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CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Python Name - Famous Tv Show Monty python's flying
circus. Python is
 General-purpose
 interpreted
 interactive
 high-level programming language

The main advantage of python is open source under GNU

General Public License. It is an interpreted language means
the code is processed at runtime, similar to PERL and PHP.
Python also supports object-oriented similar to other high
level programming languages like C++, java that
encapsulate code within the object. For beginners to learn
programming, python is correct choice.

History:

Python is introduced by Guido Van Rossum during 1985 to

1990 at National Research Institute for Mathematics and
Computer Science in the Netherlands. It is derived from
many other languages including ABC, modula-3, C, C++,
Unix etc.

Features:

 Easy to learn
 Easy to read
 Easy to maintain
 Broad standard library
 Interactive mode

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 Portable
 Extendable
 Databases
 GUI Programming
 Scalable
Python supports functional and Structured programming
methods as well as OOP. It is also Used as a Scripting
Language or can be compiled to byte code for building large
applications. It provides high level dynamic datatype and
supports dynamic type checking. Python supports automatic
garbage collections and easily integrated with other
languages like C, C++, Java.
Use Case:

 YouTube: Originally it is written in Python and MySQL

 Dropbox: web-based file hosting service
 Yahoomaps uses python
 Google: Many components of google search engine written in
python
 YUM: Package management utility in Linux OS
 Zope Corp Blue Bream (a powerful web application server)

What you can do with python?

 Shell scripting
 Gaming programming
 Windows development
 Testing code
 Web development

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Special Features:

 Interpreter (Learning made easy)

 Supports Object Oriented Programming
 Other libraries can be attached in python
 Python libraries can be attached with other languages
 Extensive Library
 Open Source

Versions of Python

 CPython (Original)
 Cython (Compatible for c program)
 Jython (JVM based Code)
 IronPython (C# .Net)

Mode of Python Programming:

[Link] mode
[Link] mode

1. Interactive mode:

You can write python code using python command line

interpreter Goto command prompt
c:> python
- Command prompt
>>>print ("Hello World!") - Version 3.5 and above
If you are using python version 2.x, you can specify string without
brackets
>>> print "Hello World!"- Version 2.7 and lower
Use Python as a calculator

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>>> 25+653+12.5
690.5
To exit from python prompt use exit function
>>> exit() or control+Z

2. Script mode:

Use notepad or notepad++ to write scripts

Open new notepad file and add the below statements
print ("Hello World")
a = 10
b = 20
c = a+b
print ("The result of c is: ", c)
Now save the file as
[Link] Change the
directory to file location
> cd E:\python\example>
> dir : It shows all the files in the
current directory
> type [Link] : To display file content
> cls : To clear screen
> python [Link] : To execute the script file

Pycharm:

PyCharm is a cross-platform editor developed by JetBrains.

Pycharm provides all the tools you need for productive Python
development.

Installing Pycharm
To download PyCharm visit the website
[Link] and
Click the
"DOWNLOAD" link under the Community Section.

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Features:

Be More Productive
Save time while PyCharm takes care of the routine. Focus on the
bigger things and embrace the keyboard-centric approach to
get the most of PyCharm’s many productivity features

Get Smart Assistance

PyCharm knows everything about your code. Rely on it for
intelligent code completion, on-the-fly error checking and quick-
fixes, easy project navigation, and much more.

Boost Code Quality

Write neat and maintainable code while the IDE helps you keep
control of the quality with PEP8 checks, testing assistance,
smart refactoring, and a host of inspections.

Simply All You Need

PyCharm is designed by programmers, for programmers, to
provide all the tools you need for productive Python
development.

