Module -2

Sylabus
Poisne Nwnbess Pine nbers and
plne-po wes
Pactoigation , Femat and Metserne pimes
Fetmat's theose Applieati ons ,Eulers theorei
Euleri to tient function , Applicatins. Primaliy
testing - Deteinictic algthns and Pat abilie ie
CyDÌvieibility galithr)
algoithm a Fesnat test Eeat , Sqiane oot test, Miles
Rabin test). Factorgatien - Fematt, Pactoigatio ,
Polla p-method.

Fesmt Pzimes and Mersenne Ptmes

>Fesatfones, Pise ninobens,, which be

k
e<psessed [Link]. fogin + ahene k belogS
to aredoealedFernot 'poiges

=
4

ase Feat piges

be eopsessed t a t | . Butgis
not a
potme be. so it is
nwobe. not
Fent poirhe :
 ’ Mess enne pmes
Pima nunbess which an be e prssd in
the - whereke z+ ase called
Messenne primes ·
-3

3|= -|
are Messanne Palmes:

Notice that 15-1 But as 19 is

prme nben it is
wnbe, nt a Mers eine prboe'

Fenats heose
Fesnat's theose Faoat'i littteheosei
Feamats f'rim ality tut)
test in
states that ay pre nuobes Pp and
a (where and p are rolativeg: pro
PP divides eaacty nto a - a
a I(od p) la (rood p)= a a

anod P) =
P-!
Rermainde ot
( )=t
 x(3 = P= mot a
Omod 3 X 3
P)
pma, a
P
Pmod aPosis the nCowat
into ty
Ans:
P
he Fnd
3
ae od ven Gi
P-I
Feats AsAns:
heoses
Sesult the
Dpplications
ero eos Fetneb
th
 mod 3

Trostes to sowe the Yelatio

theose espruss it in e -Posn P
So conwert the p oLdei value to eapress it In
in

T44 l 3xio)t64
oof +3 mod +3
+3xLo G4
mod 3t
+3xo C4
-

e4
mod P
+3
mad 73)xqnod 3 od 3
64)
9 9 m omod
t 433
X

mod 43
 Solve:
5 mod 3

Ans : 5 I3

ieoxi)*
5 ) mot |3

mot |3

mod 13mod 3
mot
12)ot 3 x 5

mo
-[ p
p-l
od |3
a

f3
 > Facto ization .
Fess ats Pactarigation
(2) Polland P-I facto nigation
OFesrnats Pactirigtion

steps ?
( ) Ard pos1ive 'integer K such Hhat
Kx K" is qratai than N(uhere is the
Nie
nummbes)Take
(22 Let Vasiadle D (KxK)
(3) Tp D i Pegeot$eare then
penbeet
to step (s)
(4 2 Else inc e n t K by liey K= k+| -Repet
step 2).
(5)Find the noot ok
ok D Let
D Sx S =p.

Then, the faclais ae

+) K-s) and (K+s) K = last Kk vadue

 the -facloss he rmmbas 224+
Fersats factarigation ethod .
V2324
=Isa. 4
Ans Let, K I52 So fake

(153x: I53 = 2340q ohich is geates then

2324+

Seleot aa K which gives the neasest value

rnbes
jven
k= |53

step step 3

D= (kxK)- N K= k t |

=(153xIss) 23ÆA deconal nun be

So it is not
= ls4
penget sqjianes

D=(54x \s4) Not pefect

a
K= k+
R324t
Suare

D-(55x lss) 428 ia not K= l5G

23247
|Pentect

D log q is a pefect
1084 stp
 =33 S

Facloss ae {sk nd (e-k (K-s) and

(k+)
(K-s) = (156-33) /last k wale)
= |a 3

(K+s) = (I56 ta3)

184

Facloss
123 & 184
3R41

Fastoige S04009 Fosunat

Pacloiztion method
 Ans: VN
Let
N= sogoo9(given
step 3 ste 4

-40x 4oo)
g090O9

D= Not a
posect K=o

D 45q5 Not perbect KqO3

D= G400
Ponbect s4ane

D= G400

K-s = 40 3 k+s = 403+80

8&3

Factiss ane SA3 and T83

 Faclsige 14|43 .

I19/43
Let K346
34S
step 2 step 3 step 4 345x3+S=1|To?5

D=5+3 Not a

lpertet squae
D-l266 Not a pebect K= 348
syare
Not a perteet K= 344

D= 2GS8 Not parbect K= 2S0

D= 335 Not a paneet K=35)

D =4058 Not a peseet

a
K 35ainal k

D= 476|
D47G) Penbat
stop S=VD =69
K +s = 352+69 = 42l

K-s 283
Faces ae 42|
 (2) Pollaad p-l Method fos Fastaigation)
Steps : ly-ito)
O To faco n 2 choose n a such
that 1cd (a, n)=1 ('stat froo a=
2Evalualea Pos B =l;2,3, i upto Some
limit
Find n n

B Value
stasting B=|

Contie step O by inereentng until

the gcd esult
will 2e value othe
than | This value Le a facto
n

Compula the faetos by dividig the

n by the oLtant lacto value.

aues:1) Faclooize ql usny Pollasd p-l method.

