Solutions and Solubility
Parts of a Solution
• SOLUTE – the part of a solution that is being dissolved
(usually the lesser amount)
• SOLVENT – the part of a solution that dissolves the
solute (usually the greater amount)
• Solute + Solvent = Solution
Solution
Solvent
Solute
Solutions
A solution is a
homogeneous mixture
of 2 or more substances
in a single phase.
One constituent is usually
regarded as the
SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
Nature of Solutes in Solutions
Spread evenly throughout the solution
Cannot be separated by filtration
Can be separated by evaporation
Not visible, solution appears transparent
May give a color to the solution
4
Types of Solutes
Electrolyte : Substance which when dissolved in
water yield ions and conduct the electric current through
the solution, divided into:
- Strong electrolytes e.g., Hcl
- Slightly soluble electrolyte e.g., Agcl
- Weak electrolytes. e.g., ephedrine, Phenobarbital.
Non-electrolyte : Substance which do
not yield ions when dissolved in water
and therefore do not conduct electric
current through the solution e.g.
sucrose , glycerin, urea.
• Saturated Solution : it is a solution in which
the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with
excess un-dissolved solid at a definite
temperature.
• Un-Saturated solution: it is a solution in
which the dissolved solute in a concentration
below that necessary for complete saturation
at a definite temperature.
Super saturated Solution : it is a solution in
which contains more of dissolved solute than
it would normally contain a definite
temperature .
Examples of solutions
Solution Example
Gas in gas Air
Gas in liquid CO2 in water
Gas in solid H2 adsorbed in palladium metal
Liquid in liquid Alcohol in water
Liquid in solid Hg in Ag
Solid in liquid Sugar in water
Solid in solid Metal alloys
Types of Solvents
Solvents
Polar solvent Non polar solvent Semipolar solvent
Polar Solvent
• That dissolves solute through breaking ionic,
covalent or through hydrogen bond formation.
• - Example of polar solvent (water) when ionic salt is
dissolved in water.
• The Process of solution involves separation of cations
and anions of the salt with orientation of molecules
of water.
• The orientation of solvent molecules around the ions
of the solute a process called (Solvation).
• If the solvent is water the process called (Hydration).
Non-polar Solvent
- Non – polar solvents are not dissolving polar compounds.
- Non – polar solvents can only dissolve non-polar
substances in which the bonds between molecules are
weak. The forces involved are (induced dipole – induced
dipole) type.
Non – polar solvents can not dissolve electrolyte.
- Non – polar solvents can not dissolve non-electrolyte.
- Non –polar solvents can dissolve semi-polar solvents due
to formation of dipole – induced – dipole forces.
Example of non-polar solvents: methyl alcohol and
benzene.
Semi-polar solvents
Which having strong dipole but not able to
break ionic or covalent bond.
Semi-polar Solvents are considered as
intermediate solvents to increase the solubility
of benzene in water and can increase the
solubility of castor oil in water.
Example of semi-polar solvents: Ketones .
How to calculate the concentration of
a solution
1-Percent:
Percent weight by weight % =
mass of solute/ mass of solution x100
Percent weight by volume % w/v =
mass of solute/ volume of solution x1oo
Percent volume by volume % v/v =
volume of solute/ volume of solution X 100
2-Mole fraction and mole percent
Mole fraction, X, of a solute is defined as
the ratio of the number of moles of solute and the total number of moles of
solute and solvent.
Mole fraction of solute =
No. of moles of solute/ No. of moles of solution
X1=n1/ n1 +n2
Mole fraction of a solvent is defined as
The ratio of the number of moles of solvent and total number of moles of
solute and solvent
No. of moles of solvent/ No. of moles of solution
X2=n2/ n1 +n2
Mole percent of solute= X1 x 100
Mole percent of solvent = X2 x 100
3 -Molarity
• Molar solution ( M) :- is the number of
moles of solute contained in 1 liter of solution.
M = (No. of moles of solute/ (volume of solution
(liter)
4 - Molality
Molal solution ( m) :-
is the number of moles of solute dissolved in
1000 g of solvent.
m=(No. of moles of solute / weight of solvent
Kilogram
Problem :1
The solubility of a solute in water is 41.5 per
1000 ml of solution at 18⁰c. The density of the
solution was 1.0375 and the molecular weight
of the solute is 151.9. Express the solubility of
the solute in terms of molarity, molality and
percent by weight; calculate the mole fraction
and mole percent of both components of the
solution.
Problem :2
What is the molarity of a solution prepared by
dissolving 75.5 g of pure KOH in 450 ml
solution.( where atomic mass of K= 39.1 , H=1
and O= 16).
Problem :3
Calculate the weight of HCl present in 150 ml of
a 0.5 molar solution. (where the atomic mass
of Cl= 35.5 and H=1).
Problem :4
What, s the molality of a solution made by
dissolving 1.45g of table sugar (sucrose C12
H22O11 ) in 30 ml of water. ( molecular weight of
sucrose is 342.3 and the density of water is
1.00 g/ml).
Problem: 5
Calculate the mole fraction of HCl of a solution
of HCl acid in water, containing 36% HCl by
weight.( where atomic mass of Cl=35 & H=1 &
O=16 ).
Problem 6
A solution prepared by dissolving 10 gm of
glucose in 100 gm of H2 O. Calculate a glucose
concentration?
Problem 7
What is the percent by weight ( mass%) of NaCl
if 1.75 gm of NaCl is dissolved in 5.85 ml of H2
O.
Problem 8
A solution containing 0.02 mole of solute and
0.06 mole of solvent, calculate the mole
fraction of solute , the mole fraction of solvent ,
and the mole percent of the two constituents.
• Problem 9
A solution of sucrose ( molecular weight 342) is
prepared by dissolving 0.5 g in 1oog. Of water (
molecular weight 18). Compute the mole
fraction of sucrose and water in the solution.
• Problem 10
A solution of sucrose (molecular weight 342) is
prepared by dissolving 0.5 g. in 100 g. of water
compute the molal concentration
• Problem 11
An aqueous solution of glycerin 7% by weight,
was prepared. The molecular weight of glycerin
is 92.1. What is the molality of this solution.
• Problem 12
An aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate was
prepared by adding 41.5g. of FeSO4 to , enough
water to make 1000ml. The density of the
solution is 1.0375 , and the molecular weight of
FeSO4 is 151.9. Calculate the mole fraction of
FeSO4 , the mole fraction of water and the mole
percent of the two constituents. The molecular
weight of water is 18.02.
13-Calculate the mole fraction, molarity and
molality of NH3 if it is in a solution composed of
30.6 g NH3 in 81.3 g of H2O. The density of the
solution is 0.982 g/mL and the density of water
is 1.00 g/mL. (atomic mass N= 14, H=1, O=16)