XII – PHYSICS

IMPORTANAT PROBLEMS
UNIT – 1 – ELECTROSTATICS

1. Calculate the number of electrons in one coulomb of negative charge.

Solution
According to the quantisation of charge,
q = ne
Here q = 1C. So the number of electrons in 1 coulomb of charge is
𝑞 1𝐶
n = = = 6.25 × 1018 electrons.
𝑒 1.6 ×10−19

2. The following pictures depict electric field lines for various charge configurations.

𝒒
(i) In figure (a) identify the signs of two charges and find the ratio | 𝟏 |
𝒒𝟐

(ii) In figure (b), calculate the ratio of two positive charges and identify the strength of
the electric field at three points A, B, and C
[iii] Figure (c) represents the electric field lines for three charges. If q2 = –20 nC, then
calculate the values of q1 and q3
Solution
(i) The electric field lines start at q2 and end at q1. In figure (a), q2 is positive and q1 is negative.
The number of lines starting from q2 is 18 and number of the lines ending at q1 is 6. So q2 has
𝒒 𝑵 𝟔 𝟏
greater magnitude. The ratio of | 𝟏 | = 𝟏 = = . It implies that |q2| = 3|q1|.
𝒒 𝑵 𝟐 𝟏𝟖 𝟑 𝟐

(ii) In figure (b), the number of field lines emanating from both positive charges are
equal (N=18). So the charges are equal. At point A, the electric field lines are denser
compared to the lines at point B. So the electric field at point A is greater in magnitude
compared to the field at point B. Further, no electric field line passes through C, which
implies that the resultant electric field at C due to these two charges is zero.

(iii) In the figure (c), the electric field lines start at q1 and q3 and end at q2. This implies
that q1 and q3 are positive charges. The ratio of the number of field lines is
𝒒 𝟖 𝒒 𝟏
| 𝟏 | = = | 𝟐 | = , implying that q1 and q3 are half of the magnitude of q2.
𝒒𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝒒𝟑 𝟐
So q1 = q3 = +10nC.

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 3. A sample of HCl gas is placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude 3 × 104 N C-1 .
The dipole moment of each HCl molecule is 3.4 × 10-30 Cm. Calculate the maximum
torque experienced by each HCl molecule.
Solution
The maximum torque experienced by the dipole is when it is aligned perpendicular to
the applied field.
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝐸sin 900 = 3.4 x 10-30 x 3 x 104
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10.2 x 10 -26 Nm.

4. Consider a point charge +q placed at the origin and another point charge -2q placed
at a distance of 9 m from the charge +q. Determine the point between the two charges
at which electric potential is zero.
Solution
According to the superposition principle, the total electric potential at a point is equal to
the sum of the potentials due to each charge at that point.
Consider the point at which the total potential zero is located at a distance x from the
charge +q as shown in the figure.

Since the total electric potential at P is zero,

1 𝑞 2𝑞
Vtot = 4𝜋𝜖 (𝑥 − (9−𝑥)) = 0 (𝑜𝑟 )
0
𝑞 2𝑞
= (9−𝑥) (or)
𝑥
1 2
= (9−𝑥)
𝑥
Hence, x = 3 m.

5. A water molecule has an electric dipole moment of 6.3 × 10-30 Cm. A sample
contains 1022 water molecules, with all the dipole moments aligned parallel to the
external electric field of magnitude 3 × 105 N C-1. How much work is required to
rotate all the water molecules from θ = 00 to 900 ?
Solution

When the water molecules are aligned in the direction of the electric field, it has
minimum potential energy. The work done to rotate the dipole from θ = 00 to 900 is equal
to the potential energy difference between these two configurations.
W = ∆U = U(900) – U (00)

From the equation (1.51), we write U = − pE cosθ, Next we calculate the work done to
rotate one water molecule from θ = 00 to 900.

For one water molecule

W= – pE cos 900 + pE cos 900 = pE
W = 6.3 x 10-30 x 3x 105 = 18.9 x 10-25J

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 For 1022 water molecules, the total work done is
Wtot = 18.9 x 10-25 x 1022 = 18.9 x 10-3J.

6.

(i) In figure (a), calculate the electric flux through the closed areas A1 and A2.
(ii) In figure (b), calculate the electric flux through the cube

Solution

(i) In figure (a), the area A1 encloses the charge Q. So electric flux through this closed
𝑄
surface A1 is . But the closed surface A2 contains no charges inside, so electric flux through A2
𝜖0
is zero.
(ii) In figure (b), the net charge inside the cube is 3q and the total electric flux in the cube
3𝑞
is therefore ȹE = 𝜖 . Note that the charge -10 q lies outside the cube and it will not contribute
0
the total flux through the surface of the cube.

7. Parallel plate capacitor has square plates of side 5 cm and separated by a distance
of 1 mm. (a) Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor. (b) If a 10 V battery is
connected to the capacitor, what is the charge stored in any one of the plates?
(The value of 𝝐𝟎 = 8.85 × 10-12 N-1 m-2 C2)

Solution

(a) The capacitance of the capacitor is

𝜖0𝐴 8.85×10−12×25×10−4
C= =
𝑑 1×10−3
= 221.2 Fx 10-13
C = 22.12 x 10 F = 22.12 F
-12

(b) The charge stored in any one of the plates is Q = CV, Then
Q = 22.12 x 10-12 x 10 = 221.2 x 10-12 C = 221.2 pC.

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 8. Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle of sides 5 cm and 10 cm kept in the
region of a uniform electric field 100 NC –1. The angle θ is 60o. If θ becomes zero,
what is the electric flux?

Solution
ȹ𝐸 = 𝐸⃗ . 𝐴 = EA cos 𝜃
= 100 x 5 x 10 x 10-4 x cos 600
ȹ𝐸 = 0.25 Nm2C-1
For θ = 0o,

ȹ𝐸 = 𝐸⃗ . 𝐴 = EA
= 100 x 5 x 10 x 10-4
= 0.5 Nm2C-1

9. Find the equivalent capacitance between P and Q for the configuration shown
below in the figure (a).

Solution
The capacitors 1 μF and 3 μF are connected in parallel and 6 μF and 2 μF are also
separately connected in parallel. So these parallel combinations reduced to equivalent single
capacitances in their respective positions, as shown in the figure (b).
Ceq = 1 + 3 = 4 μF
Ceq = 6 + 2 = 8 μF

From the figure (b), we infer that the two 4 μF capacitors are connected in series and
the two 8 μF capacitors are connected in series. By using formula for the series, we can reduce
to their equivalent capacitances as shown in figure (c).
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 1 1 1 1
= + = ⇒ Ceq = 2 μF
𝐶𝑒𝑞 4 4 2

And
1 1 1 1
= + = ⇒ Ceq = 4 μF
𝐶𝑒𝑞 8 8 4

From the figure (c), we infer that 2 μF and 4 μF are connected in parallel. So the
equivalent capacitance is given in the figure (d).
Ceq = 2+4 = 6 μF
Thus the combination of capacitances in figure (a) can be replaced by a single
capacitance 6 μF.

10. Two conducting spheres of radius r1 = 8 cm and r2 = 2 cm are separated by a

distance much larger than 8 cm and are connected by a thin conducting wire as
shown in the figure. A total charge of Q = +100 nC is placed on one of the spheres.
After a fraction of a second, the charge Q is redistributed and both the spheres
attain electrostatic equilibrium.

(a) Calculate the charge and surface charge density on each sphere.
(b) Calculate the potential at the surface of each sphere.

Solution
1 𝑞1
(a) The electrostatic potential on the surface of the sphere A is VA =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1
1 𝑞2
(b) The electrostatic potential on the surface of the sphere B is VB =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟2
Since VA = VB. We have
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑟
= ⇒ q1 = ( 1) q2
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2
But from the conservation of total charge, Q = q 1 + q2, we get q1 = Q – q2. By
substituting this in the above equation,
𝑟
Q – q2 = ( 1 ) q2
𝑟 2
𝑟2
so that q2 = Q ( )
𝑟1+𝑟2
Therefore
2
Q2 = 100 x 10-9 x ( ) = 20𝑛𝐶
10

and q1 = Q – q2 = 80nC
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 𝑞1
The electric charge density on sphere A is 𝜎1 =
4𝜋𝑟12

𝑞2
The electric charge density on sphere B is𝜎2 =
4𝜋𝑟22
Therefore,
80 ×10−9
𝜎1 = = 0.99 x 10-6 Cm-2
4𝜋 ×64 ×10−4
𝑎𝑛𝑑
20 ×10−9
𝜎2 = = 3.9 x 10-6 Cm-2
4𝜋 ×4 ×10−4
Note that the surface charge density is greater on the smaller sphere compared to the
𝜎 𝑟
larger sphere (σ2 ≈ 4σ1) which confirms the result 1 = 1
𝜎2 𝑟2
The potential on both spheres is the same. So we can calculate the potential on any one
of the spheres.
1 𝑞1 9 × 109 ×80 ×10−9
VA = = = 9 kV.
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟1 8 × 10−2

11. Dielectric strength of air is 3 × 106 V m-1. Suppose the radius of a hollow sphere in
the Van de Graff generator is R = 0.5 m, calculate the maximum potential difference
created by this Van de Graaff generator.
Solution
The electric field on the surface of the sphere is given by (by Gauss law)
1 𝑄
E= 2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅
The potential on the surface of the hollow metallic sphere is given by
1 𝑄
V= = ER
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅
Since Vmax = Emax R
Here Emax=3x 106 Vm-1. So the maximum potential difference created is given by

Vmax = 3 × 106 × 0.5

= 1.5 × 106 V (or) 1.5 million volt.

12. When two objects are rubbed with each other, approximately a charge of 50
nC can be produced in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that must be
transferred to produce this charge.
Solution
Given charge produced q = 50 nC = 50 x 10-9 C
𝑞 50 ×10−9
Number of electrons transferred n = = = 31.25 x 1010
𝑒 1.6×10−16

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 13. A closed triangular box is kept in an electric field of magnitude E = 2 x10 3 NC-1
as shown in the figure. Calculate the electric flux through the
a) Vertical rectangular surface b) Slanted surface and c) Entire surface.

Solution
(a) Electric flux through the vertical rectangular surface
𝜙 = EA cos 00 = 2 x 103 x (0.5 x 0.05) = 15 Nm2 C-1
𝐸𝐴
(b) Electric flux through the slanted surface Q = EA cos 600 =
2
𝑃𝑄 1 0.05
From figure, cos 600 = , = , QR = 0.1 m
𝑄𝑅 2 𝑄𝑅
Area of slanted surface = 0.15 x 0.1 = 15 x 10-3 m2
2×10−3×15×10−3
Flux linked 𝜙 = = 15 Nm2 C-1
2
This acts opposite to the flux due to vertical surface.
(c) Flux due to entire surface = Flux due to (vertical rectangular surface + slanted surface +
two ends) = 15-15+0+0 = 0 = zero.

