CHAPTER 1:
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INTRODUCTION TO 0
INFORMATION AND
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COMMUNICATION 0 2
TECHNOLOGY
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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• Understand how technology has evolved 2
• Trace the history and classification of computers 0
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• Differentiate traditional vs. digital media 2 1
• Assess the impact of ICT on society 0
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• Identify ethical issues in IT 1
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THE EVOLUTION OF
TECHNOLOGY
From primitive tools to advanced
digital technologies, the evolution
of technology has transformed
human civilization, driving progress,
innovation and the shaping of our
modern world.
EARLY TOOLS
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(PREHISTORIC TIMES)
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Stone Tools 2
The earliest technological advancements were
simple stone tools such as hand axes and flint
knives used for hunting and basic tasks.
Fire Control
Mastering fire allowed humans to cook food,
provide warmth and defend against predators.
Wheel and Pottery
The invention of the wheel and the development
ofpottery revolutionalized transportaion and
storage enchancing human capabilities.
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THE AGRICULTURAL
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REVOLUTION
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Domestication of Plants and Animals
The ability to cultivate crops and domestical
animals enabled communities to settle and thrive.
Technological Advancements
Innovations such as the plow, irrigation systems
and crop rotation improved agricultural
productivity and efficiency.
Societal Transformation
This sparked populations growth and
development of cities and the emergence of
specialized occupation and social structures.
THE INDUSTRIAL
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REVOLUTION
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Mechanization 2
Production was revolutionalized when amchines
and factories was introduced increasing efficiency
and mass manufacturing.
Energy Sources
The transition from manual labor to steam power
and later electricity let to the rapid economic
growth of the Industrial Revolution.
Transportation Advancements
Innovations such as steam engine and railroalds
facilitated the movement of goods and people.
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THE AGE OF ELECTRICITY
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AND COMMUNICATION
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Electricity
Its widespread use transformed daily life
powering homes, businesses and enabling
technological advancements.
Transportation
Advancements in internal combustion engines
and automobiles made travel fasterand accessible
Communication
The invention of telephone, radio, and later
television revolutionalized how people
communicated and shared information.
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THE COMPUTER AGE
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Mainframe Computers 2
In the mid-20th century laid the foundation for
modern computer as the development of large
room-sized mainframe computer took place.
Personal Computers
The invention of the microprocessor and the
personal computerrevolution brought computing
power to the masses.
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THE COMPUTER AGE
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Internet and Connectivity
The creation of the internet and advancements in
networking technology enabled global
communication and information sharing.
Digitilization
the transition from analog to digital information
processing transformed various industries and
aspects of daily life.
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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
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Smartphones 2
The widespread adoption of smartphones has
revolutionalized how people access information,
communicate, and interact with the world.
Internet of Things
The interconnectivity of devices, sensors, and
systems has created a vast network of smart,
connected technology.
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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
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Artificial Intelligence
Advancements in artificial intelligence, machine
learning, and data analytics have enabled new
capabilities and automation in various industries.
Digital Transformation
The integration of digital technologies has
transformed traditional business models, work
practices, and consumer experiences.
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HISTORY OF
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COMPUTER
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As human mind and technology 0
improved with time, more 1
computing devices were developed.
Some of the popular computing 2
devices from the first to recent ones
are the following:
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ABACUS
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• The history of computer begins with the birth
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of abacus which is believed to be the first
computer. It is said that Chinese invented
Abacus around 4,000 years ago.
• It was a wooden rack which has metal rods
with beads mounted on them. The beads were
moved by the abacus operator according to
some rules to perform arithmetic calculations.
Abacus is still used in some countries like
China, Russia and Japan. An image of this tool
is shown below;
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PASCALINE
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Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or
Adding Machine. It was invented between 1642
and 1644 by a French mathematician-
philosopher Biaise Pascal. It is believed that it was
the first mechanical and automatic
calculator.
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STEPPED RECKONER
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It was developed by a German mathematician- 2
philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673 He
improved Pascal's invention to develop this
machine. It was a digital mechanical calculator
whic was called the stepped reckoner a instead of
gears it was made of fluted drums. See the
following image;
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DIFFERENCE ENGINE
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In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles
Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern
Computer". It was a mechanical computer which
could perform simple calculations. It was a steam
driven calculating machine designed to solve
tables of numbers like logarithm tables.
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ANALYTICAL ENGINE
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This calculating machine was also developed 2by
Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical
computer that used punch-cards as input. It was
capable of solving any mathematical problem and
storing information as a permanent memory.
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TABULATING MACHINE
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it was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, 2an
American statistician. It was a mechanical
tabulator based on punch cards. It could tabulate
statistics and record or sort data or information.
