Second law of Thermodynamics
Reversible/Irreversible Process
and Entropy
by
Professor Dr. Ahmed Sayed Hassan
Office: 1st Floor of the Engineering Building
E-mail: ashassan7@[Link]
Mobile:0552028379
Professor of Turbomachinery,
Mech. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
HE: Steam turbine power plant
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, you should:
➢ Understand reversible/irreversible process.
➢ Define the entropy.
➢ Define entropy for ideal gases.
➢ The first law of thermodynamics states that the
energy of the universe remains constant.
➢ The second law of thermodynamics states that
an isolated system’s entropy (S) will never
decrease over time.
❑ ΔSuniv is the universe entropy change
❑ In isolated system, Δsuniv never decrease
➢ The second law is also known as the Law of
Increased Entropy. ΔSuniv >0
REVERSIBLE/IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
Not reversible
➢ Reversible process is a one that can be reversed
without leaving any effect on the surroundings.
➢ Any other process is irreversible.
➢ All real processes are irreversible.
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
➢ No processes in nature are reversible,
➢ so why do
we study reversible process?
➢ It provides a theoretical limit for physical
process.
➢ It serves as guides in the analysis and design of
engineering applications.
Second law of thermodynamics-based on entropy
HOW TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE?
Entropy (S,s,):
is a property of a pure Q
substance, which for of COLD HOT
an isolated system can
never decrease with time.
WARM WARM
Reversible process is
a one that can be
reversed without Q
leaving any effect on COLD HOT
the surroundings.
All real processes are
irreversible COLDER HOTTER
Entropy
S 0
S reversible = 0
Sirreversible 0
Heat Engine: Steam power plant
HEAT SOURCE
Qin
Working
Substance
Engine W
Qout
Pump HEAT SINK
Heat engine
A cyclic system uses heat to perform work.
Entropy in Heat Engine
• Entropy of hot reservoir decreases (-ve).
• Entropy of cold reservoir increases (+ve).
In general, Q=TdS
QC QH
S = + − =0
TC TH
QC QH
=
TC TH
QH TH
=
QC TC
This leads us to
Isentropic: a line on which entropy (s) is constant,
1q2=0; thus, the process is adiabatic.
Only for a reversible process = adiabatic + reversible
This figure
is not
isentropic
► Entropy Change in Internal Reversible Processes
One special case for which these integrations can be performed
easily is the internally reversible isothermal process. It yields
Entropy, S is defined as
The entropy change of a system during:
Third Law of Thermodynamics
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a
pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is
zero. The entropy determined relative to this point is called
absolute entropy.
Heat Engines, Carnot Cycle
Let us use a piston-cylinder arrangement to illustrate a Carnot
cycle. P − v and T − s planes is given in the figure
The four stages or processes (strokes) are:
• 1 → 2: adiabatic + reversible (=isentropic) compression from TL to TH
• 2 → 3: isothermal reversible expansion at TH,
• 3 → 4: adiabatic + reversible (=isentropic) expansion from TH to TL,
• 4 → 1: isothermal compression at TL
Carnot Cycle
Heat Engine
Producing Power
Thermal efficiency for Carnot cycle
Wnet QH − QL
th = = HEAT SOURCE
QH QH
Qin
QL TL
=
QH TH Engine W
QL TL Qout
th = 1 − = 1−
QH TH
HEAT SINK
• Wnet is the net work output
• QH is the amount of heat supplied
• QL is the amount of heat rejected
ir 16
Exercise
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per
cycle from a high-temperature heat reservoir at
652oC and rejects heat to a low-temperature heat
reservoir at 30oC.
Find: T H=652 oC
a) Thermal efficiency
b) Heat rejected Q H= 500kJ
HE W OUT
QL
T L=30 oC
Refrigerator / Heat pump
A cyclic system uses work to remove heat
from low temperature to high temperature.
Refrigerator
It removes heat, QL, from a cold space
Reversed Carnot Cycle
Consuming Power
Carnot cycle can be reversed to operate
as a Refrigerator/Heat pump
CompressorActual and
turbinePump:
work w h1 − h2 a
T = = a
➢ The Isentropic turbine workis w T
isentropic work the
s minimum possible
h1 − hwork
2s that the
adiabatic compressor requires; therefore, the actual work is
greater than the isentropic work.
➢ Since efficiencies are defined to be less than 1, the
compressor isentropic efficiency is defined as:
WC
Turbines
The isentropic process For adiabatic steady-flow
appears as a vertical line devices, the vertical distance
segment on a T-s diagram. h on an h-s diagram is a
measure of work, and the
horizontal distance s is a
measure of irreversibility's.
Second law of thermodynamics states that:
It is impossible for any system to operate in a
thermodynamic cycle and deliver a net amount of
work to its surroundings while receiving an energy
transfer by heat from a single thermal reservoir.