Unit -2 – current electricity

1. Compute the current in the wire if a charge of 120 C is flowing through a copper wire
in 1 minute.
Solution
The current (rate of flow of charge) in the wire is
𝑄 120
I= = =2A
𝑡 60

2. If an electric field of magnitude 570 N C -1, is applied in the copper wire, find the
acceleration experienced by the electron.
Solution
E = 570 N C-1, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C,
m = 9.11 × 10-31 kg and a = ?
F = ma = eE
𝑒𝐸 570 ×1.6 × 10−19
a= =
𝑚 9.11 ×10−31

912 × 10−19 ×10−31

=
9.11
= 1.001 x 1014 ms-2

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 3. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm2 carries a current of 0.2 A. If the free
electron density of copper is 8.4 × 1028 m-3 then compute the drift velocity of free
electrons.
Solution
The relation between drift velocity of electrons and current in a wire of cross-sectional
area A is
𝐼 0.2
𝜐𝑑 = = 28 −19 −6
𝑛𝑒 𝐴 8.4 ×10 ×1.6 ×10 ×0.5 ×10
= 0.03 x 10-3 m s-1.

4. Determine the number of electrons flowing per second through a conductor, when a
current of 32 A flows through it.
Solution
I = 32 A , t = 1 s
Charge of an electron, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
The number of electrons flowing per second, n =?
𝑞 𝑛𝑒
I= =
𝑡 𝑡
𝐼𝑡
n =
𝑒
32 ×1
n=
1.6 × 10−19𝐶

n = 20 × 1019 = 2 × 1020 electrons.

5. A potential difference across 24 Ω resistor is 12 V. What is the current through the

resistor?

Solution
V = 12 V and R = 24 Ω
Current, I = ?
𝑉 12
From Ohm’s law, I = 𝑅= 24 = 05.A

6. The resistance of a wire is 20 Ω. What will be new resistance, if it is stretched

uniformly 8 times its original length?
Solution
R1 = 20 Ω, R2= ?
Let the original length of the wire (l1) be l.
New length, l2 = 8l1 (i.,e) l2 =8l
𝑙
Original resistance, R1 = 𝜌 𝐴1
1

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 𝑙 𝜌(8𝑙)
New resistance R2 = 𝜌 𝐴2 = 𝐴2
2

Though the wire is stretched, its volume remains unchanged.

Initial volume = Final volume
A1l1= A2l2 , A1l = A2(8l )
𝐴1 8𝑙
𝐴2
= 𝑙
=8
By dividing equation for R2 by equation for R1, we get
𝑅2 𝜌(8𝑙) 𝐴
𝑅1
= 𝐴2
x 𝜌𝑙1
𝑅2 𝐴1
𝑅1
= 𝐴2
x8

𝐴1
Substituting the value of , we get
𝐴2
𝑅2
= 8 x 8 = 64
𝑅1
R2 = 64 × 20=1280 Ω
Hence, stretching the length of the wire has increased its resistance.

7. Calculate the equivalent resistance in the following circuit and also find the values
of current I, I1 and I2 in the given circuit.

Solution
Since the resistances are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance in the circuit is
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 4 6

1 5 12
= 12 Ω or Rp = Ω
5
𝑅𝑝

The resistors are connected in parallel, the potential difference (voltage) across them is
the same.
𝑉 24𝑉
I1 = = =6A
𝑅1 4Ω

𝑉 24
I2 = = =4A
𝑅2 6

The current I is the sum of the currents in the two branches. Then, I = I1 + I2= 6 A + 4 A = 10 A

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 8. Two resistors when connected in series and parallel, their equivalent resistances
𝟓𝟔
are 15 Ω and Ω respectively. Find the values of the resistances.
𝟏𝟓
Solution

Rs = R1 + R2 = 15 Ω (1)
𝑅1 𝑅2 56
Rp = = Ω (2)
𝑅1 +𝑅2 15

From equation (1) substituting for R1 + R2 in equation (2)

𝑅1 𝑅2
= 56 Ω
𝑅1 +𝑅2 15

∴ R1 R2 = 56
56
R2 = Ω (3)
𝑅1

Substituting for R2 in equation (1) from equation (3)

56
R1 = = 15
𝑅1

𝑅12 +56
Then, = 15
𝑅1

𝑅12 + 56 = 15R1
𝑅12 – 15 R1 + 56 = 0
The above equation can be solved using factorisation.
R1 = 8 Ω (or) R1 = 7 Ω
If R1= 8 Ω
Substituting in equation (1)
8 + R2 = 15
R2 = 15 – 8 = 7 Ω ,
R2 = 7 Ω i.e , (when R1 = 8 Ω ; R2 = 7 Ω)
If R1= 7 Ω
Substituting in equation (1)
7 + R2 = 15
R2 = 8 Ω , i.e , (when R1 = 7 Ω ; R2 = 8 Ω )

9. Calculate the equivalent resistance between A and B in the given circuit.

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 Solution
In all the sections, the resistors are connected in parallel.
Section 1
1 1 1
= +
𝑅𝑝1 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1 2
= + = 𝑅𝑝1 = 1Ω
𝑅𝑝1 2 2 2

Section II
1 1 1 2 1 1
= + = = , 𝑅𝑝2 = 2Ω
𝑅𝑝2 4 4 4 𝑅𝑝2 2

Section III
1 1 1 2 1 1
= + = = , 𝑅𝑝3 = 3Ω
𝑅𝑝3 6 6 6 𝑅𝑝3 3

Equivalent resistance is given by

R = 𝑅𝑝1 + 𝑅𝑝2 + 𝑅𝑝3

R=1Ω+2Ω+3Ω=6Ω
The circuit becomes,

10. If the resistance of coil is 3 Ω at 200 C and α = 0.004/0C then determine its
resistance at 1000 C.
Solution
R0 = 3 Ω, T = 1000 C, T0 = 200 C
α = 0.004/0 C, RT = ?
RT = R 0 (1 + α(T-T0))
R100 = 3(1 + 0.004 × 80)
R = 3.96 Ω
100

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 11. Resistance of a material at 200 C and 400 C are 45 Ω and 85 Ω respectively. Find its
temperature coefficient of resistivity.
Solution
T0 = 200 C, T = 400 C, R0= 45 Ω , R = 85 Ω
1 ∆𝑅
𝛼=
𝑅0 ∆𝑇

1 85−45 1
𝛼= (40−20) = (2)
45 45

𝛼 =0.044 per0 C

12. For the given circuit find the value of I.

Solution
Applying Kirchhoff ’s rule to the point P in the circuit,

The arrows pointing towards P are positive and away from P are negative.
Therefore, 0.2A – 0.4A + 0.6A – 0.5A + 0.7A – I = 0
1.5A – 0.9A – I = 0
0.6A – I = 0
I = 0.6 A

13. In a Wheatstone’s bridge P = 100 Ω, Q = 1000 Ω and R = 40 Ω. If the galvanometer

shows zero deflection, determine the value of S.
Solution
𝑃 𝑅
=
𝑄 𝑆
𝑄
S= xR
𝑃
1000
S= x 40 S = 400 Ω
100

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 14. What is the value of x when the Wheatstone’s network is balanced?
P = 500 Ω, Q = 800 Ω, R = x + 400, S = 1000 Ω

Solution
𝑃 𝑅
= , when the network is balanced
𝑄 𝑆
500 𝑥+400
=
800 1000
5
𝑥 + 400 = x 1000
8
𝑥 + 400 = 625
𝑥 = 625 − 400
𝑥 = 225 Ω

15. In a meter bridge experiment with a standard resistance of 15 Ω in the right gap,
the ratio of balancing length is 3:2. Find the value of the other resistance.
Solution
Q = 15 Ω, l1:l2 = 3:2
𝑙1 3
=
𝑙2 2
𝑃 𝑙1
=
𝑄 𝑙2
𝑙1
P=Q
𝑙2
3
P = 15 x = 22.5 Ω
2

16. In a meter bridge experiment, the value of resistance in the resistance box
connected in the right gap is 10 Ω. The balancing length is l1 = 55 cm. Find the value
of unknown resistance.
Solution
Q = 10 Ω
𝑃 𝑙1 𝑙1
𝑄
= =
100−𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑙1
𝑃=𝑄 ×
100 − 𝑙1
10 × 55
𝑃 =
100 − 55
550
P= = 12.2 Ω
45

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 17. Find the heat energy produced in a resistance of 10 Ω when 5 A current flows
through it for 5 minutes.
Solution
R = 10 Ω, I = 5 A, t = 5 minutes = 5 × 60 s
H = I2 Rt
= 52 × 10 × 5 × 60
= 25 × 10 × 300
= 25 × 3000
= 75000 J (or) 75 kJ

18. A Copper wire of 10-6 m2 area of cross – section carries a current of 2A. If the
number of free electrons per cubic meter in the wire is 8 x 10 28, Calculate the
current density and average drift velocity of electrons.
Solution
Given A = 106 m2, I = 2A, n = 8 x 1028
𝐼 2
Current density J = = −6 = 2 x 106 A m-2
𝐴 10
1 2 2×10−3
Drift velocity Vd = = = = 15.6 x 10-5 ms-1
𝑛𝑒𝐴 8 ×10−6×1.6×10−19×10−6 12.8

19. The resistance of a nichrome wire at 200C is 10Ω. If its temperature coefficient of
resistivity of nichrome is 0.004 / 0C, find the resistance of the wire at boiling point
of water. Comment on the result.
Solution
Given R0 = 10Ω, a = 0.004/0C, t = 1000C
RT = R0 [ 1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )] = 10 [ 1+ 0.004(100-20)]
= 10 (1+0.32) = 10 x 1.32 = 13.2Ω
As the temperature increases the resistance of the wire also increases.

