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percentage of solute mass by volume= X100
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
iv) Parts per million:
When the solute is present in trace quantities, it is
convenient to express the concentration in parts per million
(ppm).
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Ppm= X 106
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
v) Mole fraction:
It is defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component
to the total no. Of moles of the solution.
𝒏𝒐.𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mole fraction of solute = 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆+𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒏𝒐.𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mole fraction of solvent =
𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆+𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
Mole fraction is unit less quantity
vi) Molarity:
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre
of solution. It is denoted by M. The unit of molarity is mol/litre.
𝒏𝒐.𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Molarity =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒆)
vii) Molality:
Number of moles of solute is dissolved in 1kg of solute. It is denoted by
‘m’. S.I unit of molality is mol/kg.
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Molality =
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕(𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈)
Solubility :
Factors influence the solubility of a solute in a liquid:
1. Nature of solute:
The ionic solute having high lattice energy are less soluble. The ions are
solvated by the solvent molecules and in this process energy (known as
hydration energy) is released. When the hydration energy is high, the
ionic solid is more soluble. Many non – ionic substances dissolve in
polar solvents due to hydrogen bonding.
2. Nature of solvent:
Ionic solids dissolve to a larger extent in a solvent having a high
dielectric constant. Dielectric constant of water is 8, methyl alcohol is
33.5. so ionic solid dissolves more readily in water than, methyl alcohol.
3. Temperature:
The solubility depends on heat of solution. If a substance dissolves with
absorption of heat, the solubility increases with rise of temperature. If a
substance dissolve with evolution of heat, the solubility decreases with
rise of temperature.
4. Pressure:
Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in
liquids. Because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and
practically remains unaffected by change in pressure.
Solubility of a gas in liquid:
1. Solubility of gases increases with increase in pressure.
2. Solubility of gases decreases with increase in temperature.
The most important factor which influence the solubility of a gas in liquid is
the pressure.
HENRY’S LAW:
The mass of a gas dissolved by a given volume of a liquid, at constant
temperature is proportional to the pressure of the gas.
Mass of gas dissolved ∝ pressure of the gas
Or, The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phases (p) is proportional
to mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.