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Chapter 2: Data Types

Memory Operations
 No declaration
 Store values in variable name
 Retrieve value
 Delete variable (del)
 Constants / arithmetic operations decide variable types

Example:
>>> 10
>>> a = 10
>>> del(a)

Types:

 Int
 Float
 String
 Boolean

Numbers:

- int (10)
- long (0122L) - in python3 no long datatype
- float (15.20)
- Complex (3.4j) - j might be lower case or upper case
- Type conversion
- int()
- float()

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- long()
- complex()
Example:
a = int(10) print(b)
print(a) 10 10.56 -- automatically
b=
converts string into float
float(“10.56”) a+b

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Chapter 3: Operators

Operators are the constructs, which can manipulate the value of

operands
Example:
>>> 4 * 5 = 20

Types of Operators:

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational/Comparison Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Logical Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Addition (+)  Add two operands and unary plus
Subtraction (-)  Subtract right operand from the left or
unary minus Multiply ( * )  Multiply two operands
Divide ( / )  Divide left operand by the right one (always
results into float)
Modulus ( % )  remainder of the division of left operand by the
right
Floor Division(//)  division that results into whole number
adjusted to the left in the number line
Exponent ( ** )  left operand raised to the power of right
operand

Example:

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Comparison Operator
These Operators compare the values on either sides of them and
decide the relation among them.
 Equal (==)
 Not equal (!=)
 Greater than (>)
 Less than (<)
 Greater than or equal to (>=)
 Less than or equal to (<=)

Example:
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Assignment Operator
An Assignment Operator is the operator used to assign a new
value to a variable.
 Assign ( = )
 Add AND ( += )
 Multiply AND ( *= )
 Subtract AND ( -= )
 Divide AND ( /= )
 Modulus AND ( %= )
 Exponent AND ( **= )

Example:

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Bitwise Operator
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit
operation bin() can be used to obtain binary representation
of an integer number.

Operator Description Example

Operator copies a bit, to (a & b) (means
& the result, if it 0000 1100)
exists in both operands
It copies a bit, if it exists in (a | b) = 61 (means
| either operand. 0011 1101)

It copies the bit, if it is set in (a ^ b) = 49

^
one operand but not both. (means 0011
0001)

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(~a ) = -61 (means

It is unary and has the effect 1100 0011 in 2's
~ complement form
of 'flipping' bits.
due to a signed
binary number.
The left operand's value is
a << 2 = 240
<< moved left by the number of
(means
bits specified by the right
operand. 1111 0000)
The left operand's value is
a >> 2 = 15
>> moved right by the number
(means 0000
of bits specified by the right
operand. 1111

Logical Operator

Membership Operator
These Operators are used to test whether a value or a variable
is found in a sequence (Lists, Tuples, Sets, Strings, Dictionaries).

Operator Description Example

True if value/variable is found in x = list[1,2,3,4,5]
in 5 in x
the sequence

True if value/variable is not

not in 6 not in x
found in the sequence
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Chapter 4: Sequences

What are sequences?

Sequences are containers with items that are accessible by

indexing or slicing. The built-in len() function takes any
container as an argument and returns the number of items in
the container.

Sequence Operations:

 Concatenation - Combine multiple sequences together

 Repetition - To repeat particular sequence multiple times
 Membership Testing - To check the item is belonging to
the particular seq
 Slicing - To slice particular range
 Indexing - Index value for each item (Index starting from 0)

Types of Sequences in Python:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

1. List:

 List is the most versatile data type in python

 It can be written as a list of comma-separated values
between square brackets
 Items in a list need not be a same data type

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 Similar to arrays in c (but arrays can store similar datatype)

Example:
Fruit = ['mango', 'apple', 'orange']

Operations:
 [Link](elem) - To store the new element after the last
one
 [Link](index, elem) - To define where you want to store
the value
 [Link](list2)
 [Link](elem)
 [Link](elem)
 [Link]()
 [Link]()

Example 1:
Subjects = ['physics', 'Chemistry', 'Maths'] Games =
['Football', 'Cricket', 'Tennis'] [Link]('History')
#append
operation print(Subjects)
[Link](1,'History') # TO insert into the second
position
print(Subjects)
[Link](Games)
print(Subjects)
[Link]('Chemistry')
print(Subjects)
[Link]() # it prints the elements in the
reverse order
print(Subjects)
print(Subjects + Games) # Similar
to [Link](Games)
# Repeat the list twice
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print(Subject * 2)