20. Two cells each of 5V are connected in series across a 8Ω resistor and three
parallel resistors of 4Ω, 6Ω and 12Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above
arrangement.
Calculate (i) The current drawn from the cell (ii) current through each resistor.
Solution

1 1 1 1 12 1
For the parallel combination = + + = = , Rp = 2Ω
𝑅𝑝 4 6 12 24 2
Total resistance in the circuit R = 8 +2 = 10 Ω
𝜉 5+5
(i) Current drawn from the cell I = = = 1A
𝑅 10

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 (ii) Voltage across the parallel resistors = IR = 1 x 2 = 2V
2 2
Current through 4 Ω is = 0.5 A, Current through6 Ω is = 0.33 A
4 6
2
Current through 12 Ω is = 0.17 A
12

21. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35

cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point
shifts to 63 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
Solution
𝜉2 𝑙2 𝜉2 63 1.25 ×63
= = = , 𝜉2 = = 2.25 V
𝜉1 𝑙1 1.25 35 35

Unit – 3 – Magnetism and magnetic effects of electric current

1. Let the magnetic moment of a bar magnet be 𝒑

⃗ m whose magnetic length is d = 2l and
pole strength is qm. Compute the magnetic moment of the bar magnet when it is cut into
two pieces
(a) along its length
(b) perpendicular to its length.
Solution
(a) a bar magnet cut into two pieces along its length:

When the bar magnet is cut along the axis into two pieces, new magnetic pole strength is
𝑞𝑚
′
𝑞𝑚 = but magnetic length does not change. So, the magnetic moment is
2
′
𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚
′
2𝑙
𝑞𝑚 1 1
′
𝑝𝑚 = 2𝑙 = (qm2l) = pm
2 2 2
1
In vector notation, 𝑝𝑚
′
= 𝑃⃗m
2

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Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
(b) a bar magnet cut into two pieces perpendicular to the axis:

When the bar magnet is cut perpendicular to the axis into two pieces, magnetic pole strength
will not change but magnetic length will be halved. So the magnetic moment is
1 1 1
′
𝑝𝑚 = qm x (2l) = (qm. 2l) = pm
2 2 2
1
In vector notation, 𝑝𝑚
′
= 𝑃⃗m
2

2. Compute the magnetic length of a uniform bar magnet if the geometrical length of the
magnet is 12 cm. Mark the positions of magnetic pole points.

Solution
Geometric length of the bar magnet is 12 cm
5
Magnetic length = x (Geometric length)
6
5
= x 12 = 10 cm
6

In this figure, the dot implies the pole points.

16
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
3. The repulsive force between two magnetic poles in air is 9 × 10-3 N. If the two poles
are equal in strength and are separated by a distance of 10 cm, calculate the pole
strength of each pole.
Solution
The magnitude of the force between two poles is given by
𝑞𝑚𝐴 𝑞𝑚𝐵
F=k
𝑟2

Given : F = 9 × 10-3 N, r = 10 cm = 10 × 10-2 m

Since 𝑞𝑚𝐴 = 𝑞𝑚𝐵 = 𝑞𝑚 , we have

2
𝑞𝑚
9 x 10-3 = 10-7 x ⇒ = 𝑞𝑚 = 30 N T-1.
(10×10−2)

4. Compute the intensity of magnetisation of the bar magnet whose mass, magnetic
moment and density are 200 g, 2 A m2 and 8 g cm-3, respectively.
Solution
Density of the magnet is
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density = ⇒ Volume =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

200 × 10−3𝑘𝑔
Volume = (8 = 25 x 10-6 m3
×10−3𝑘𝑔)106 𝑚−3

Magnitude of magnetic moment pm=2Am2

Intensity of magnetization,
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 2
M= =
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑒 25 ×10−6

M = 0.8 x 105 Am-1.

⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 (𝑯
5. Using the relation 𝑩 ⃗⃗ + 𝑴
⃗⃗⃗ ), show that 𝒙𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 – 1.
Solution
⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝐻
𝐵 ⃗ +𝑀
⃗⃗ )

But from equation (3.33), in vector form,

⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑚 𝐻
𝑀 ⃗
⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝑥𝑚 + 1) 𝐻
Hence, 𝐵 ⃗ ⇒𝐵
⃗ = 𝜇𝐻
⃗
𝜇
Where, 𝜇 = 𝜇0 (𝑥𝑚 + 1) ⇒ 𝑥𝑚 + 1 = = 𝜇𝑟
𝜇0

⇒ 𝑥𝑚 = 𝜇𝑟 – 1.

17
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
6. Two materials X and Y are magnetised whose values of intensity of magnetisation are
500 A m-1 and 2000 A m-1 respectively. If the magnetising field is 1000 A m -1, then which
one among these materials can be easily magnetized?
Solution
The susceptibility of material X is
⃗⃗
𝑀 500
𝑥𝑚,𝑋 = | ⃗ | = = 0.5
𝐻 1000
The susceptibility of material Y is
⃗⃗
𝑀 2000
𝑥𝑚,𝑌 = | ⃗ | = =2
𝐻 1000

Since, susceptibility of material Y is greater than that of material X, which implies that material
Y can be easily magnetized.

7. A coil of a tangent galvanometer of diameter 0.24 m has 100 turns. If the horizontal
component of Earth’s magnetic field is 25 × 10-6 T then, calculate the current which
gives a deflection of 600.
Solution
The diameter of the coil is 0.24 m. Therefore, radius of the coil is 0.12 m.
Number of turns is 100 turns.
Earth’s magnetic field is 25 × 10-6 T
Deflection is
𝜃 = 600 ⇒ tan 600 = √3 = 1.732
2𝑅𝐵𝐻
I= tan 𝜃
𝜇0 𝑁
2 ×0.12 ×25×10−6
= x 1.732 = 0.82 x 10−1 𝐴
4 ×10−7×3.14×100
I = 0.082 A

8. Compute the magnitude of the magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying a
current of 1 A at distance of 1m from it. Compare it with Earth’s magnetic field.
Solution
Given that I = 1 A and radius r = 1 m
𝜇0 𝐼 4𝜋 ×10−7×1
Bstraightwire = = = 2 x 10-7 T
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋×1

But the Earth’s magnetic field is BEarth~ 10-5 T

So, Bstraightwire is one hundred times smaller than BEarth.

18
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
9. An electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field 0.500 T undergoes
circular motion of radius 2.50 mm. What is the speed of electron?
Solution
Charge of an electron q = –1.60 × 10-19 C ⇒ |q| = 160 x 10-19 C

Magnitude of magnetic field B = 0.500 T

Mass of the electron, m = 9.11 × 10-31 kg

Radius of the orbit, r = 2.50 mm = 2.50 × 10-3 m

𝑟𝐵
Speed of the electron, 𝜐 = |q|
𝑚
2.50 ×10−3×0.500
𝜐 = 1.60 x 10-19 x
9.11 × 10−31

𝜐 = 2.195 x 108 ms-1

10. Suppose a cyclotron is operated to accelerate protons with a magnetic field of

strength 1 T. Calculate the frequency in which the electric field between two Dees could
be reversed.
Solution
Magnetic field B = 1 T
Mass of the proton, mp= 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Charge of the proton, q= 1. 60 x 10-19 C
𝑞𝐵 (1.60 ×10−19)(1)
𝑓= =
2𝜋𝑚𝑝 2(3.14)(1.67×10−27)

= 15.3 x 106 Hz = 15.3 MHz

11. The resistance of a moving coil galvanometer is made twice its original value in
order to increase current sensitivity by 50%. Find the percentage change in voltage
sensitivity.
Solution
𝐼
Voltage sensitivity is Vs = 𝑅𝑠
𝑔
When the resistance is doubled, then new resistance is 𝑅𝑔′ = 2Rg
50 3
Increase in current sensitivity is 𝐼𝑠′ = (1 + ) I s = 2 Is
100
The new voltage sensitivity is
3
𝐼 3
2 𝑠
𝑉𝑠′ = = Vs
2𝑅𝑔 4
Hence the voltage sensitivity decreases. The percentage decrease in voltage sensitivity is
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠′
x 100 % = 25%.
𝑉𝑠

19
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 12. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment 𝒑 ⃗ m is cut into four pieces i.e., first
cut in two places along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut into
two pieces. Compute the magnetic moment of each piece.
Solution
(a) When the bar magnet is cut along its axis into two pieces, new magnetic pole
strength is qm/2. Magnetic length does not change.
𝑞𝑚 𝑞𝑚 2𝑙 𝑝𝑚
New Magnetic moment 𝑝m = ( ) 2𝑙 = =
2 2 2

(b) When the piece are again cut into two pieces perpendicular to the axis,
magnetic pole strength is qm/2 and magnetic length is l.
𝑞𝑚 𝑞𝑚 (2𝑙) 𝑝𝑚
∴ New magnetic moment (𝑝m)new = ( )𝑙 = =
2 4 4

Unit – 4 – Electromagnetic induction and alternating current

1. A circular loop of area 5 x 10–2 m2 rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2T. If
the loop rotates about its diameter which is perpendicular to the magnetic field
as shown in figure. Find the magnetic flux linked with the loop when its plane is
(i) normal to the field (ii) inclined 60o to the field and (iii) parallel to the field.

Solution
A = 5 x 10-2 m2; B = 0.2 T
(i) 𝜃 = 0;
ȹ𝐵 = BA cos 𝜃 = 0.2 x 5 x 10-2 x cos 00
ȹ𝐵 = 1 x 10-2 Wb

(ii) θ = 90° – 60° = 30° ;

ȹ𝐵 = BA cos 𝜃 = 0.2 x 5 x 10-2 x cos 300
√3
ȹ𝐵 = 1 x 10-2 x = 8.66 x 10-3 Wb
2
(iii) θ = 90°
ȹ𝐵 = BA cos900 = 0

20
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 2. A closed coil of 40 turns and of area 200 cm2, is rotated in a magnetic field of flux
density 2 Wb m–2. It rotates from a position where its plane makes an angle of
30o with the field to a position perpendicular to the field in a time 0.2 s. Find the
magnitude of the emf induced in the coil due to its rotation.
Solution
N = 40 turns; B = 2 Wb m–2 A = 200 cm2 = 200 x 10–4 m2
Initial flux , ȹi = BA cos𝜃
= 2 x 200 x 10-4 x cos600
Since 𝜃 = 900 – 300 = 600
ȹi = 2 x 10-2 Wb
Final flux, ȹ𝑓 = BA cos 𝜃
= 2 x 200 x 10-4 x cos 00
Since 𝜃 = 00
ȹ𝑓 = 4 x 10-2 Wb
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 of the induced emf is
𝑑ȹ𝐵 40 ×(4×10−2−2×102 )
𝜀=N = = 4V
𝑑𝑡 0.2

3. The magnetic flux passes perpendicular to the plane of the circuit and is
directed into the paper. If the magnetic flux varies with respect to time as per
the following relation: ΦB = + (2t3 + 3t2 + 8t + 5) mWb , what is the magnitude of
the induced emf in the loop when t = 3 s? Find out the direction of current
through the circuit.

