Lecture 1

Nervous System

Nervous System is developed from ………………………………………..

BIOCHEMICAL ASPECT OF NERVOUS PHYSIOLOGY

Resting membrane potential (RMP) of a nerve

Na+ K+ Pump.
Resting membrane potential is due to the concentration gradient created by Na+
K+ Pump which uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ out of neuron and 2 K+ inside the
neuron.
 Resting membrane potential of a neuron is ………………………………………
 Normally, the neuronal membrane is more permeable to ……………..........
(Leaky channels)which creates negative potential inside the neuron and the
membrane is polarized.
 Mechanical or chemical stimulation open mechanically-gated or chemical
(ligand)-gated channels resulting in graded (local) potential.
 If the stimulus is strong enough (threshold potential= －55m V ),action
potential is generated at the……………………………………….. Due to the
opening of voltage gated……………………. channels causing depolarization of
the neuron.
 This creates potential of....................................... inside the neuron.
 Voltage gated K+ channels open next and start repolarization of the
membrane and the potential Resting membrane potential is due to the
concentration reaches upto-90 mV causing hyperpolarization.
 The time period in which the neuron cannot be excited by the next stimulus is
called ………………………….Period.
 The polarized state of the neuron is restored by the Na+ K+ Pump.
 Graded(local)potential is generated in the dendrites and cell bodies of
a neuron and they vary in amplitude depending upon the strength of
stimulus
unlike action potential . Action potential is the sequence of ionic changes
transmitted across the axonal membrane and exhibit all or none
phenomenon.
  RMP = - 70 mv Threshold potential or firing level = - 55 mv
 Depolarization is due to Na+ influx
 Repolarization is due to k+ efflux.

Synapse
 Fig. Synapse
Communication between two neurons or a neuron and an effector cells(muscle cell
or glandular cell .)
 When the action potential reaches the synaptic knob ,Influx of Ca inside the
the synaptic knob occurs from the synaptic cleft.
 This causes the movement and rupture of synaptic vesicles out of the
membrane and release of neurotransmitters occurs in the synaptic cleft.
 Neurotransmitters are received by the receptors in the post synaptic dendrite
and the next neuron is stimulated or inhibited on the basis of nature of the
neurotransmitters.
 Excitatory Neurotransmitters: ……………………………… ,
………………………………………
……………………………………………………,
…………………………………………………..
 Inhibitory Neurotransmitters; ……………………………………….,
………………………………..
 Deficiency of Acetylcholine causes
………………………………………………………..
 Deficiency of Dopamine causes …………………………………………….
Nervous System
 CNS PNS ANS

Sympathetic
NS &
Brain Spinal cord Cranial N. Spinal N.
Parasympathetic NS
Cerebrum (Telencephalon )
Fore-brain ( Prosencephalon )
Diencephalon
Mid-brain ( Mesencephalon ) Pons

Hind-brain ( Rhomencephalon ) Medulla

oblongata( Myelecephalon )

Cerebellum

Spinal Cord ( Myelon )

Spinal cord is housed in the vertebral column. Its length in adult is …………
cm.
TS of spinal cord is …………. Letter or butterfly shaped.
 Grey matter Central cavity White matter
Fig . TS of Spinal Cord
 Filum terminale is non-nervous part and made up
of .......................,...[Link] cavity of spinal cord is called
…………………………………………………
 The tail-like collection of root of spinal nerves is known as..........................
 .Spinal cord has outer.................,matter and inner butterfly
shaped....................matter.
 Posterior gray horn mainly consists……………………………………………。and
anterior gray horn mainly consists................................................................
 Lateral gray horn is present in............................
 Spinal nerves
 31 pairs in human(37 pairs in rabbit)
Cervical spinal nerve-
Thoracic spinal nerve-
Lumbar spinal nerve-
Sacral spinal nerve-
Coccygeal spinal nerve-
 Hind – brain (( Rhomencephalon )
 Cerebellum : maintains body posture and equilibrium
  Medulla oblongata (( Myelecephalon )

4 pairs cranial nerves originate ie.9th, 10th ,11th and 12th cranial
nerves.

R-

C-

V-

V-

C-

 Pons Varolii( Bridge between midbrain and medulla )

4 pairs cranial nerves originate ie. 5th,6th ,7th and 8th cranial
nerves.