Example 2:
list = [ 'abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2] tinylist = [123,
'john']
print (list) # Prints complete list
['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2]
print (list[0]) # Prints first element of the list
abcd
print (list[1:3]) # Prints elements starting from 2nd till
3rd
[786, 2.23]
print (list[2:]) # Prints elements starting from 3rd
element
[2.23, 'john', 70.2]
print (tinylist * 2) # Prints list two times
[123, 'john', 123, 'john']
print (list + tinylist) # Prints concatenated lists
['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123, 'john'] del list[2]
print(list) [Link]("rahul")
print(list)

2. Strings:

 Single quote 'Hello World'

 Double quote "Hello World"
 Accessing String
o Whole string
o Sub string
 Escape Characters '\r', '\n', '\t' etc.
 Escape Characters - '\xnn' for hexa decimal

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Example:
Fruit = 'Mango'

Operations:
slicing - string[range]
Updating - string[range] + 'x'
Concatenation - String 1 +
String 2 Repetition - String 1 * 2
Membership - In, Not in
Reverse - String[:-1]
stg = 'Keep the blue flag flying high'
print(stg. len ()) - To print length of the
characters print([Link]('b')) - To print index
value of character 'b'
print([Link]('f')) - To check number of times
character 'f' repeated
print(stg[0:4]) - To print first 4 characters (4 is
ignored) print(stg[::-1]) - To reverse the string
print([Link]()) - To print in upper case
print(stg * 2) - To print the statements
twice print(stg + 'XXXX') - To
concatenate two strings

Membership testing:
if 'P' in stg:
print('It is an element')

Example:
name = 'My name is XXXX'
print (name)
My name is XXXX
name

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'My name is XXXX' -- it represents variable type
a = 10
a
10
b = float(10) b
10.0
c = 10L
c
10L
type (c) - to display variable type

Substring:
name [0] - it prints 1st character from the
string 'M'
name[1] - it prints last character from
the string 'i'
name[2] - It prints empty
string ''
name[0:2] - 0-inclusive, 2-exclusive
'My'
name[0:3]
'My'
name[3:7]
'name'
name[-4:-1]
‘XXX'
name[-4:]
'XXXX'
b = '\x10' b
'\x10'
print(b)

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b = 'Hello World\x11' b
'Hello World\x11'

3. Dictionaries:
 Unordered collection of key-value pair
 It is generally used when we have huge amount of data
 Denoted by {}

Example:
d = {1:'value','key':2}
print(type(d)) print("d[1]=",
d[1])

Operations:
Length
del
membership testing

Demo:
Student = {'Name':'XXXX', 'Age':33} print(Student)
print(Student['Name']) - To print value of 'Name'
key Student['Gender'] = 'Male' - To add one more key-
value pair to existing dic
print(Student)
[Link]('Name') -To remove name key
value pair [Link]() -To clear all key value in a
dict or del a dict
Student['Name'] = 'Santhosh' - To change the name value

4. Tuples:

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 A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects
 The tuples cannot be changed
 Tuples are faster than list

fruits = ('Mango','Apple', 'Grapes')

Operations:
Index -[Link]()
Sclicing -Tuple[range]
Concatenation -
Tuple1+Tuple2 Repetition -
Tuple * 2
Count -[Link](elem)

Example:
Cricket = ('Dhoni', 'Sachin', 'Virot') Football =
('Hazard', 'Lampard', 'Terry')
[Link]('Dravid')
print(Football) - Error because it is
updatable # indexing
print(Cricket[1])
print([Link]('Virot')) - To print particular element
index
# Slicing
print(Football[0:2]) - 0 - Starting, 2 - means
actually (2-1)
# Concatenation
FoodCric = Football + Cricket
print(FoodCric)
# Repetition
print(Cricket * 2) #
count
print([Link]('Hazard'))

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Question:
Football = [('Dhoni', 'Sachin', 'Virot'),('Hazard', 'Lampard', 'Terry')]
 In the above example how the indexing will be created
 Football is a List which contains 2 tuples
 Football list index is 0 and 1
 0 - tuples index ( 0, 1, 2)
 1 - tuple index (0,1,2)