Ans : Let a2

gcd (a, n) = gd (3, 41) 49

So, a= .
hen l,
geB-1)mad n,n

god (91ylmod
ged (1,1)
ged , qi mod 't)
god C,)

When B=

-1) mod q1,q|

= got (3,al mod 3)

=g (3;)
 When B=3,

= ged 63,41 mod s3)

=gedG3, R8
ged2s
-ge4, o>gc a,o)=a

So a factrs
41÷ = l3

Ques ( Factize l402 us ing Pollasd pl

p melhod.
Ans Let a= 2

check whatth e ged (a,n= )) ko2

ged a, 403) = gd (1+o3,)
= gcd (,
So d=2 (value Pied)
a=2Vale
 When B-l

ged (a - ) mod to3,l4o3

= ged , r408 ) B’ bound
-gd i4o 3, ) Value
gt Ci,
When B=

god (-)mat l403,

l4o3, 4o3
= god3, (4"3)
3|1403
=god 4o 3, 3 12

23

-g-4 R,D

Remaindes
hen B= 3, 22
J433

(oR
14o3 63

14o3 - |3s
= ged
when B=4
= 2
|677Ql5 mod l403 l4-03

gd141,14o3
=ged i402, 141)
= god14l, 134)
= ged 134
=gd , D
-g-4C, J
when B s
1463 S!

s
mod (403 &
1403

mod 403 x 2mod l40 2 mod l403

med j4o3x 2 mo l403
mod 4o3

x535 od lto2
SosSt mod 14o 3
mod |403
X 5B5 m
685x535 nod
 2S|0353S od l403

444
Pristhes
metod
R 5!
mod 1403 mod I4o3t
- ( ) mod J463
= (1c479214 mod 1403,

(142) mod 146 3

mod J403

mod 14o3
AGOgG46mod l4o
444

shen, gcd
=ged
gd (+43, Ito)
 (1403, 4s
=ged (13, Glo

GI uohich is a factos

2factos 14o3 23

Facloss ek |403 ae
GIX 23
= 140'

Pollad
Palgnths is a nurbes they based.
intyer Pastonyatiorn algoith InventGd
Tohn Polland in l914 TE is a
Tt Is special -papse
algitho , m
eaning ttat it is only suitable
intges with specifie
Tt is he simplest eanpleio% gelje
aton alyntho . aofivation or, the
actanyion
Aactangatog
sleme, which
mettod is
elies
the RSA enyp tim
intege faotaizatn
 (io fint is
cohether,
Psimality testing embe

Painality testig::
tutig
Detäminitie algotrg Paotiilistie alyoitho s
Divisti lity gotho
Fetmat
SquarenMiles
test
Rot
Rabin
test test

Probatilistie Algetthns
O Mille- Rabin test Milles Rabin o

VAnotu wetho -
(1) Te
TA n ts even stuan felse (ie nawsker is
Cosposite)
odd wnbes d such kat
(2 Find than 1)
x n-] ( woust be greatis
( yuul to 1)
k times :
(5) Do Pollooing ste
(4) 1P (iller test(n, d =Palse
setin false ie; numbes is comporite

(4) zetn tuee (ie; numbeA is

Miles test
Sandom numbes the
(3)a) (0 Rek
sange R, n-]
Conpute mod nn
= n selin
t e (ie, numbe is fastaty psine).
Belos lop tirnes

E Do ollowing ohile d dount become

n-|

(b) TP(x==),yoisn Pale

(c) DA ==n-1), sotn tue
 check
On=i3 ewhethea
Paime
oilea -Rabi
not
k= 2
Aothes Mtho.
n-|

atuans false :
comoporite
aeluann tue :'P n 1s
3
4
k:deomines acehay leel
Mlle test k ti es
itenato. Highes velue o k indicntr
ie; 2 tmes mose
accray
R,
Let So doi thefotlaig
tines Sine
d
n ie )) tine
3

=4 mod 13 = (xx)/" 3
=i64 mod 3 |3

unbes
=647 13
n

zitesation aange-,n Sinci = n l 1,

Let

mod n ie, numbes s psie

=5mmod |3 Since both teations
aeluante,
Ris neithes l taie
2) n B IL
Let k=
n-|
odd.
take the value
d x&, not
is
d.

Then,4=4 þut

Miletest
yk tmes
= & mes -

1itegtion:
Let a =4 Loopi
mod n
.mod 14
1+

2falae
nd itoatiogi Let a= 5
d mot nr
4

A3, fale
t6, which is

So heube is pie
 (2) Fespat Test
Algovithun.
a Aick a tandon uobes i the dange R,n-a]
ged (a, n) =1 , Teturn) false

Pooceduse
Ezarople
(a)Nwobes to be tested is p p24421826|
Cb) choose any integ es a e
cempute thetenaindesDr
(C) Compute the emaind es: P-I

a
sReninder ob a
P
4GI4065
d) Te'em aundes , p is
composite Remaind es l , So p
is
Cornposite
 Squase Root test

Pactoss of pzime nunbes

One
bee lss than qyal to sqota).
will debinitely
’ While & to sayt ND,i we Pind
a numbe
cheding
th at a factos et N,it meane

that the nnbes has mose

pame umbes
So that mbeA would not b

we do not o
find ony , Pacto
Otheaoi se1f
that implies that N has ony 2 factors | and
pzlme num b e s T a
+hus 1t is a
its els
Ezamples:

= 4

We Pactoige
Cah as

(4,4), (8, 2) Go,1)

pa it ca be obsevedhat
Bet
Sne Pactos js es s han he squase
As the unbes anbe
hus, 16 is Cormposite
factoied and the
kule is satiuli ed
 N3G
J36 G

Factess : ,36 ), Go, 1s),(3,a) ,Ct,42, e,62,

a,4), (12,3 ), is,e), (3e, 1)
Tt Can be obeeved that Pactos in evet
pai is [Link] the saae
36 composite

8) Detesnoiistic Algeitho.
OPiviskliby Algothyn
Eiample.

prime
J44 q-848
he poine nmbers less than
is divisible b any hese
wobess Tt is. not, a
pzime.
 poime a is 14 not is Tt
. these ot any divis1ble
by is Check
e
than less beys num Pine
ahe
|434 30| Ansi
rus
? be poine