Pneumotaxic centre

Micturition centre

 Mid brain (Mesencephalon)

2 pairs cranial nerves originate ie. 3rd and 4th cranial nerves
Substantia Nigra;
Corpora quadrigemia: (= 2 inferior colliculi and 2 superior
colliculi )

Brain Stem = Pons + Medulla oblongata + Mid brain

 Forebrain
Cerebrum (Telencephalon)
Contains outer …………………. matter and inner …………………
matter
Cerebral cortex: region of gray matter which contains
Gyrus:
Sulcus:
Fissure:
Contains 4 lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital

 Right and left hemispheres are separated by

………………………………………..
 Cerebrum and cerebellum are separated
by…………………………………………..
 Association tracts: axons that connect …………………….
…………………………………………...........................................................
 Commissural tracts: axons that connect
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………..
 Projection tracts: axons that
connect……………………………………………………………………………………
………….
 Right and left hemisphere are connected
by…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….

corpus callosum
Functional areas:
Frontal lobe:
Parietal lobe:
Occipital lobe:
Temporal lobe:
MCQ
1. CNS consists of:［MOE-2000]
（a) Brain only （b) Spinal cord only
（c) Brain and spinal cord both (d) Brain and ANS
2. Select the correct answer about the location of center & concerned function.
A) Gustatory area-parietal lobe b) vision area-frontal lobe
c) Olfactory area-occipital lobe d) Touch area-temporal lobe

3. .Brain stem means

a) Cerebellum+Diencephalon+Mid brain b) Diencephalon+Mid brain+Hind
brain
c) Diencephalon+Mid brain+Pons varolii d) Mid brain+Pons+medulla oblongata

[Link] of the following do not belong together?［MOE-2058]

（a) Forebrain-cerebral hemisphere （b) Hindbrain-medulla
（c) Diencephalon-hypothalamus （d) Midbrain-cerebellum
5. Reasoning power is maximum in human due to the development of: ［BP 2000]
（a)Cerebellum （b) Medulla
（c) Cerebral cortex (d) Cerebrum
6. The cerebellum is concerned with:［BP 2005]
（a) perception （b) by co-ordination of muscular movement
（c) memory （d) vision
7. Breathing and Vomiting Centre occurs in［IE-2006]
（a) Hypothalamus (b) Thalamus
(c) Medulla oblongata (d) Cerebellum
8. Through which large aperture, spinal cord exits from skull & enter in vertebral
column?
a) Foramen ovalis b) Foramen of monoro
c) Foramen magnum d) Obturator foramen

9. Which brain is mostly affected in alcoholic person?

(a) Medulla Oblongata (b) Pons
(c) Cerebrum (d) Cerebellum
10. Centre of intelligence lies in.......... [MOE-2009]
（a) Cerebrum （b) cerebellum
（c) Medulla (d)Spinal cord
[Link] visual cortex is present in..... ［IOM-2001]
（a)frontal lobe （b) parietal lobe
（c)temporal lobe (d)occipital lobe
[Link] cerebral hemispheres of mammalian brain are connected via... ［IE-2004|
（a) corpus callosum （b) anterior commissure
（c) posterior commissure （d) 3rd ventricle
13. Resting membrane potential of neuron?
(a) + 20mv (b) -90 mv
(d) – 60mv (d) +40 mv
14. Depolarization of a nerve cell due to influx of
(a) Ca+ (b) cl-
(c) Na+ (d) k+
15. Number of spinal nerve in human being and rabbit? [ KU 2008]
(a) 31 and 12 pairs (b) 31 pairs and 37 pairs
(c) 31 pairs and 12 pairs (d) 31 and 37
16. Brain ventricle is lined by ( CEE 2021 )
a. Ependymal cell b. Microglia
c. Astrocyte d. oligodendrocyte
17. Local anesthesia prevent the pain by closing ( CEE 2022 )
a. Voltage gated Na+ channel
b. voltage gated K+ channel
c. Voltage gated Ca++ channel
d. Voltage gated Mg ++ channel
18. When there is net influx of positive ions then there occur ( CEE 2022 )
a. Repolarization b. Depolarization
c. Hype repolarization d. Action potential
19. Pumping of Na and K involves ( CEE 2022 )
a. Active transport b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Passive transport d. Simple diffusion

Ans
1.c 2.a 3.d 4.d 5.c 6.b 7.c 8.a 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.a
13.b 14.c 15.b 16. a 17. a 18. b 19. a

Lecture 2
Basal nuclei (Basal ganglia)comprises Caudate nucleus, Globus pallidus and
putamen.
Globus pallidus + Putamen = Lentiform nucleus
The limbic system is emotional brain and has
cingulate gyrus ,hippocampus ( responsible for mapping) amygdala, septal
nuclei, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies and fornix.