1. Kelvin-Planck Statement
It is impossible for a heat engine to produce a network
in a complete cycle if it exchanges heat only with
bodies at a single fixed temperature (i.e., =1)
2. Clausius’s Statement
It is impossible to construct a device operating in a
cycle that can transfer heat from a colder body to
warmer without consuming any work.
Kelvin-Planck Statement
Is it possible to have such heat engine?
‘No heat engine can have efficiency of 100%’
Example 1:For the shown heat engine, find:
a) thermal efficiency , b) work done, C) heat rejected
Problems
1. A refrigerator removes 1.5 kJ from the cold space
using 1 kJ work input. How much energy goes into
the kitchen and what is its coefficient of
performance?
2. An air-conditioner discards 5.1 kW to the ambient with
a power input of 1.5 kW. Find the rate of cooling and
the coefficient of performance.
3. A cyclic machine as shown in the figure, receives 325 kJ from
a 1000 K energy reservoir. It rejects 125 kJ to a 400 K energy
reservoir and the cycle produces 200 kJ of work as output. Is this
cycle reversible, irreversible, or impossible?
Example: Is it possible to develop a heat engine with
thermal efficiency of 80% when operating between two
heat reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K.
TH=1000K
TL
th , rev = 1−
TH QH
300 K HE W OUT
= 1−
1000 K QL
= 0.70 or 70%
TL=300K
It is impossible because the efficiency is less than
a Carnot engine operating between the heat
reservoirs.
Sol.1
Example: An inventor has developed a refrigeration
unit that maintains the cold space at −10°C, while
operating in a 25°C room. A coefficient of
performance of 8.5 is claimed. How do you evaluate
this?
Turbine Efficiency
Prob: A steam turbine inlet is at 1200 kPa, 500oc. The exit is at
200 kPa, 275oc. What Is the isentropic efficiency?
Example: A turbine receives steam at 10 MPa, 800°C
with an exit pressure of 800 kPa. Assume the stage is
adiabatic and neglect kinetic energies. Find the exit
temperature and the specific work.
The stage is adiabatic (q=0) and
assume reversible (ds=0),
Table B.1.3 ⇒
A steam power plant operating in a Rankine cycle has saturated
vapor at 3.0 MPa leaving the boiler. The turbine exhausts to the
condenser operating at 10 kPa. Find the specific work and heat
transfer in each of the ideal components and the cycle efficiency.
A smaller power plant produces steam at 3 MPa, 600o C in the boiler. It
keeps the condenser at 45o C by transfer of 10 MW out as heat transfer. The
first turbine section expands to 500 kPa and then flow is reheated followed by
the expansion in the low-pressure turbine. Find the reheat temperature so the
turbine output is saturated vapor. For this reheat find the total turbine power
output and the boiler heat transfer.
Prob.: Consider an ideal steam reheat cycle where steam enters the
high-pressure turbine at 3.0 MPa, 400°C, and then expands to 0.8
MPa. It is then reheated to 400°C and expands to 10 kPa in the low-
pressure turbine. Calculate the cycle thermal efficiency and the
moisture content of the steam leaving the low-pressure turbine.
A Rankine cycle operating with ammonia is heated by some low temperature
source, so the highest T is 120o C at a pressure of 5000 kPa. Its low pressure
is 1003 kPa and it operates with one open feedwater heater at 2033 kPa. The
total flow rate is 5 kg/s. Find the extraction flow rate to the feedwater heater
assuming its outlet state is saturated liquid at 2033 kPa. Find the total power
to the two pumps.
In one type of nuclear power plant, heat is transferred in the nuclear reactor to
liquid sodium. The liquid sodium is then pumped through a heat exchanger
where heat is transferred to boiling water. Saturated vapor steam at 5 MPa
exits this heat exchanger and is then superheated to 600°C in an external
gas-fired superheater. The steam enters the turbine, which has one (open-
type) feedwater extraction at 0.4 MPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is
87%, and the condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. Determine the heat transfer in
the reactor and in the superheater to produce a net power output of 1 MW.
In one type of nuclear power plant, heat is transferred in the nuclear reactor
to liquid sodium. The liquid sodium is then pumped through a heat exchanger
where heat is transferred to boiling water. Saturated vapor steam at 5 MPa
exits this heat exchanger and is then superheated to 600°C in an external
gas-fired superheater. The steam enters the turbine, which has one (open-
type) feedwater extraction at 0.4 MPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is
87%, and the condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. Determine the heat transfer in
the reactor and in the superheater to produce a net power output of 1 MW.
COMBINED GAS–VAPOR POWER CYCLES
The combined cycle is the gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle
topping a steam-turbine (Rankine) cycle, which has a higher
thermal efficiency
Thank You
and
see you in the next
lecture
Inshaa ALLAH