Solution
ΦB = + (2t3 + 3t2 + 8t + 5) mWb; N = 1; t = 3s
𝑑(𝑁ȹ𝐵 )
(i) 𝜀=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
= (2t3 + 3t2 + 8t + 5) x 10-3
𝑑𝑡
= (6𝑡2 + 6t + 8) x 10-3 V
At t = 3s,
𝜀 = [(6x9) + (6x3)+8] x 10-3
= 80 x 10-3V = 80 mV
(ii) As time passes, the magnetic flux linked with the loop increases. According
to Lenz’s law, the direction of the induced current should be in a way so as
to oppose the flux increase. So, the induced current flows in such a way to
produce a magnetic field opposite to the given field. This magnetic field is
perpendicularly outwards. Therefore, the induced current flows in
anticlockwise direction.
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Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 4. A conducting rod of length 0.5 m falls freely from the top of a building of height
7.2 m at a place in Chennai where the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
field is 4.04 × 10–5 T. If the length of the rod is perpendicular to Earth’s
horizontal magnetic field, find the emf induced across the conductor when the
rod is about to touch the ground. (Assume that the rod falls down with constant
acceleration of 10 m s–2)
Solution
l = 0.5 m; h = 7.2 m; u = 0 m s–1; g = 10 m s–2; BH = 4.04 × 10–5 T
The final velocity of the rod is
𝜐 2 = u2 + 2 gh = 0 +(2 x 10 x 7.2) = 144
𝜐 = 12ms1
The magnitude of the induced emf when the rod is about to touch the ground is
𝜀 = BH 𝑙𝜐 = 4.04 x 10-5 x 0.5 x 12
= 242.4𝜇V

5. A solenoid of 500 turns is wound on an iron core of relative permeability 800.

The length and radius of the solenoid are 40 cm and 3 cm respectively. Calculate
the average emf induced in the solenoid if the current in it changes from 0 to 3 A
in 0.4 second.
Solution
N = 500 turns; µr = 800 ; l = 40 cm = 0.4 m; r = 3 cm = 0.03 m; di = 3 – 0 = 3 A;
dt = 0.4 s Self inductance,
𝑁
L = 𝜇𝑛 2 𝐴𝑙 (∵ 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 ; 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ; 𝑛 = )
1
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁 2𝜋𝑟 2
=
𝑙
4 ×3.14×10−7×800 ×5002 ×3.14×(3×1012 )2
=
0.4
L = 1.77 H
𝑑𝑖
Induced emf 𝜀 = - L
𝑑𝑡
1.77 ×3
=-
0.4
𝜀 = -13.275 V.

6. The self-inductance of an air-core solenoid is 4.8 mH. If its core is replaced by

iron core, then its self-inductance becomes 1.8 H. Find out the relative
permeability of iron.
Solution
Liar = 4.8 x 10-3 H
Liron = 1.8 H
Lair = 𝜇0 n2Al = 4.8 x 10-3 H
Liron = µn2Al = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 , n2 Al = 1.8 H
𝐿 1.8
∵ 𝜇𝑟 = 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = −3
= 375
𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟 4.8 ×10

22
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 7. The current flowing in the first coil changes from 2 A to 10 A in 0.4 s. Find the
mutual inductance between two coils if an emf of 60 mV is induced in the second
coil. Also determine the magnitude of induced emf in the second coil if the
current in the first coil is changed from 4 A to 16 A in 0.03 s. Consider only the
magnitude of induced emf.
Solution
Case (i): di1 = 10 – 2 = 8 A; dt = 0.4 s; ε2 = 60 x 10-3 V
Case (ii): di1 = 16 – 4 = 12 A; dt = 0.03 s
(i) Mutual inductance between the coils.

𝜀2 60 ×10−3×0.4
M= =
𝑑𝑖1⁄𝑑𝑡 8
M=3x 10-3H
(ii) Induced emf in the second coil due to the rate of change of current in the first coil
is
𝑑𝑖1 3×10−3×12
𝜀2 = 𝑀 =
𝑑𝑡 0.03
𝜀2 = 1.2 V

8. A circular metal of area 0.03 m2 rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The
axis of rotation passes through the centre and perpendicular to its plane and is
also parallel to the field. If the disc completes 20 revolutions in one second and
the resistance of the disc is 4 Ω, calculate the induced emf between the axis and
the rim and induced current flowing in the disc.
Solution
A = 0.03 m2 ; B = 0.4 T; f = 20 rps; R = 4 Ω
Area swept out by the disc in unit time = Area of the disc × frequency
𝑑𝐴
= 0.03 x 20
𝑑𝑡
= 0.6 m2s-1
The magnitude of the induced emf,
𝑑ȹ𝐵 𝑑(𝐵𝐴) 𝑑𝐴
𝜀= = =B
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0.4 ×0.6
𝜀= = 0.24 V
1
𝜀 0.24
Induced current, I = = = 0.06A
𝑅 4

9. A rectangular coil of area 70 cm2 having 600 turns rotates about an axis
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.4 Wb m –2. If the coil completes 500
revolutions in a minute, calculate the instantaneous emf when the plane of the
coil is (i) perpendicular to the field (ii) parallel to the field and (iii) inclined at
60o with the field.
Solution
A = 70 x 10–4 m2 ;N = 600 turType equation [Link] B = 0.4 Wbm–2; f = 500 rpm
The instantaneous emf is
23
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡
Since 𝜀𝑚 = Nȹ𝑚 𝜔 = N (BA) (2𝜋𝑓)
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 × 2𝜋𝑓 × sin 𝜔 𝑡
(i) When ωt = 0,
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 0 = 0
(ii) When ωt = 90
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 900 = NBA x 2𝜋𝑓x 1
22 500
= 600 x 0.4 x 70 x 10-4 x 2 x x( )
7 60
= 88 V
(iii) When ωt = 90° – 60° = 300
1
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑚 sin 300 = 88 x = 44 V
2

10. An electric power of 2 MW is transmitted to a place through transmission lines

of total resistance R = 40 Ω, at two different voltages. One is lower voltage (10
kV) and the other is higher (100 kV). Let us now calculate and compare power
losses in these two cases.
Solution
Case (i): P = 2 MW; R = 40 Ω; V = 10 kV Power, P = VI
𝑃
∵ current, I =
𝑉
2×106
= = 200 A
10×103
Power loss = Heat produced = I 2R
= (200)2 x 40 = 1.6 x 106W
1.6 ×106
% of power loss = x 100%
2×106
= 0.8 x 100 % = 8 %
Case (ii): P = 2 MW; R = 40 Ω; V = 100 kV
𝑃
∵ current, I =
𝑉
2×106
= = 20 A
100×103
Power loss = I2R
= (20)2 x 40 = 0.016 x 106W
0.016 ×106
% of power loss = x 100%
2×106
= 0.008 x 100% = 0.8%
Thus it is clear that when an electric power is transmitted at higher voltage, the power
loss is reduced to a large extent

11. An ideal transformer has 460 and 40,000 turns in the primary and secondary
coils respectively. Find the voltage developed per turn of the secondary if the
transformer is connected to a 230 V AC mains. The secondary is given to a load
of resistance 104 Ω. Calculate the power delivered to the load.

24
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution
NP= 460 turns; NS = 40,000 turns VP = 230 V; RS = 104 Ω
(i) Secondary voltage,
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑠 230 ×40,000
Vs = = = 20,000 V
𝑁𝑝 460
𝑉𝑠 20,000
Secondary voltage per turn = = 0.5 V
𝑁𝑠 40,000

(ii) Power delivered

𝑉𝑠2 20,000 ×20,000
= V2Is = = = 40 kW
𝑅𝑠 104

12. An inverter is common electrical device which we use in our homes. When there
is no power in our house, inverter gives AC power to run a few electronic
appliances like fan or light. An inverter has inbuilt step-up transformer which
converts 12 V AC to 240 V AC. The primary coil has 100 turns and the inverter
delivers 50 mA to the external circuit. Find the number of turns in the secondary
and the primary current.
Solution
V p = 12 V; Vs = 240 V; Is = 50mA; Np = 100 turn
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝
= = =K
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑠
240
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐾 = = 20
120
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
Ns = Np x K = 100 x 20 = 2000
Primary current,
Ip = K x Is = 20 x 50 mA = 1 A

13. Write down the equation for a sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz and its peak value is
20 V. Draw the corresponding voltage versus time graph.
Solution
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧; 𝑉𝑚 = 20 𝑉
Instantaneous voltage, 𝜐 = Vm sin 𝜔𝑡
= Vm sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
= 20 sin (2𝜋 x 50) t = 20 sin(100 x 3.14) t
𝜐 = 20 sin 314t
1 1
Time for one cycle, T = = = 0.02 s
𝑓 50
= 20 x 10-3s = 20 ms
The wave form is given below.

25
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 14. The equation for an alternating current is given by I = 77 sin 314t. Find the peak
current, frequency, time period and instantaneous value of current at t = 2 ms.
Solution
I = 77 sin 314 t ; t = 2 m s = 2×10–3 s The general equation of an alternating current is
I = Im sinωt . On comparison,

(i) Peak current, Im =77 A

𝜔 314
(ii) Frequency, 𝑓 = = = 50 Hz
2𝜋 2 ×3.14
1 1
(iii) Time period, T = = = 0.02s
𝑓 50
(iv) At t = 2m s, instantaneous current,
I = 77 sin(314 x 2 x 10-3)
1800
= 77 sin (314 x 2 x 10 − 3 x )
3.14
= 77 sin 360 = 77 x 0.5878
= 45.26 A

15. A 400 mH coil of negligible resistance is connected to an AC circuit in which an

effective current of 6 mA is flowing. Find out the voltage across the coil if the
frequency is 1000 Hz.
Solution
L = 400 × 10–3 H; Ieff = 6 × 10–3A ; f = 1000 H
Inductive reactance, XL = L𝜔 = L x 2𝜋𝑓
= 2 x 3.14 x 1000 x 0.4
= 2512 Ω
Voltage across L
V = I XL = 6 x 10-3 x 2512
V = 15.072 V(RMS)

𝟏𝟎𝟐
16. A capacitor of capacitance µF is connected across a 220 V, 50 Hz A.C. mains.
𝝅
Calculate the capacitive reactance, RMS value of current and write down the
equations of voltage and current
Solution
102
C= x 10-6 F, VRMS = 220 V; 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
𝜋
(i) Capacitive reactance,
1 1
XC = =
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
= 10−4
2 ×𝜋×50×
𝜋
(i) RMS value of current
𝑉 220
IRMS = 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = 2.2A
𝑋𝐶 100
(i) Vm = 220 x √2 = 311 V
Im = 2.2 x √2 = 3.1 A

26
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Therefore,
𝜐 = 311 sin 314t
I = 3.1 sin (314t + 𝜋⁄2 )

𝟖𝟎
17. A 500 μH inductor, pF capacitor and a 628 Ω resistor are connected to form a
𝝅𝟐
series RLC circuit. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor of this circuit at
resonance.
Solution
80
L = 500 x 10-6 H; C = x 10-12F; R = 628Ω
𝜋2
(i) Resonant frequency is
1 1
𝑓𝑟 = =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 80
2𝜋√500 × 10−6 × 2 × 10−12
𝜋
1 10,000 ×103
= = = 2500 KHz
2𝜋√40,000×10−18 4
(ii) Q – Factor
𝜔𝑟 𝐿 2×3.14×2500×103 ×500×10−6
= =
𝑅 628
Q = 12.5

18. Find the impedance of a series RLC circuit if the inductive reactance, capacitive
reactance and resistance are 184 Ω, 144 Ω and 30 Ω respectively. Also calculate
the phase angle between voltage and current.
Solution
XL = 184 Ω; XC = 144Ω
R = 30Ω
(i) The impedance is
Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
= √302 + (184 − 144)2
= √900 + 1600
Z = 50 Ω
(ii) Phase angle ϕ between voltage and current is
𝑋 −𝑋 184−144
tan ϕ = 𝐿 𝐶 = = 1.33
𝑅 30
ϕ = 53.10
Since the phase angle is positive, voltage leads current by 53.1° for this
inductive circuit.