Now i want o print

'Lampard' print(Football[1]
[1]) Now i want to print
'Virot' print(Football[0][2])

Example:
Points = [(1,2),(3,4),(6,7)]
[Link]((5,6))
print(Points)
[Link]((1,2))
print(Points)

5. Sets:

 A set contains an unordered collection of unique

and immutable objects(unchanged).
 Sets are denoted by '{}'

Example:
Fruit = {'Mango','Apple','Grapes'}

Operations:

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Slicing
Add
element
clear
copy
Difference
Discard
Remove
Intersectio
n
Set1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,6} - If we print this, '6' is
printed only once
Set2 = {5,6,7,8,9,10}
print(Set1)
Set1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
[Link](4) - To discard element 4
print(Set1)
print(Set1 | Set2) - Union Operation(Adding) print(Set1
& Set2) - Intersection (prints common elements
print(Set1 - Set2) - Difference
print(Set1 ^ Set2) - Symmetric difference (Except
common
elements in bothsets)

Can we convert list into set?

list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,5,6,7,8]
print(list1)
Set3 = set(list1) print(Set3)

If you want to convert list into tuple:

list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,5,6,7,8]
tup = tuple(list1) print(tup)

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Chapter 5: Control and Loop Statements

Why to use loop?

If a software developer develops a software module for
payroll processing that needs to compute the salaries and
the bonus of all the employees.

Example:
salary + bonus = Total salary
-> emp1 salary + bonus =
Total salary -> emp2 salary +
bonus = Total salary -> emp3
Write logic to calculate total salary of all employees

What are loops?

 loops allow the execution of the statement or a group
of statement multiple times.
 In order to enter the loop certain conditions are
defined in the beginning
 Once the condition becomes false the loop stops and
the control moves out of the loop.
 pre-test & Post-test loops
 If the condition is checked before the loop enters
 Condition is checked after the loops ends
 In python, there is no post-test loops

Types of Loops
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

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1. While:
 Indefinite or conditional loops.
 It will keep iterating until certain conditions are met
 There is no guarantee ahead of time regarding how
many times the loop will iterate.

Syntax:
while expression:
<statements>

Example:
count = 0
while count < 9:
print("Number: ", count)
count = count + 1;
print("Print the Numbers")

When you don't know how many iterations are required, use while
loop.

2. For Loop:

 Repeats the group of statements a specific number of times

 For loops provides the syntax where the following
information is provided:
o Boolean condition
o Initialization of the counting variable
o Incrementation of counting variable

Syntax:
for <variable> in <range>:
<statement 1;>

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<statement 2;>
<statement n;>

Example 1:
Fruits = ["Mango", "Apple", "Orangle"] for fruit in
Fruits:
print ("Current fruit is: ", fruit) print("Good bye")

Example 2:
num = int(input("Number: "))
factorial = 1
if num < 0:
print("must be positive") elif
num == 0:
print("factorial = 1") else:
for i in range(1, num+1): factorial =
factorial * i
print(factorial)

3. Nested Loop:

 Allows use of loop inside another loop

 Use for loop inside a for loop
 Use while loop inside a while loop

Example: Simulate bank ATM

ENTER 4 digit pin -> check a balance
-> Make a withdrawal
-> Pay In
-> Return Card

print("Welcome to ATM")

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restart = ('Y') chances
=3
balance = 67.14 while
chances >= 0:
pin = int(input('Please enter your 4 digit pin:')) if pin ==
(1234):
print('You entered your Pin Correctly \n') while restart
not in ('n', 'no', 'No','N'):
print("Please press 1 for your Balance \n") print("Please
press 2 for your Withdrawl \n") print("Please press 3 for
your Pay in \n") print("Please press 4 for your Return Card \
n") option = int (input ('What would you like to
choose?'))
if option == 1:
print('Your balance is Rs.', balance,'\n') restart =
input('Would you like to go back?') if restart in ('n', 'no',
'No','N'):
print('Thank you') break
elif option == 2: option2 =
('Y')
Withdrawl = float(input('How much would you like to withdraw? \
n Rs.10/Rs.20/Rs.40/Rs.60/Rs.80/Rs.100')
if Withdrawl in [10,20,40,60,80,100]: balance
= balance - Withdrawl
print("\n your balance is now Rs.", balance) if restart
in ('n', 'no', 'No','N'):
print('Thank you') break
elif Withdrawl != [10,20,40,60,80,100]: print("Invalid
Amount, please Re-try\n") restart = ('Y')
elif Withdrawl == 1:
Withdrawl = float(input('Please enter
desired amount:'))
elif option == 3:
Pay_in = float(input("How much would you like to pay
in?"))
balance = balance + Pay_in
print ("Your Balance is now Rs.", balance)

