INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM
CLASS 9, CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1, MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING
CHAPTER NOTES
1. Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
2. Classification of matter based on the physical properties
On the basis of the physical properties matter is classified as solids , liquids and gases.
3. With the help of a labelled diagram, describe an activity to show that particles of matter are
very small.
Activity 1.2 (tb)
4. Characteristics of particles of matter
a) Particles of matter are very small.
b) ParGcles of maHer have space between them.
c) Particles of matter are continuously moving
d) ParGcles of maHer aHract each other
5. Diffusion- The intermixing of parGcles of two types of maHer on their own is diffusion.
6. KineGc energy- energy possessed by virtue of moGon of parGcles/ body is kineGc energy.
7. Liquids are fluids like gases because liquids can flow from higher level to lower level.
8. Rigidity ,Compressibility, density
Rigidity:- rigidity refers to the property of a solid to resist a change in the shape when an
outside force is applied.
Compressibility :- It is the property of a fluid ( or a solid ) due to which its volume decreases
when pressure is applied.
Density:- the mass per unit volume of a material is called its Density.
9. Properties of states of matter
properties Solids Liquids gases
rigidity They are generally They are not rigid. They are not rigid, no
rigid with fixed No fixed shape fixed shape and no fixed
shape and but has fixed volume
volume. volume.
( except sponge,
elastic etc.)
Compressibility Generally not Moderately Highly Compressibie
compressible (eg compressible
for exceptional
case- sponge)
Density Generally denser Moderately Least denser
than fluids denser
Inter particular space Least Moderate highest
Inter particular force of Highest Moderate least
attraction
Particle movement Least Moderate highest
10. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water because when water is frozen, it attains a cage like
structure which have lot of empty spaces in it. Due to this the volume of ice becomes
more than an equal mass of water. Because of its greater volume, the density of ice
decreases and hence it floats on water even though ice is a solid.
11. Define
a) melting point - Temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
b) Fusion- The process of melGng, that is, change of solids into liquids state is known as
fusion
c) latent heat of fusion- The amount of heat energy required to change one kilogram of
a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as latent
heat of fusion.
d) boiling point - Temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is called a Boiling point.
e) latent heat of vaporization- The amount of heat energy required to change one kg of
a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known as latent heat of
vaporization.
12. To convert temperature from degree Celsius to Kelvin, add 273.
00 C = 273 K
To convert, Kelvin to degree Celsius, subtract 273.
373 K = 1000 C
13. Methods to liquefy atmospheric gases- Atmospheric gases can be liquefied by applying
pressure and reducing the temperature (state of matter can be changed by changing
pressure and temperature)
14. Sublimation- The change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid
state
15. Deposition- The change of state directly from gas to solid without changing into liquid
state
16. Few sublimely substances- CO2 , naphthalene, ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor
17. Dry ice (solid CO2) – Gaseous CO2 converts to solid CO2. under high pressure by the
process called deposition. This is dry ice.
18. For any substance, the temperature remains constant during change of state - During
change of state, the temperature remains constant because the heat supplied is used to
overcome the force of attraction between the particles and to change the state.
Therefore, the heat supplied does not increase the temperature.
19. Evaporation- The phenomenon of the change of liquid into vapour at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
20. Factors affecting rate of evaporation-
The rate of evaporation increases with the following factors.
a) increase of surface area.
b) an increase in temperature
c) decrease in humidity
d) an increase in wind speed
21. evaporation causes cooling - During evaporation, the particles of the liquid absorbs
energy from the surroundings to regain the energy lost during evaporartion. This
absorption of energy from the surroundings makes the surroundings cold.
22. Schematically represent the arrangement of particles in the 3 states of matter: -
Refer text book page no.5 fig.1.5
23. Draw the arrow diagram represenGng interchange of states of maHer.
Refer text book page no. 8 ,fig. 1.9