19. Find the instantaneous value of alternating voltage 𝝊 = 10sin(3𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒕) volt at
i) 0 s ii) 50 μs iii) 75 μs.
Solution
The given equation is 𝜐 = 10sin(3𝜋 × 104 𝑡)
(i) At t = 0 s,
𝜐 = 10sin00 = 0V
27
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 (ii) At t = 50 μs
𝜐 = 10sin(3𝜋 × 104 × 50 × 10−6 )
1800
= 10 sin (150𝜋 × 10−2 × )
𝜋
= 10 sin (2700) = 10 x -1
= -10 V
(iii) At t = 75 μs
𝜐 = 10sin(3𝜋 × 104 × 75 × 10−6 )
1800
= 10 sin (225𝜋 × 10−2 × )
𝜋
= 10 sin (4050) = 10 sin 450
= 10 x 1⁄√2 = 7.07 V

20. A series RLC circuit which resonates at 400 kHz has 80 μH inductor, 2000 pF
capacitor and 50 Ω resistor. Calculate (i) Q-factor of the circuit (ii) the new value
of capacitance when the value of inductance is doubled and (iii) the new Q-
factor.
Solution
L = 80 x 1-6; C = 2000 x 10-12F; R = 50Ω ; 𝑓𝑟 = 400 x 103 Hz.
1 𝐿
(i) Q – factor, Q1 = √
𝑅 𝐶

1 80×10−6
= √ =4
50 2000 × 10−12
(ii) When L2 = 2L
= 2 x 80 x 10-6 H
= 160 x 10-6 H
1
C2 =
4𝜋 2𝑓𝑟2𝐿2
1
=
4 ×3.142 ×(400×103 )2×160×10−6
≃ = 1000 x 10-12 F
𝐶 2 = 1000 pF
1 𝐿2 1 160×10−6
(iii) Q2 = =√ = √
𝑅 𝐶2 50 1000×10−12

1 16×10−5 4×102
= √ = =8
50 10−9 50

𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟐
21. A capacitor of capacitance F, an inductor of inductance H and a resistor of
𝝅 𝝅
resistance 100 Ω are connected to form a series RLC circuit. When an AC supply
of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to the circuit, determine (i) the impedance of the
circuit (ii) the peak value of current flowing in the circuit (iii) the power factor
of the circuit and (iv) the power factor of the circuit at resonance.

28
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution
2 10−4
L = H; C = F; R = 100Ω
𝜋 𝜋
VRMS = 220 V; 𝑓 = 50Hz
XL = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋 x 50 x 2/ 𝜋 = 200Ω
1 1
XC = = 10−4
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋 ×50×
𝜋

(i) Impedance, Z = √𝑅2 (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

= √1002 (200 − 100)2 = 141.4 Ω
(ii) Peak value of current,
𝑉𝑚 √2𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
Im = =
𝑍 𝑍
√2×220
= = 2.2 A
141.4
(iii) Power factor of the circuit,
𝑅 100
cos 𝜙 = = = 0.707
𝑍 141.4
(iv) Power factor at resonance,
𝑅 𝑅
cos 𝜙 = = = 1
𝑍 𝑅

22. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of
0.4T. The plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 300 to the field. Calculate the
magnetic flux through the coil.
Solution
A = 0.3 x 0.3 = 9 x 102 m2, N = 500, B = 0.4 T, 𝜃 = 900 – 300 = 600
1
𝜙 = NAB cos 𝜃 = 500 x 9 x 10-2 x 0.4 x cos 600 = 18 x = 9 Wb.
2

23. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s. Find
the magnitude of the emf induced in the wire.
Solution
d 𝜙 = 4 x 10-3 Wb, dt = 0.4 s
𝑑𝜙 4×10−3
Emf induced e = = = 10 x 10-3 V = 10 mV
𝑑𝑡 0.4

24. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a function of time
and is given by ȹB = (2t3 + 4t2 + 8t + 8) Wb. If the resistance of the coil is 5Ω,
determine the induced current through the coil at a time t = 3 second.
Solution
ȹB = 2t3 + 4t2 + 8t + 8 , R = 5Ω, t = 3 s
𝑑ȹ
induced emf e = 𝐵 = (6t2 + 8t + 8)
𝑑𝑡
when t = 3 s, e = - (6 x 9 + 8 x 3 + 8) = -86 V = 86 V
𝑒 86
induced current I = = = 17.2 A
𝑅 5

29
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 25. A closely would circular coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the magnetic
field. When the magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in 6 s, an emf 44 V is
induced. Calculate the number of turns in the coil.
Solution
r = 0.02m, dB = 8000 T – 2000 T = 6000 T, dt = 6s, e = 44 V
𝑑𝐵 6000
Induced emf e = NA , 44 = N x 3.14 x (0.02)2 x , N = 35 turns.
𝑑𝑡 6

26. A rectangular coil of area 6 cm2 having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.4 T. Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field and is
then rotated through an angle of 1800 in 1 second. If the resistance of the coil is
35Ω, find the amount of charge flowing through the coil.
Solution
A = 6 x 10-4 m2, N = 3500, B = 0.4 T, 𝜃1 = 00, 𝜃2 = 1800
R = 35Ω, t = 1s
𝜙 = N B A (Cos00 – cos 1800) = 3500 x 0.4 x 6 x 10-4 (1+1) = 1.68 Wb
𝑑𝜙 1.68 𝑒 𝑄 1.68 ×1
e= = = 1.68 volt, i = = , Q = = 48 x 10-3 C
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑅 𝑡 35

27. An induced current of 2.5 mA flows through a single conductor of resistance

100Ω. Find out the rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
Solution
i = 2.5 x 10-3 A, R = 100Ω, e = iR = 2.5 x 10-3 x 100 = 0.25 V
𝑑𝜙
e= = 0.25 = 250 x 10-3 = 250 m Wbs1
𝑑𝑡

28. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of 4 x 10 -
3T. If the induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is 0.02V,

determine the rate of rotation of the blade.

Solution
l = 0.4 m, B = 4 x 10-3 T, e = 0.02 V, f =?
𝜙 𝑒 0.02 20
e= = B𝜋𝑙2 f, f = = = = 9.95 Hz
𝑇 B𝜋𝑙 2 4 ×10−3×3.14 ×0.42 2.0096

29. Determine the self – inductance of 4000 turn air – core solenoid of length 2 m
and diameter 0.04m.
Solution
N = 4000, l = 2m, r = 0.02m, L = ?
𝜇0 𝑁 2𝐴 4 ×3.14 ×10−7×40002 ×3.14 ×0.022
L= = = 12.62 x 10-3 H = 12.62 mH.
𝑙 2

30. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 A. if the magnetic flux through the coil is
6 x 10-5 Wb, find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding the coil.
Solution
N = 200, I = 4 A, 𝜙 = 6 x 10-5 Wb

30
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 1 1 𝑁𝜙 1 1
UB = L I2 = ( ) I2 = 2 N 𝜙 I = 2 x 200 x 6 x 10-5 x 4 = 0.024 J.
2 2 𝑙

31. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is 0.04
m. Find the magnetic flux linked with each turn when it carries a current of 1A.
Solution
n = 2 x 104, I = 1A, r = 2 x 10-2 m
𝜙 = 𝜇0 , n A I = 4 x 3.14 x 10-7 x 4 x104 x 3.14 x (2 x 10-2)2 x 1 = 0.63 x 10-4 Wb

32. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 m Wb is
linked with each turn of the coil, find the inductance of the coil.
Solution
N = 200, I = 0.4 A, 𝜙 = 4 x 10-3 Wb
𝑁𝜙 200 ×4 ×10−3
Self inductance of the coil L = = =2H
𝐼 0.4

33. A step = down transformer connected to main supply of 220 V is used to operate
11V, 88 W lamp. Calculate (i) voltage transformation ratio and (ii) current in the
primary.
Solution
𝑉𝑠 11 1
(i) Voltage transformation ratio K = = =
𝑉𝑃 220 20
88
Power P = VP IP, 88 = 220IP, IP = = 0.4 A
220

34. A 200 V / 120 V step – down transformer of 90 % efficiency is connected to an

induction stove of resistance 40Ω . Find the current drawn by the primary of the
transformer.
Solution
VP = 200 V, VS = 120 V, 𝜂 = 0.9, Rs = 40 Ω, IP = ?
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 120𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑠 0.9 ×200
𝜂= , 0.9 = , = = 1.5, Is = 1.5 Ip
𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 200𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝑝 120

𝑉𝑠 120 120
𝐼𝑠 = , = 1.5 IP, Ip = = 2A
𝑅𝑠 40 40 ×1.5

35. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance 0.82 Ω and the resistance
of its secondary of 1200 turns is 6.2 Ω. Find the voltage across the primary if the
power output from the secondary at 1600 V is 32 kW. Calculate the power losses
in both coils when the transformer efficiency is 80%.
Solution
NP = 300, RP = 0.82Ω, Ns = 1200, Rs = 6.2 Ω
Vs Is = 32 x 103 W, 𝜂 = 0.8, Vs = 1600 V
Vs Is = 32 x 103 W, 1600 Is = 32 x 103 , Is = 20 A
31
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 (i) Power loss in secondary coil 𝐼𝑠2 Rs = 20 x 20 x 6.2 = 2.48 kW
𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠 32×103 32×103
𝜂= , 0.8 = , 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = = 4 x 104 W
𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝 0.8

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝 300
= , = , VP = 400 V
Vs Ns 1600 1200

VP IP = 4 x 104, 400 IP = 4 x 104, IP = 100 A

(ii) Power loss in the primary coil = 𝐼𝑝2 Rp = 1002 x 0.82 = 8.2 kW

36. Calculate the instantaneous value at 600, average value and RMS value of an
alternating current whose peak value is 20 A.
Solution
𝜃 =𝜔t = 600, Im = 20 A
√3
(𝑖) i = Im sin 𝜔𝑡 = 20 sin 600 = 20 x = 10 x 1.732 = 17.32 A
2
2𝐼𝑚 2 ×20
(𝑖𝑖) Iave = = = 12.74 A
𝜋 3.14
𝐼𝑚 20
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) IRMS = = = 14.14 A
√2 1.414

Unit – 5 – Electromagnetic waves

1. The relative magnetic permeability of the medium is 2.5 and the relative
electrical permittivity of the medium is 2.25. Compute the refractive index of the
medium.
Solution
Dielectric constant (relative permittivity of the medium), 𝜀𝑟 = 2.25
Magnetic permeability, µr = 2.5
Refractive index of the medium,
n = √𝜀𝑟 𝜇𝑟 = √2.25 × 2.5 = 2.37

2. Compute the speed of the electromagnetic wave in a medium if the amplitude of

electric and magnetic fields are 3 × 104 N C–1 and 2 × 10–4 T, respectively.
Solution
The amplitude of the electric field, E o = 3 × 104 N C–1 The amplitude of the magnetic field,
Bo = 2 × 10–4 T. Therefore, speed of the electromagnetic wave in that medium is
3 ×104
𝜐= = 1.5 x 108 ms-1
2×10−4

32
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 3. A magnetron in a microwave oven emits electromagnetic waves (em waves) with
frequency f = 2450 MHz. What magnetic field strength is required for electrons to
move in circular paths with this frequency?
Solution
Frequency of the electromagnetic waves given, f = 2450 MHz
The corresponding angular frequency is
ω = 2πf = 2 × 3.14 × 2450 × 106
= 15,386 × 106 Hz
= 1.54 × 1010 s–1
𝑚𝑒 𝜔
The required magnetic field, B =
|𝑞|

Mass of the electron, me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Charge of the electron,
q = -1.60 x 10-19 C
⇒ |q| = 1.60 x 10-19 C
(9.11 ×10−31 )(1.54 ×1010 )
B= = 8.7683 x 10-2 T
(1.60 ×10−19 )

= 0.08768 T
This magnetic field can be easily produced with a permanent magnet. So, electromagnetic
waves of frequency 2450 MHz can be used for heating and cooking food because they are
strongly absorbed by water molecules.

