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Charge
At its most basic level, charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to
experience a force in an electromagnetic field.
Charge isn't just a floating idea; it's carried by tiny particles.
➢ Protons have a positive charge.
➢ Electrons have a negative charge. (-1.602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C)
➢ Neutrons have no charge (they are neutral).
One ampere is a flow of one coulomb of charge per second.
1A=1C/1s
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑞
𝑛=
𝑒
Static Electricity by Friction
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Repulsive and attractive force
Electric Induction
Electric induction (more precisely, electrostatic induction) is the process by which an
uncharged object becomes electrically charged due to the influence of a nearby
charged object, without any direct contact.
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Electric Induction
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Electric Force
Electric force is the force of attraction or repulsion that acts between two objects due
to their electric charges.
Coulomb's Law
The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional
to the product of their charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. The force acts along the straight line joining the charges.
Mathematical Form
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭=𝒌
𝒓𝟐
Where,
F = electric force between charges (N)
q1 and q2 = magnitudes of the charges (C)
r = distance between the charges (m)
k = Coulomb's constant value (9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 𝑐 −2 )
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Electric Force
k = Coulomb's constant value (9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 𝑐 −2 )
1
k = 4𝜋𝜖
0
The value of 𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 𝑁 −1 𝑚−2 𝐶 2
−𝑞1
Electric Field
We know that one charge can attract or repel another
charge. The region around a charge where its
attractive or repulsive influence exists is called the
electric field of that charge. Theoretically, the
electric field has no boundary. It extends to infinity.
+ +
+ + +
+ + ++
Since the attractive/repulsive effect exists within the + +
electric field, if another charge enters the field, a static
electric force acts on it, and as a result, work is done
there.
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Electric Field
The relation between Electric force and the electric potential:
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬
𝑭
𝒐𝒓, 𝑬 =
𝒒
𝒒
𝒐𝒓, 𝑬 = 𝒌
𝒓𝟐
Electric Potential
The amount of work done to bring a unit
positive charge from infinity to a point in an
electric field is called the electric potential at
that point. The value of the potential can be
+1C
positive or negative depending on the nature of
the charge that creates the electric field. +1C =+10V
+ +
+ + +
+ + ++
+ + =+15V
And the amount of work done to move a unit
positive charge from one point to another within
an electric field is called the electric potential
difference between those two points.
When there is a potential difference between two points, a positive charge flows
from higher potential to lower potential, or a negative charge flows from lower
potential to higher potential.
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Electric Potential
𝑾
𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍, 𝑽 =
𝒒
𝑭𝒓
𝒐𝒓, 𝑽 =
𝒒
𝒒
𝒐𝒓, 𝑽 = 𝒌
𝒓
Charge flow due to potential difference
If there is a potential difference between two metallic objects, +
++ + ++ +
and they are connected by a conductor, then a positive charge + + ++ + +
++
flows from the higher potential to the lower potential, or a Higher Lower
negative charge flows from the lower potential to the higher Potential Potential
potential. + ++ ++ -- -
+ + ++ - -- - --
++ - -
This flow of charge continues until the potential of the two Higher Lower
Potential Potential
objects becomes equal, i.e., until the potential difference
becomes zero. - - - - -
- -- - - -
- -- - -
If there is no potential difference between two points, no Lower
Potential
Higher
Potential
charge will flow and no work will be done.
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Capacitor
A capacitor is a fundamental electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric
field. It is made up of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material (called
a dielectric).
❖ A capacitor is an electrical device that stores electric charge and energy in an electric field.
❖ It usually consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material.
❖ The capacitance (C) tells how much charge the capacitor can store for a given voltage:
𝑸
𝑪= 𝑽
Potential Energy of the Capacitor
𝟏
Store energy of the capacitor = 𝑪𝑽𝟐
𝟐
𝑸
𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, 𝑪=
𝑽
𝒓
Capacitance of a spherical object, 𝑪 = 𝑲
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Mathematical Problems
1. An electron in a hydrogen atom revolves around the nucleus due to coulomb’s force.
The radius of the hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10-11 m. Find out the Coulomb’s force
between in the hydrogen atom?
2. Find out the potential difference of the indicated point from the given diagram.
2 cm A
C
+8C 8 cm
3. Calculate the electric field intensity at the point of ‘C’ due to ‘A’.
4. If the A and C are connected by a conduction wire then in which direction electron will
flow?
+50C F = - 3.6 × 1011
A C
5m
Mathematical Problems
5. Find out the effective force from the following diagram on C due to A and B?
6. If the charge at C is inactive for the following diagram what is the value of the electric
intensity at midpoint of the straight line between A and B?
-10C
+8C +5C
A C B
7m 8m
7. Calculate the neutral point in between the connecting line of the two charges.
+70C -50C
50 cm
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Mathematical Problems
+120C -80C
2 µm
8. Calculate the force between two charges particles form the following stem.
9. At which point on the joining line of two charge, the electric intensity will be zero?
Analyze mathematically.
10. Find out the capacitance of the following sphere-A?
11. What will be stored energy of this object?
Charge = 22 nC Radius = 2 cm