🔌 Power System Protection Fundamentals 📘
I'm excited to share a document that explains key protection basics.
1️⃣ Electrical and Protection System Overview – The foundation of power
system protection.
2️⃣ Current Transformers (CTs) – The critical role of CTs in measurement and
protection.
3️⃣ Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection – Essential for detecting excessive
current and ground faults.
4️⃣ Distance Protection – A key technique for protecting transmission lines.
5️⃣ Transformer Protection – Safeguarding transformers from faults and
ensuring efficient operation.
Chapter 1
Electrical power system and
protection system
Electrical power
system
Distribution
Generation Transmission Step Dawn Transformer :-
Generators :- 3.3 , 6.6 ,11 , 20 kv - OHL:- 132 , 220 , 400kv 33/11 kv , 11/0 .45kv ,
- Step Dawn Transformer :-
-step-up transformers:- Distribution OHL & cables :-
132/33 kv , 400/220kv ,
11/132kv , 20 /220kv 220/132 kv 33 kv , 22kv ,11 kv
Cost:-
Protection system contents
Sensors :
processing :
interruption :
AC / DC Supply : Power Supply For protective relays , and trip circuits supply.
Setting
DC
CB
CT
VT
S1
Compere between CT protection and measurement core:-
Protection core Measurement core
Accuracy not as important as measurement core. Require good accuracy.
Required high saturation level. Required low saturation level to protect instruments,
Required accuracy up to many times rated current, thus thus use nickel iron alloy with low exciting current
use grain orientated silicon steel with high saturation flux and knee point at low flux density.
density. Uses Nickel –Iron core, this cross section area of this core
this type uses ( cold – rolled non oriented silicon steel or is normally small. Saturation flux density is less . When the
Hot – rolled non oriented silicon steel ) which has the high primary current exceeds the rated primary current, the
permeability, high saturation level. core will saturate and secondary current , hence , will be
limited to a value that will not endanger the instrument.
1 2 3 4
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4
Normal operation
67
0.7 sec. 0.5 sec.
0.7 sec. 0.5 sec.
A C
A C
0.7 sec. D
0.5 sec.
0.7 sec. 0.5 sec.
FAULT 1 2 3 4 5
Relay A
Relay B
Relay C
Relay D
Relay E
TRIP AREA BLOCK AREA
315 - 0 - 135 135 -180 - 315
TRIP AREA BLOCK AREA
330 - 0 - 120 120 -180 - 330
A B C D
E F
DISTANCE BASIC SCHEME:-
E
From fault calculations for diff. protection relay:-
Pressure Relief used to detect any pressure produced in the transformer tank in case of fault .
D/y 11 Y/d 11
132 kv * 18.1% 546.7 A
41V Apply
= 9.38 A
= 37.54 A
What is Bus Bar ?
Types of Bus Bar
1- Single Bus .
2- Double Bus 3- One and Half C.B
What is faults at Bus Bar ?
Why Bus Bar protection needs careful attention
- fault level at bus bar is very high.
- The stability of the power system is affected by fault in bus zone .
-The fault on bus bar causes discontinuations of power to a large portion of the system.
- A fault on bus bar should be interrupted in shortest possible time ( 50 msec. ), in order to avoid
damage to installation due to heating of conductors , internal bus fault are less than line faults.
Bus Bar protection Zones
BB 1A , BB 1B, BB2
Bus Bar Bus-1A Stability Test
Bus Bar Bus-1A Sensitivity Test
Bus Bar Bus-2 Stability Test
Bus Bar BUS-2 Sensitivity Test