4. A transmitter consists of LC circuit with an inductance of 1𝝁H and capacitance of

1 𝝁F. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves it emits?
Solution
1 1 1
Frequency f = = =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 2 ×3.14 √10−6×10−6 6.28 × 10−6
𝑐
Wavelength 𝜆 = = 3 x 108 x 6.28 x 10-6 = 18.84 x 102 m
𝑓

5. If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of the medium is 1.0 and
2.25 respectively find, the speed of the electromagnetic wave in this medium.
Solution
𝑐 𝑐 3 × 108 3 ×108
v= = = = = 2 x 108 ms-1.
𝑛 √𝜀𝑟 𝜇𝑟 √2.25 ×1 1.5

33
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 UNIT – 6 - RAY OPTICS
1. Pure water has refractive index 1.33. What is the speed of light through it?
Solution:
𝑐 𝑐
n = ; v=
𝑣 𝑛

3 ×108
v= = 2.26 x 108 ms-1.
1.33

Light travels with a speed of 2.26×108ms-1 through pure water.

2. Light travels from air into a glass slab of thickness 50 cm and refractive index
1.5.
(a) What is the speed of light in the glass slab?
(b) What is the time taken by the light to travel through the glass slab?
(c) What is the optical path of the glass slab?

Solution:
Given, thickness of glass slab, d = 50 cm = 0.5 m, refractive index, n = 1.5
𝑐
refractive index, n =
𝑣
(a) speed of light in the glass slab is,
𝑐 3 ×108
v= = = 2 x 108 ms-1
𝑛 1.5
(b) time taken by light to travel through the glass slab is,
𝑑 0.5
t= = = 2.5 x 10-9 s
𝑣 2 ×108
(c) optical path,
d' = nd = 1.5 x 0.5 = 0.75 m = 75 cm
Light would have travelled an additional 25 cm (75 cm – 50 cm) in vacuum
at the same time had there been no glass slab in its path.

3. Light travelling through transparent oil enters in to glass of refractive index 1.5.
If the refractive index of glass with respect to the oil is 1.25, what is the refractive
index of the oil?

Solution:
Given, ngo =1.25 and ng = 1.5
Refractive index of glass with respect to oil,
𝑛𝑔
ngo =
𝑛𝑜
Rewriting for refractive index of oil,
34
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝑛𝑔 1.5
no = = = 1.2
𝑛𝑔𝑜 1.25
The refractive index of oil is, no = 1.2

4. What is the radius of the illumination when seen above from inside a swimming
pool from a depth of 10 m on a sunny day? What is the total angle of view?
[Given, refractive index of water is 4/3]

Solution:
Given, n = 4/3, d = 10 m.
𝑑
Radius of illumination, R =
√𝑛2 −1
10 10 × 3
R= x
√(4/3)2 −1 √16−9
30
R= = 11.32 m
√7
To find the critical angle,
1
ic = sin-1 ( )
𝑛
1 3
ic = sin-1 ( ) = sin-1 ( ) = 48.60
4/3 4
The total angle of view of the cone is,
2ic = 2 x 4.860 = 97.2.

5. The thickness of a glass slab is 0.25 m. It has a refractive index of 1.5. A ray of
light is incident on the surface of the slab at an angle of 60 0. Find the lateral
displacement of the light when it emerges from the other side of the glass slab.
Solution:
Given, thickness of the slab, t = 0.25 m, refractive index, n = 1.5, angle of incidence,
i = 600.
Using Snell’s law, 1 sin i = n sin r
sin 𝑖 sin 600
sin r = = = 0.58
𝑛 1.5
r = sin-1 (0.58) = 35.250 = 350 15’0’
sin(𝑖−𝑟)
Lateral displacement is, L = t ( )
cos(𝑟)

sin(60−35.25)
L = (0.25) x ( ) = 0.1281 m
cos(35.25)
The lateral displacement is, L =12 81 . cm

35
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 6. A monochromatic light is incident on an equilateral prism at an angle 30 0 and is
emergent at an angle of 75 0. What is the angle of deviation produced by the
prism?
Solution:
Since, the prism is equilateral, A = 60 0 ;
Given, i1 = 300 ; i2 = 750
Equation for angle of deviation, d = i 1 + i2 – A
Substituting the values, d = 30°+75°–60°=45°
The angle of deviation produced, d = 45 0

7. Light ray falls at normal incidence on the first face and emerges gracing the
second face for an equilateral prism.
(a) What is the angle of deviation produced?
(b) What is the refractive index of the material of the prism?
Solution:

The given situation is shown in the figure.

Given, A = 600 ; i1= 00 ; i2 = 900
(a) Equation for angle of deviation,
d = i1 +i2 - A
Substituting the values,
d = 00 + 900 – 600 = 300
The angle of deviation produced is, d = 30 0
(b) The light inside the prism must be falling on the second face at critical angle
as it graces the boundary. ic = 90° – 30° = 60°
1
Equation for critical angle is, sin ic =
𝑛
1 1 1 2
n= ; n= = = = 1.15
sin 𝑖𝑐 sin 600 √3/2 √3
The refractive index of the material of the prism is, n = 1.15

8. The angle of minimum deviation for an equilateral prism is 37 0. Find the

refractive index of the material of the prism.
Solution:
Given, A = 60°; D = 37°
Equation for refractive index is,
36
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝐴+𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
n= 2
𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )

Substituting the values,

600 +300
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2
) sin(48.50 ) 0.75
n= 600
= = = 1.5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) sin(300 ) 0.5
2

The refractive index of the material of the prism is, n=1.5

9. Find the dispersive power of a prism if the refractive indices of flint glass for red,
green and violet colours are 1.613, 1.620 and 1.632 respectively.
Solution:
Given, nV = 1.632; nR =1.613; nG = 1.620
Equation for dispersive power is,
(𝑛𝑉 −𝑛𝑅 )
𝜔=
(𝑛𝐺 −1)
Substituting the values,
1.632−1.613 0.019
𝜔= = = 0.0306
1.620−1 0.620
The dispersive power of the prism is, 𝜔 = 0.0306.

[Link] the ratio of intensities of lights with wavelengths 500 nm and 300 nm which
undergo Rayleigh scattering.
Solution:
Given 𝜆1 = 500 nm, 𝜆2 = 300 nm
4
𝑙1 𝜆2 (300)4 81
= 4 = = , l1 : l2 = 81 : 625
𝑙2 𝜆1 (500)4 625

UNIT – 7 - WAY OPTICS

1. The wavelength of light from sodium source in vacuum is 5893Å.What are its
(a) wavelength, (b) speed and (c) frequency when this light travels in water which
has a refractive index of 1.33.
Solution:
The refractive index of vacuum, n 1 = 1
The wavelength in vacuum, λ1 = 5893 Å.
The speed in vacuum, c = v1 = 3 × 108 ms-1.
The refractive index of water, n 2 = 1.33
The wavelength of light in water, λ2
The speed of light in water, v2
(a) The equation relating the wavelength and refractive index is,

37
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝜆1 𝑛2
=
𝜆2 𝑛1
𝑛1
Rewriting, λ2 = x λ1
𝑛2
Substituting the values,
1
λ2 = x 5893 Å
1.33
λ2 = 4431 Å
(b) The equation relating the speed and refractive index is,
𝑣1 𝑛2
=
𝑣2 𝑛1
𝑛1
Rewriting v2 = x v1
𝑛2
Substituting the values,
1
𝑣2 = × 3 × 108
1.33
𝑣2 = 2.256 x 108 ms-1.
(c) Frequency of light in vacuum is
𝑐
𝑣1 =
𝜆1
Substituting the values,
3 × 108
𝑣1 = = 5.091 x 1014 Hz.
5893 ×10−10
𝑣
Frequency of light in water is, 𝑣2 =
𝜆2
Substituting the values,
2.256 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑣2 = = 5.091 x 1014 Hz
4431 ×10−10
The results show that the frequency remains same in all media.

2. Two light sources with amplitudes 5 units and 3 units respectively interfere with
each other. Calculate the ratio of maximum and minimum intensities.
Solution:
Amplitudes, a1 = 5, a2 = 3
Resultant amplitude,
A = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
Resultant amplitude is maximum when,

∅ = 0, cos 0 = 1, 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2𝑎1 𝑎2

𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )2 = √(5 + 3)2 = √(8)2

= 8 units
Resultant amplitude is minimum when,
∅ = 𝜋, cos 𝜋 = -1, √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 − 2𝑎1 𝑎2
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )2 = √(5 − 3)2 = √(2)2
38
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 = 2 units
2
I ∝A
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2
= (𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 )2
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
Substituting,
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (8)2 64
= = = 16 (or) 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∶ 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 16 : 1
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 (2)2 4

3. Two light sources of equal amplitudes interface with each other. Calculate the
ratio of maximum and minimum intensities.
Solution:
Let the amplitude be a.
The intensity is, I ∝ 4a2 cos2 (∅ / 2)
Or I = 4I0 cos2 (∅ / 2)
Resultant intensity is maximum when
∅ = 0, cos 0 = 1, Imax ∝ 4a2
Resultant amplitude is minimum when,
∅ = 𝜋, cos (𝜋/2) = 0, Imin = 0
Imax : Imin = 4a2 : 0

4. Two light sources have intensity of light as I 0. What is the resultant intensity at a
point where the two light waves have a phase difference of 𝝅/3?
Solution:
Let the intensities be I0.
The resultant intensity is, I = 4 I0 cos2 (∅/2)
Resultant intensity when, ∅ = 𝜋/3, is
I = 4 I0 cos2 (𝜋/6)
I = 4 I0 (√3/2)2 = 3I0.