This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census.
Hollerith also started the Hollerith's Tabulating
Machine Company which later became
International Business Machine (IBM) in 1924.
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DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER
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It was the first electronic computer introduced in
the United States in 1930. It was an analog device
invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has
vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to
perform calculations. It could do 25 calculations in
few minutes.
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MARK I
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The next major changes in the history 2 of
computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken
planned to develop a machine that could perform
calculations involving large numbers. In 1944,
Mark I computer was built as a partnership
between IBM and Harvard. It was the first
programmable digital computer.
THE COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
0 A computer contains many electric,
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electronic, and mechanical
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components known as hardware.
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These components include input
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devices, output devices, a system
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unit, storage devices, and
communications devices.
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INPUT DEVICES
An input device is any hardware component
that allows you to enter data and
instructions into a computer.
Five widely used input devices are the
keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, and
Webcam
KEYBOARD
A computer keyboard contains keys you
press to enter data into the computer.
MOUSE
A mouse is a small handheld device. You
control movement of a small symbol on the
screen, called the pointer.
MICROPHONE
A microphone allows a user to speak into
the computer.
SCANNER
A scanner converts printed material (such
as text and pictures) into a form the
computer can use.
WEB CAM
A digital video camera that allows users to
create movies/take pictures and store
them on the computer.
OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any hardware
component that conveys information to one
or more people.
Three widely used output devices are the
following: Printer, Monitor, Speaker.
PRINTER
A printer produces text and graphics on a
physical medium such as paper.
MONITOR
A monitor displays text, graphics, and
videos on a screen.
SPEAKERS
Speakers allow you to hear music, voice,
and other audio (sounds).
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SYSTEM DEVICES 2
The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer that are used to
process data. The circuitry of the system unit usually
is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the
motherboard.
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TWO MAIN COMPONENTS 2
• The Processor, also called the CPU (central processing unit), is
the electronic component that interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate the computer.
• Memory consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those
instructions. Most memory keeps data and instructions
temporarily, which means its contents are erased when the
computer is shut off.
STORAGE DEVICES
A storage device records (writes) and/or
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media. Storage devices often function as a
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from storage to memory.
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USB FLASH DRIVE
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A USB flash drive is a portable storage device that 2
is small and lightweight enough to be transported
on a keychain or in a pocket. The average USB
flash drive can hold about 4 billion characters.
HARD DISK
A hard disk provides much greater storage
capacity than a USB flash drive. The average hard
disk can hold more than 320 billion characters.
Hard disks are enclosed in an airtight, sealed case.
Most are housed inside the system unit.
OPTICAL DISC
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An optical disc is a flat, round, portable metal disc 2
with a plastic coating. A CD can hold from 650
million to 1 billion characters. Some DVDs can
store 17 billion characters Blu-ray Discs can store
about 46 hours of standard video, or 100 billion
characters.
MEMORY CARDS
Some mobile devices, such as digital cameras, use
memory cards as the storage media. You can use
a card reader/writer to transfer stored items, such
as digital photos, from the memory card to a
computer or printer.
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COMMUNICATION DEVICES 2
The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer that are used to
process data. The circuitry of the system unit usually
is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the
motherboard.
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
1. PERSONAL COMPUTER
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A personal computer is a computer that can 2
perform all of its input, processing, output, and
storage activities by itself. A personal computer
contains a processor, memory, and one or more
input, output, and storage devices.
2. MOBILE COMPUTERS & DEVICES
A mobile computer is a personal computer you
can carry from place to place. Similarly, a mobile
device is a computing device small enough to
hold in your hand. The most popular type of
mobile computer is the notebook
computer.
NOTEBOOK
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An optical disc is a flat, round, portable metal disc 2
with a plastic coating. A CD can hold from 650
million to 1 billion characters. Some DVDs can
store 17 billion characters Blu-ray Discs can store
about 46 hours of standard video, or 100 billion
characters.
TABLET PC
Some mobile devices, such as digital cameras, use
memory cards as the storage media. You can use
a card reader/writer to transfer stored items, such
as digital photos, from the memory card to a
computer or printer.
MOBILE DEVICES
Mobile devices, which are small enough to carry in a pocket, usually
store programs and data permanently on memory inside the system
unit or on small storage media such as memory cards.
Five popular types of mobile devices are smart phones, PDAs,
handheld computers, portable media players, and digital cameras.
DIGITAL CAMERA
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A digital camera is a device that allows users to 2
take pictures and store the photographed images
digitally. Although digital cameras usually have
some amount of internal storage to hold images,
most users store images on small storage media
such as memory cards.
SMART PHONE
Allows you to send and receive e-mail messages
and access the Web - usually for an additional fee.