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restart = input("Would you like to go back?") if restart
in ('n', 'no', 'No','N'):
print('Thank you') break
elif option == 4:
print("Please wait while your card is
returned...\n")
print("Thank you for your service") break

else:

print('Please enter a correct number. \n') restart =

('Y')
elif pin != (1234): print('Incorrect
Password') chances = chances - 1
if chances == 0:
print ('\n No more tries') break

Example 2:
count = 1
for i in range(10): print
(str(i) * i)
for j in range(0, i): count =
count +1

Output:
1
22
333
4444
55555
666666
7777777
88888888
999999999

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Chapter 6: Functions

 Functions are used to perform particular task

 Functions takes some input and produce output or change
 The function is a piece of code that you can reuse
 You can implement your own functions, in many cases
use built-in functions

Built-in functions:
Python has many built-in function, you should know what
task that function performs
L1 = [1,2,3,4,5]
len(L1) - It writes number of elements in a list
5
sum(L1) - prints sum of L1
15
print(L1)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
L2 = [5,3,4,2,1]
[Link]()
print(L2)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] - the input is changed

User-defined functions:
Demo 1
def add1(a):
----- b = a + 1 # indents
-------return b

def - keyword to define a

function add1 - function
name
a - function argument (formal
parameter) return- keyword to return
the output

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# call the function
add1(5)
6
def add1(a):
... b = a+1
... return b
...
add1(5)
6

# Save the output of a function in variable c

c = add1(10)
print(c)
11

# Document String - To create help document

def add1(a):
... """
... add 1 to a
... """
... b=a+1
... return b
...
help(add1)

Help on function add1 in module main :

add1(a)
add 1 to a

# Passing - Multiple Parameters

- A function can have multiple parameters
def mul(a, b):
... c=a*b
... return c
...
mul(2,3) 6
mul(10,3.15)
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31.5
mul(2,"XXXX") - 2 * "XXXX"
'XXXXXXXX'

# No return statement & argument

def mj():
... print("XXXX")
...
mj()
XXXX

# Empty block
def nowork():
...
...
File "<stdin>", line 3
^

IndentationError: expected an indented block

- use pass to define empty block
def nowork():
... pass
...
print(nowork)
none
- In function if the return statement is not called, python
automatically written none
// Assumed
def nowork():
... pass
...return none // automatically returned

# Usually functions perform more than one task

def add1(a):
... b=a+1
... print(a, "plus 1 equals", b)
... return b
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...

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add1(2)
2 plus 1 equals 3 -- Output of Print
3 -- Output of return

# Use for loop within the function

In Python, the enumerate() function is used to iterate through a
list while keeping track of the list items' indices.

Example:
pets = ('Dogs', 'Cats', 'Turtles', 'Rabbits')

Then you'll need this line of code:

for i, pet in enumerate(pets): print i, pet
Your output should be as follows:
0 Dogs
1 Cats
2 Turtles
3 Rabbits
- use loops within the function
def printStuff(Stuff):
... for i,s in enumerate(Stuff):
... print("Album", i, "rating is", s)
...
album_rating = [10.0,8.5,9.5] printStuff(album_rating)
Album 0 rating is 10.0
Album 1 rating is 8.5
Album 2 rating is 9.5

# Collecting Arguments
def Ast(*names):
... for name in names:
... print(name)
...
Ast("XXXX","Santhosh","Monica") XXXX

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Santhosh
Monica
Ast("Danie","Felix") Danie
Felix
Ast("Dolly",2)
Dolly
2

# Scope Variable: Local vs Global

def locvar():
... Date = 1984 -- Local
... return(Date)
...
print(locvar()) 1984
Date = 1985 -- Global
print(Date)
1985

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Chapter 7: FILES

Python too supports file handling and allows users to handle files
i.e., to read and write files, along with many other file handling
options, to operate on files. We can control what kind of
operations we can perform on a file with the mode parameter of
openfunction.