5. The wavelength of a light is 450 nm. How much phase it will differ for a path of
3 mm?
Solution
Wavelength, 𝜆= 450 nm = 450 x 10-9 m
Path difference, 𝛿 = 3 𝑚𝑚 = 3 x 10-3 m
2𝜋
Relation between phase difference and path difference, ∅ = × 𝛿
𝜆
Substituting,

39
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 6. Calculate the distance upto which ray optics is a good approximation for light of
wave length 500 nm falls on an aperture of width 0.5 mm.
Solution:

7. A diffraction grating consists of 4000 slits per centimeter. It is illuminated by a

monochromatic light. The second order diffraction maximum is produced at an
angle of 30°. What is the wavelength of the light used?
Solution
Number of lines = 4000 cm-1 ; m = 2;
θ = 30°; λ = ?
Number of lines per unit length,
4000
N= = 4 x 105 ms-1
1×10−2
Equation for diffraction maximum for grating is, sin θ = Nmλ
sin ∅
After rewriting, λ =
𝑁𝑚
Substituting,

8. A monochromatic light of wavelength of 500 nm strikes a grating and produces

fourth order maximum at an angle of 30°. Find the number of slits per
centimeter.
Solution:
λ = 500 nm = 500×10-9 m; m = 4;
θ = 30°; number of lines per cm = ?
Equation for diffraction maximum for grating is, sin θ = Nm λ
sin 𝜃
Rewriting, N =
𝑚𝜆
Substituting,

40
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 9. The optical telescope in the Vainu Bappu observatory at Kavalur has an
objective lens of diameter 2.3 m. What is its angular resolution if the wavelength
of light used is 589 nm?
Solution:
a = 2.3 m; λ = 589 nm = 589×10-9 m; θ = ?
The equation for angular resolution is,
1.22 𝜆
𝜃=
𝑎
Substituting

10. Two polaroids are kept with their transmission axes inclined at 30 0. Unpolarised
light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid. Find out the intensity of light
emerging from the second polaroid.
Solution:
As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid is I, the intensity
of polarized light emerging from it will

11. Two polaroids are kept crossed (transmission axes at 90 0 ) to each other.
(a) What will be the intensity of the light coming out from the second polaroid
when an unpolarised light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid?
(b) What will be the intensity of light coming out from the second polaroid if a
third polaroid is kept in between at 45 0 inclination to both of them.

41
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution:
(a) As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid is I, the
𝐼
intensity of polarized light emerging from it will be I0 = ( ). Let I` be the intensity
2
of light emerging from the second polaroid.
Malus’ law, I` = I0 cos2 θ
Here θ is 900 as the transmission axes are perpendicular to each other.
Substituting,
𝐼
I` = ( ) cos2 (900) = 0
2
No light comes out from the second polaroid.

(b) Let the first polaroid be P1 and the second polaroid be P2 . They are oriented at 90 0 .
The third polaroid P3 is introduced between them at 45 0 . Let I′ be the intensity of
light emerging from P3 .
Angle between P1 and P3 is 450 . The intensity of light coming out from P 3 is,
I′ = I0 cos2 𝜃
Substituting,
1 1 1 2 𝐼 𝐼
I′ = ( ) cos2 (450) = ( ) ( ) = = I` =
2 2 √2 4` 4
Finally, the light has to pass through P 2 . Angle between P3 and P2 is 450 . Let I″ is
the intensity of light coming out from P 2 I ′′ = I′cos2 𝜃.
𝐼
Here, I' is the intensity of polarized light existing between P 3 and P2 . I' = .
4
Substituting,
1 2 0 1 1 2 𝐼
Iʺ = ( ) cos (45 ) = ( ) ( ) =
4 4 √2 8
𝐼
Iʺ = .
8

[Link] the polarizing angles for (i) glass of refractive index 1.5 and (ii) water of
refractive index 1.33.
Solution:
Brewster’s law, tan ip = n
For glass, tan ip = 1.5; ip = tan-1 1.5; ip = 56.30
For water, tan ip = 1.33; ip = tan-1 1.33; ip = 53.10.

42
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 [Link] is the angle at which a glass plate of refractive index 1.65 is to be kept with
respect to the horizontal surface so that an unpolarised light travelling horizontal
after reflection from the glass plate is found to be plane polarised?
Solution:
n = 1.65
Brewster’s law, tan ip = n
tan ip = 1.65; ip = tan-1 1.65; ip = 58.80
The inclination with the horizontal surface is, (900 – 58.80) = 31.20

[Link] ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in an interference pattern is

36:1. What is the ratio of amplitudes of the two interfering waves?
Solution:
2
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 36 (𝑎1 +𝑎2) 𝑎1 +𝑎2
= = 2 ,6=
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 (𝑎1 −𝑎2) 𝑎1 −𝑎2
𝑎1 7
6a1 – 6a2 = a1 + a2,5a1 = 7a2, = , a1 : a2 = 7 : 5
𝑎2 5

15. Light of wavelength 600 nm that falls on a pair of slits producing interference
pattern on a screen in which the bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. What
must be the wavelength of another light which produces bright fringes separated
by 8.1mm with the same distance?
Solution:
𝐷 𝐷
𝛽1 = 𝜆1 , 𝛽2 = 𝜆2
𝑑 𝑑
𝜆2 𝛽2 𝜆2 8.1 8.1 ×600
= , = , 𝜆2 = = 675 nm
𝜆1 𝛽1 600 7.2 7.2

16. Light of wavelength 5000 A0 produces diffraction pattern of the single slit of
width 2.5 𝝁m. What is the maximum order of diffraction possible?
Solution:
2.5 ×10−6 ×sin 900 25
Asin𝜃 = n 𝜆, n = = =5
5 ×10−7 5

17. I0 is the intensity of light existing between two cross polaroids kept with their
axes perpendicular to each other. A third polaroid is introduced between them.
What must be the angle between the axes of first and the newly introduced
polaroid to get the maximum light from the whole arrangement?
Solution:
Io is the intensity of light existing between two cross polaroids kept with their axes
perpendicular to each other.
𝜃 = angle between first and 3 rd polaroid.
Maximum light coming out from third polaroid is I0 /2

43
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝐼0 1 1
Malu’s law is I’ = I0 cos2 𝜃 ; = I0 cos2 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = , 𝜃 = 450.
2 2 √2

18. The reflected light is found to be plane polarized when an unpolarized light falls
on a denser medium at 600 with the normal. Find the angle of refraction and
critical angle of incidence for total internal reflection in the denser to rarer
medium reflection.
Solution:
Angle of refraction r = 900 – Ip = 900 – 600 = 300
1 1 1
Critical angle ic = sin-1 ( ) = sin-1 ( ) = sin-1 ( ) = sin-1 (0.5774) = 35.150
𝑛 √3 1.732

Unit – 8 – Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

1. A radiation of wavelength 300 nm is incident on a silver surface. Will
photoelectrons be observed? [work function of silver = 4.7 eV]
Solution:
Energy of the incident photon is
ℎ𝑐
E = hv = (in joules)
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
E= (in eV)
𝜆𝑒
Substituting the known values, we get
6.626 × 10−34 ×3 ×108
E=
300×10−9 ×1.6 × 10−19
E = 4.14 eV.
The work function of silver = 4.7 eV. Since the energy of the incident photon is less
than the work function of silver, photoelectrons are not observed in this case.

2. When light of wavelength 2200Å falls on Cu, photo electrons are emitted from
it. Find (i) the threshold wavelength and (ii) the stopping potential. Given: the
work function for Cu is ϕ0 = 4.65 eV.
Solution:
i) The threshold wavelength is given by
ℎ𝑐 6.626 × 10−34 ×3 ×108
𝜆0 = =
𝜙0 4.65 ×1.6 ×10−19
= 2672 Å
ii) Energy of the photon of wavelength 2200 Å is
ℎ𝑐 6.626 × 10−34 ×3 ×108
E= =
𝜆 2200 ×10−10
= 9.035 x 10-19 J = 5.65 eV.
We know that kinetic energy of fastest photo electron is
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝑣 = 𝜙0 = 5.65 - 4.65 = 1 eV
From equation (8.3), 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = eV0
44
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 1×1.6×10−19
V0 = =
𝑒 1.6×10−19
Therefore, stopping potential = 1V.

3. The work function of potassium is 2.30 eV. UV light of wavelength 3000 Å and
intensity 2 Wm-2 is incident on the potassium surface. i) Determine the
maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons ii) If 40% of incident photons
produce photo electrons, how many electrons are emitted per second if the
area of the potassium surface is 2 cm2 ?
Solution:
i) The energy of the incident photon is
ℎ𝑐 6.626 × 10−34 ×3 ×108
E= =
𝜆 3000 ×10−10
E = 6.626 x 10-19 J = 4.14 eV.
Maximum KE of the photoelectrons is
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝑣 = 𝜙0 = 4.14 – 2.30 = 1.84 eV
ii) The number of photons reaching the surface per second is
𝐼
np = x A
𝐸
2
= × 2 × 10−4
6.626 ×10−19

= 6.04 x 1014 photons / sec

The rate of emission of photoelectron is
= (0.40) np = 0.4 x 6.04 x 1014
= 2.416 x 1014 photoelectrons / sec
4. Calculate the momentum and the de Broglie wavelength in the following cases:
i) an electron with kinetic energy 2 eV.
ii) a bullet of 50 g fired from rifle with a speed of 200 m/s
iii) A 4000 kg car moving along the highways at 50 m/s

Hence show that the wave nature of matter is important at the atomic level but is
not really relevant at macroscopic level.
Solution:
i) Momentum of the electron is
P = √2𝑚𝐾 = √2 × 9.1 × 10−31 × 2 × 1.6 × 10−19
= 7.63 x 1025 kg ms-1.
It de Broglie wavelength is
ℎ 6.626 × 10−34
𝜆= = = 0.868 x 10-9 m
𝑝 7.63 ×10−25
= 8.68 Å
ii) Momentum of the bullet is
45
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 P = mv = 0.050 x 200 = 10 kgms -1.
Its de Broglie wavelength is
ℎ 6.626 × 10−34
𝜆= = = 6.626 x 10-35 m
𝑝 10
iii) Momentum of the car is
P = mv = 4000 x 50 = 2 x 10 5 kgms-1
Its de Broglie wavelength is
ℎ 6.626 × 10−34
𝜆= = = 3.313 x 10-39 m
𝑝 2 × 105
From these calculations, we notice that electron has significant value of de
Broglie wavelength (≈10-9 mwhich can be measured from diffraction studies)
but moving bullet and car have negligibly small de Broglie wavelengths
associated with them (≈10-33 m and 10-39 m respectively, which are not
measurable by any experiment). This implies that the wave nature of matter is
important at the atomic level but it is not really relevant at the macroscopic
level.