Diencephalon
a .Thalamus: Controls the sensory impulses passing
towards the cerebrum.
[Link]:Contains Pineal gland and Habenular
nucleus.
[Link]: Functions of hypothalamus (SEAT )2
S2-
E2-
A2-
T2-
Differentiate Between:
Ganglion;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..
Nucleus;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….
Tract;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….
Nerve fiber;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
Cranial nerves
12 pairs cranial nerves.
 All cranial nerves originate from brain stem except …………………………
and
……………………. cranial nerves.
List of 12 pairs cranial nerves
1. O-
2. O-
3. O-
4. T-
5. T-
6. A-
7. F-
8. V-
9. G-
10. V-
11. A-
12. H-
Sensory nerve …
Motor nerve …
Mixed nerve ( 1975 A.D.) ;…………………………………….
Meninges: covering of brain and spinal cord
3 layers
a. Dura mater (Dura: outer tough mater: mother)
b. arachnoid mater (Arachnoid: spider web like)
c. Pia mater (Pia: inner soft)
Inflammation of meninges is called meningitis.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF )

 Clear, colourless fluid present
in...........................................................................
 Total volume:
 Daily production:
 Functions:
1. Mechanical protection
2. Circulation
3. Maintenance of intracranial pressure (ICP)
Formed by ..................................................................and absorbed back
into circulation by ……………………………………………………………….
Ventricular system of Brain
4 ventricles ie. Right and left Lateral ventricle ( Paracoels), 3rd
Ventricle ( diocoel)and 4th ventricle ( metacoel)
 Fig. CSF Circulation
 Secreted by choroid plexsus Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen ( foramen of monro) 3rd
th
ventricle aqueduct of Sylvius ( iter ) 4
Ventricle Foramen of Magendie (1) and foramina of
luschka ( 2) Subarachnoid space Arachnoid villi and
arachnoid granulations Dural venous sinus Blood
circulation
MCQ

Lecture 3
1. Which nerve control the movement of jaw during chewing?
(a) 5th cranial nerve (b) 6th cranial nerve
(c) 7th cranial nerve (d) 8th cranial nerve
2. .How many pairs of purely sensory cranial nerves
are found in human?
a)4 b)5
c)6 (d) 3
[Link] longest cranial nerve in human being is [MOE-2008|
（a) Oculomotor （b)Auditory
（c)Trochlear (d) Vagus
[Link] is the correct sequence of cranial meninges in humans from inner to outer
side?
(a) Piamater-Arachnoid-Durameter
b) Arachnoid-Piamater-Durameter
c)Durameter-Arachnoid-Piameter
d)Piameter-Durameter-Arachnoid
[Link] cranial nerves control the movements of eyeball in humans?
a) Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducent
b) Abducent, Trochlear, Oculomotor
c) Oculomotor, Optic, Trochlear
d) Oculomotor, Optic ,Trigeminal
6. Which cranial nerve in man is both sensory and motor?[BP 2004 ]
（a) Optic （b) Olfactory
(c) Glossopharyngeal （d) Auditory
7. Thermoregulatory centre is found in:［IOM 1999,2009]
（a) spinal cord (b) cerebellum
（c) hypothalamus (d) occipital lobe

8. Hunger and thirst are under direct control of: ［BP 2001]
（a) Cerebrum （b) Cerebellum

（c) Hypothalamus (d) Epithalamus

9. The innermost layer of cranial meninges is: ［BP 2006]
（a) dura mater （b) pia mater
（c) arachnoid mater (d) myelin sheath
10. Which of the followings is found in diencephalon?［IE-2002]
（a) Hypothalamus （b) Basal ganglia
（c) Cerebral cortex (d)Olfactory lobes
11. Number of cranial nerves in human is ［KUMET-2008|
（a) 12 （b) 12 pairs
（c) 31 pairs （d)9 pairs
12. Number of Brain Ventricles
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 2 (d) 3
13. Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius ( iter ) connects
(a) Lateral ventricle with 4th ventricle (b) Lateral ventricle with 3rd ventricle
(c) 3rd ventricle with 4th ventricle (d) 4th ventricle with subarachnoid
space
14. Thickest Cranial nerve
(a) Trigeminal nerve (b) Vagus nerve
(c) Sciatic nerve (d) optic nerve
15. CSF is secreted by
(a) Choroid plexuses (b) meninges
(c) Arachnoid granulation (d) spinal cord
Ans
1.a 2.d 3.d 4.a 5.b 6.c 7.c 8.c 9.b 10.a 11.b 12.a
13.c 14.a 15.a

Lecture 3

Reflexes
  Reflex is defined as a spontaneous,
automatic,unconcious,voluntary,unplanned sequence of
actions that occurs in response to particular stimulus.
 On the basis of development reflex may be conditioned or
unconditioned
 Unconditioned/ Inborn reflex: Developed before birth , no need
to learn.
 Conditioned reflex: Developed after birth due to learning &
previous experiences.