Offering the convenience of one-handed
operation, a smart phone is an Internet-enabled
phone that usually also provides personal
information management functions.
PDA
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A PDA (personal digital assistant) provides 2
personal information management functions
such as a calendar, an appointment book, an
address book, a calculator, and a notepad
HANDHELD COMPUTERS
Handheld Computers A handheld computer,
sometimes referred to as an Ultra-Mobile PC
(UMPC), is a computer small enough to fit in one
hand.
GAME CONSOLES
A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single
player or multiplayer video games.
Standard game consoles use a handheld controller(s) as an input
device(s); a television screen as an output device; and hard disks,
optical discs, and/or memory cards for storage.
SERVER
A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other
resources on a network and provides a centralized storage area for
programs, data, and information
Servers support from two to several thousand connected computers
at the same time.
MAINFRAME
A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful
computer that can handle
hundreds or thousands of connected users
simultaneously
Mainframes store huge amounts of data,
instructions, and information. Most major
corporations use mainframes for business
activities.
SUPERCOMPUTER
A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful
computer and the most expensive.
The fastest supercomputers are capable of
processing more than one quadrillion instructions
in a single second. Applications requiring complex,
sophisticated mathematical calculations use super
computers. Large-scale simulations and
applications in medicine, aerospace, automotive
design, online banking, weather forecasting,
nuclear energy research use a super computer.
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
An embedded computer is a special- purpose
computer that functions as a component in a
larger product.
A variety of everyday products contain embedded
computers:
• Consumer electronics
• Home automation devices
• Automobiles
• Process controllers and robotics Computer
devices and office machines
MEDIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE
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What is media? 0
• Means of communication that uses unique 0 1
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tools to interconnect among people.
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• It includes Tv, Radio, Cellular Phones, Internet, 0
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Newspapers, etc...
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MEDIA CAN BE... 0
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The message... 0 1
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The medium... 1
The messenger...
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MEDIA AS THE MESSAGE...
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• Media is considered to be the message itself for those who create 2
and own the rights of content. Example: Blog (microblog and vlog)
MEDIA AS THE MEDIUM...
• Media has become an avenue or tool for information dissemination.
For example: TV/Radio, Twitter, and Facebook.
MEDIA AS THE MESSAGE...
• For example, broadcasters can be called media.
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EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
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TRIBAL AGE
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Medium: Spoken language, sounds, storytelling, rituals 2
Characteristics: (Community Memory)
• Human senses were highly involved, especially hearing
• Communication was face-to-face and communal
• Strong sense of community and memory
LITERACY AGE (2000-1500 BC)
Medium: Written symbols and alphabets (e.g., cuneiform, hieroglyphs)
Characteristics: (Individual Thinking)
• Communication became visual
• Encouraged individualism and critical thinking
• Shift from hearing to reading
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PRINT AGE (1450)
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Medium: Books, newspapers, magazines 2
Characteristics: (Mass Communication)
• Information became mass-produced and standardized
• Enhanced education and literacy
• Fostered nationalism and uniform knowledge
ELECTRONIC AGE (1850)
Medium: Radio, television, telephones, internet
Characteristics: (Instant, Multimedia Sharing)
• Reintroduced sound and images in communication
• Made communication instant and global
• Fostered a “global village” (coined by Marshall McLuhan)
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EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
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IMPACT OF ICT ON INDIVIDUALS,
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ORGANIZATION, AND SOCIETY 2
POSITIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE EFFECT
• Improved access to education (LMS) • Reduced personal interaction and
• Access to information and physical activity
communication (Chat, VC, IM, E-mail, • Job loss or unemployment
etc...) • Security issues (i.e hacking, viruses,
• Security (use of encryption methods, malware, spywares, etc...)
passwords for protection, physical
protection (fingerprints, etc...)
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ETHICAL ISSUES IN ICT
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PLAGIARISM
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• Act of theft 2
• Copying other’s work and claim it as his/her own work
• May lead to serious legal and ethical defilement
• Always give credit to original authors
EXPLOITATION
• Dealing with a person dishonestly, unethically, and dishonorably, in
order to take advantage of the latter’s works/resources.
• May have serious legal implications
• Respect rights and boundaries in digital and real spaces.
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LIBEL
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• Can either be an insult, slur, or slander. 2
• Can be in the form of written or spoken words, or through actions, it
may lead to libel if proven untrue.
• Spreading unverified harmful information on social media
SOFTWARE PIRACY
• Installing or copying a software into the computer in the abscence
of EULA (end-user licensing agreement)
• Producing a copy disregarding copyrights.
• Using cracked apps or games
• Sharing or selling unauthorized copies