Opening and Closing Files

We use open() function to open a file in read or write mode. To

return a file object, we use open() function along with two
arguments, that accepts file name and the mode, whether to
read or write.

Syntax:
fileobject = open(filename, mode)

Here is a list of opening modes:

r Read-only mode, file must exist
w Write-only mode, creates or overwrites an existing file
a Write-only mode, write always append to the end
r+ Read/write mode
w+ Read/write mode, creates or overwrites an existing file
a+ Read/write mode, write will append to end

Opens a file for reading only in binary format. The file

rb pointer is placed at the beginning of the file. This is the
default mode.
Opens a file for writing only in binary format. Overwrites
the file
wb if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a
new file for writing.
ab Opens a file for appending in binary format. The file
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pointer is at

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the end of the file if the file exists. That is, the file is
in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates
a new file for writing.
Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary
rb+ format. The file pointer placed at the beginning of the
file.
Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary format.
wb Overwrites the existing file if the file exists. If the file
+ does not exist, creates a new file for reading and
writing.
Opens a file for both appending and reading in
binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the file if
ab the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If
+ the file does not exist, it creates a new file for reading
and writing

The file object attributes: Once a file is opened and you have
one file object, we can get various information related to that
file. A list of all attributes related to file object is here,
Attribute Description
[Link] Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise.
[Link] Returns access mode with which file was
opened.
[Link] Returns name of the file.
Returns false if space explicitly required with
[Link]
ce print, true otherwise.

Example:
# Open a file
fileo = open("[Link]", "wb")
print "Name of the file: ", [Link] print
"Closed or not ", [Link] print "Opening
mode: ", [Link]

This produces the below result:

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Name of the file: [Link]
Closed or not: False

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Opening mode: wb

The close method of a file object flushes any unwritten

information and closes the file object, after which no more writing
can be done.

Python automatically closes a file when the reference object of a

file is reassigned to another file. It is a good practice to use the
close method to close a file.

Syntax:[Link](); Example:
# Open a file
fileo = open("[Link]", "wb")
print "Name of the file: ", [Link] # Close
opened file
[Link]()

Result: Name of the file: [Link]

Sample program:
import [Link]
import sys
f1=input("enter a source file").strip()
f2=input("enter a target file").strip() if
[Link](f2):
print(f2 +"already exists")
infile=open(f1,"r")
outfile=open(f2,"w")
countlines=countcharacters=0 for
line in infile:
countlines+=1 countcharacters+=len(line)

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[Link](line)
print(countlines, "lines and",countcharacters,"characters copied")
print("Contents copied from file 1 to file 2") [Link]()
[Link]()

Writing and Reading files

The write method writes any string to an open file. It is important

to note that Python strings can have binary data and not just text.
The write method does not add a newline character ′ \n ′ to the
end of the string.

Syntax: [Link](string);
Here, passed parameter is the content to be written into the
opened file.

Example:
# Open a file
fileo = open("[Link]", "wb") [Link]("Python is a
great language!!\n"); # Close opend file
[Link]()
Result:
Python is a great language!!

The read method reads a string from an open file. It is important

to note that Python strings can have binary data. apart from text
data.
Syntax: [Link]([count]);

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Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be read from
the opened file. This method starts reading from the beginning of
the file and if count is missing, then it tries to read as much as
possible, maybe until the end of file.

Example:
# Open a file
fileo = open("[Link]", "r+") str =
[Link](10);
print "Read String is : ", str # Close
opend file [Link]()

Result:
Read String is : Python is

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