 Constriction of pupil in bright light, sneezing, coughing are

examples of.............................................

 Cycling, dancing, typing, swimming, secretion of saliva after seeing

the delicious food are examples
of...............................................................
On the basis of integrating Centre, reflex can be spinal or cranial
 Spinal reflex-integration occurs in spinal cord
 Cranial reflex-integration occurs in brain stem
Patellar reflex is an example of........................................reflex
Blinking of eyes is an example of.........................................reflex
 Reflex arc: Receptors-Spinal cord-Effectors

Autonomic nervous system

 ANS fibers are(motor/sensory/mixed)
Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic
System Nervous System
Nervous system of －Rest and digest
Fight, Flight and
Fright.
Origin: ………………………………………. －Origin:
……………………………………….
Ganglion is located near the..... ………….. Ganglion is located near
the.....................
Preganglionic fiber is …………………………. Preganglionic fiber
is............................
than postganglionic fiber. than postganglionic fiber.
Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters:
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers-
Postganglionic fibers Postganglionic fibers
Branching is present Branching is not present and
each
and fibers enter several ganglia. Fiber enters a single ganglion.
 Organs Parasympathetic N.S. Sympathetic N.S.
Eye
Salivary gland
Heart
Bronchi
Stomach
Liver
Intestine
Urinary Bladder
Penis
Lacrimal gland
 Sweat gland

MCQ
1. Reflex action is exhibited by.........[IOM-2010|
（a) Brain (b) spinal cord
（c) ANS （d) PNS
2. Parasympathetic nervous system [KUMET-2006|
（a) Accelerates heart beat
（b) Increases sweat secretion
（c) Causes contraction of urinary bladder
（d) pupil dilation
3. Which cranial nerves involve in parasympathetic nervous system?
(a) 10,9,7,3 (b) 10,9,7,2
(c) 10,9,7,5 (d) 10,9,7,1
4. The parasympathetic nervous system: ［BP 2001]
（a) has acetylcholine as neurotransmitters
(b) has ganglions near the organ
（c) increase peristalsis movement
（d) all of the above
5. Which one of the following is correct regarding sympathetic nervous system?
(a) Decrease HR (b) Increase peristalsis movement
(c) Pupil dilatation (d) decrease sweat secretion
6. Origin of sympathetic nervous system
(a) thoraco lumbar (b) Cranio sacral
(c) lumbo sacral (d) sacral coccyx
7. Neurotransmitter release by post ganglionic parasympathetic
(a) adrenaline (b) nor adrenaline
(c) Acetylcholine (d) Dopamine
8. Parkinsonism due to deficiency of …………………………
(a) Adrenaline (b) nor adrenaline
(c) Acetylcholine (d) Dopamine
9. Alzheimer’s disease due to deficiency of
(a) adrenaline (b) nor adrenaline
(c) Acetylcholine (d) Dopamine
10. Which of the following is incorrect regarding Horner syndrome?
(a) Mydriasis (b) Miosis
(c) Anhidrosis (d) Ptosis
11. In liver during sympathetic nervous system ……………………………..occur.
(a) Glycogenesis (b) Gluconeogenesis
(c)Lipolysis (d) lipogenesis
12. Which of the following is not salivary gland?
(a) Submandibular gland (b) Parotid gland
(c) Sublingual gland (d) Thymus gland
13. Which cell is responsible to make Blood Brain Barrier?
(a) Astrocyte (b) Oligodentrocyte
(c) Schwann cell (d) microglial cell
14. Phagocytic cell of nervous system
(a) Ependymal cell (b) Oligodentrocyte
(c) Schwann cell (d) microglial cell
15. Origin of nervous system
(a) Endoderm (b) Ectoderm
(c) Mesoderm ( d) All
16. Which is learned behavior? CEE 2021
a. Tendon reflex b. Blinking of eye
c. Dancing d. pupil constriction
17.

Ans
1.b 2.c 3.a 4.d 5.c 6.a 7.c 8.d 9.c 10.a 11.b 12.d
13.a 14.d 15.b 16. b