5. Find the de Broglie wavelength associated with an alpha particle which is

accelerated through a potential difference of 400V. Given that the mass of the
proton is 1.67×10-27 kg.
Solution:
An alpha particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Therefore, the mass M of the
alpha particle is 4 times that of a proton (mp) (or a neutron) and its charge q is twice
that of a proton (+e).
The de Broglie wavelength associated with it is

ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
√2𝑀𝑞𝑉 √2×(4𝑚𝑝 )×(2𝑒)×𝑉

6.626 × 10−34
=
√2 × 4 × 1.67 × 10−27 × 2 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 400
6.626×10−34
= −23
= 0.00507 Å.
4×20×10 √1.67×1.6

6. Calculate the cut-off wavelength and cut-off frequency of x-rays from an x –ray
tube of accelerating potential 20,000 V.
Solution:
The cut-off wavelength of the x-rays in the continuous spectrum is given by
12400 12400
𝜆0 = Å= Å = 0.62 Å
𝑉 20000
The corresponding frequency is
𝑐 3 × 108
𝑣0 = = = 4.84 × 1018 𝐻𝑧
𝜆0 0.62 ×10−10

46
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 7. How many photons per second emanate from a 50 mW laser of 640 nm?
Solution:
𝑃 𝑝𝜆 50 ×10−3×640 ×10−9
n= = = = 1.61 x 1017 s-1
𝐸 ℎ𝑐 6.626 × 10−34×3 ×108

8. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy and maximum velocity of the

photoelectrons emitted when the stopping potential is 81 V for the
photoelectric emission experiment.
Solution:
Kmax = eV0 = 1.6 x 10-19 x 81 = 1.3 x 10-17 J
1 2 ×1.3×10−17
mv2max = 1.3 x 10-17, Vmax = √ = 5.3 x 106 ms-1
2 9.1×10−31

9. How many photons of frequency 1014 Hz will make up 19.86 J of energy?

Solution:
19.86
Nh𝜐 = 19.86, n = = 3 x 1020
6.626×10−34×1014

10. What should be the velocity of the electron so that its momentum equals
that of 4000 Å wavelength photon?
Solution:
ℎ ℎ 6.626 ×10−34
m𝜐 = , 𝜐 = = = 1818 ms-1
𝜆 𝑚𝜆 9.1×10−31×4×10−7

11. UV light of wavelength 1800 Å is incident on a lithium surface whose

threshold wavelength is 4965 Å. Determine the maximum energy of the
electron emitted.
Solution:
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 6.626 ×10−34×3×108 1 1
Kmax = - = (1.8×10−7 − 4.965×10−7 )
𝜆 𝜆0 1.6×10−19
= 12.42 (0.556 – 0.2) = 12.42 x 0.356 = 4.4 eV

12. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is

equal to 81.9 x 10-15 J. (Given: mass of proton is 1836 times that of electron)
Solution:
ℎ 6.626 ×10−34 6.626×10−11
𝜆= = = = 4 x 10-14m
√2𝑚𝐾 √2×1836×9.1×10−31×81.9×10−15 1654

13. A deuteron and an alpha particle are accelerated with the same potential.
Which one of the two has (i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated
with it and (ii) less kinetic energy? Explain.

47
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution:
(i) Mass of an ∝ - particle = 2 times the mass of a deuteron. 𝑚∝ = 2md
ℎ ℎ 𝜆𝑑
𝜆𝑑 = , 𝜆𝛼 = = , 𝜆𝑑 = 𝜆𝛼
√2𝑒𝑚𝑑𝑉 √2(2𝑒)(2𝑚𝑑 )𝑉 2

ℎ ℎ
(ii) 𝜆𝑑 = , 𝜆𝛼 =
√2𝑚𝑑𝐾𝑑 √2(2𝑚𝑑 )𝐾𝛼

𝜆2𝑑 2𝐾𝛼 (2𝜆𝛼 )2 2𝐾𝛼 𝐾𝛼

= , =4= , Kd =
𝜆2𝛼 𝐾𝑑 𝜆2𝛼 𝐾𝑑 2

14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 81 V. What is

the de Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of electromagnetic
spectrum does this wavelength correspond?
Solution:
12.27 12.27 12.27
𝜆= Å= Å= Å = 1.36 Å
√𝑉 √81 9

UNIT – 9 – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. The radius of the 5th orbit of hydrogen atom is 13.25 Å. Calculate the de broglie
wavelength of the electron orbitting in the 5th orbit.
Solution:
2πr = nλ

2 × 3.14 × 13.25A = 5 × λ
∴ λ = 16.64A

2. Find the (i) angular momentum (ii) velocity of the electron revolving in the 5th
orbit of hydrogen atom.
(h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js, m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
Solution
(i) Angular momentum is given by
𝑛ℎ
𝑙 = 𝑛ℎ =
2𝜋
5 ×6.6 ×10−34
= = 5.25 x 10-34 kgm2 s-1
2×3.14

(ii) Velocity is given by

𝑙
Velocity 𝜐 =
𝑚𝑟
(5.25 ×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠−1 )
= (9.1 ×10−31 𝑘𝑔)(13.25×10−10𝑚)

𝜐 = 4.4 × 105 ms-1

48
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 𝟏𝟗𝟕
3. Calculate the radius of Au nucleus.
𝟕𝟗
Solution
According to the equation (9.19),
1
R = 1.2 x 10-15 x (197)3 = 6.97 x 10-15 m
Or R = 6.97 F.

4. Calculate the density of the nucleus with mass number A.

Solution
1
From equation (9.19), the radius of the nuclecus, R =R0 𝐴3 . Then the volume of the
nucleus
4 4
V = 𝜋R3 = 𝜋𝑅03 A
3 3

By ignoring the mass difference between the proton and neutron, the total mass of the
nucleus having mass number A is equal to A.m where m is mass of the proton and is
equal to 1.6726 x 10-27 kg.

Nuclear density

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑖 𝐴.𝑚 𝑚

𝜌= =4 =4
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑖 𝜋𝑅03A 𝜋𝑅03
3 3

The above expression shows that the nuclear density is independent of the mass
number A. In other words, all the nuclei (Z > 10) have the same density and it is an important
characteristic property of all nuclei.
We can calculate the numerical value of this density by substituting the
corresponding values.
1.67 ×10−27
𝜌 = 4 = 2.3 x 1017 kg m-3.
𝜋×(1.2 ×10−15 )3
3

It implies that nucleons are extremely tightly packed or compressed state in the
Nucleus and compare this density with the density of water which is 10 3 kg m-3.

𝟒
5. Compute the binding energy of He nucleus using the following data: Atomic
𝟐
mass of Helium atom, M A (He) = 4. 00260u and that of hydrogen atom,
mH = 1.00785u.
49
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution
Binding energy BE = [ ZmH + NmH – M A] c2
For helium nucleus, Z = 2, N = A–Z = 4–2 = 2
Mass defect
∆𝑚 = [ (2 x 1.00785 u) + (2 x 1.008665 u) – 4.00260 u] ∆𝑚 = 0.03043u
B.E = 0.03043u x c2
B.E = 0.03043u x 93 MeV = 28.33 MeV
[ ∵ 𝑙𝑢𝑐 2 = 931 𝑚𝑒𝑉]
4
The binding energy of the He nucleus is 28.33 MeV.
2

𝟒
6. Compute the binding energy per nucleon of He nucleus.
𝟐
Solution
Binding energy BE = [ ZmH + NmH – M A] c2
For helium nucleus, Z = 2, N = A–Z = 4–2 = 2
Mass defect
∆𝑚 = [ (2 x 1.00785 u) + (2 x 1.008665 u) – 4.00260 u] ∆𝑚 = 0.03043u
B.E = 0.03043u x c2
B.E = 0.03043u x 93 MeV = 28.33 MeV
[ ∵ 𝑙𝑢𝑐 2 = 931 𝑚𝑒𝑉]
4
The binding energy of the He nucleus is 28.33 MeV.
2
Binding energy per nucleon = 𝐵𝐸
̅̅̅̅ = 28.33 MeV ≃ 7 MeV.

7. Calculate the number of nuclei of carbon-14 undecayed after 22,920 years if the
initial number of carbon-14 atoms is 10,000. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730
years.
Solution
To get the time interval in terms of half-life,
𝑡 22,920𝑦𝑟
n= = =4
𝑇1⁄2 5730 𝑦𝑟
The number of nuclei remaining undecayed after 22,920 years,
1 𝑛 1 4
N = ( ) 𝑁0 = ( ) x 10,000
2 2
N = 625.

𝟐𝟑𝟓
8. Calculate the amount of energy released when 1 kg of U undergoes fission
𝟗𝟐
reaction.
Solution
235 235
235 g of U has 6. 02 x 1023 atoms. In one gram of U, the number of atoms is equal
92 92
6.02 ×1023
to = 2.56 x 1021
235
50
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 235
So the number of atoms present in 1 kg of U =2.56 x 1021 x 1000 = 2.56 x 1024
92
235
Each U nucleus releases 200 MeV of energy during the fission. The total energy
92
235
released by 1kg of U is
92
Q = 2.56 x 1024 x 200 MeV = 5.12x 1026 MeV
In terms of joules,
Q = 5.12 x 1026 x 1.6 x 10-13J = 8.192 x 1013J.
In terms of kilowatt hour,
8.192 ×1013
Q= = 2.27 × 107 𝑘𝑊ℎ.
3.6 ×106

9. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy per nucleon of the 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝟒𝟕𝑨𝒈
nucleus. (atomic mass of Ag = 107. 905949)
Solution
∆m = ZmH + Nmn – M = 47 x 1.007825 + 61 x 1.008665 – 107.905949
= 47.367775 + 61.528565 – 107. 905949 = 0.99391 u,
𝐵𝐸 0.990391 ×931
𝐵𝐸 = =
̅̅̅̅ MeV = 8.5 MeV
𝐴 108

10. Half lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20 minutes and 40
minutes respectively. Initially, the samples have equal number of nuclei.
Calculate the ratio of decayed numbers of A and B nuclei after 80 minutes.
Solution
𝑡 80
(i) For sample A: nA = = =4
𝑇 20
𝑁0 𝑁0
Fraction remaining undecayed NA = =
24 16
15
Fraction decayed = N0…………… (1)
16
𝑡 80
(ii) For sample B : NB = = =2
𝑇 40
𝑁0 𝑁0
Fraction remaining undecayed nB = =
22 4
3
∴ Fraction decayed = N0…………… (2)
4
15𝑁0 4 5
Ratio of decayed numbers = x = =5:4
16 3𝑁0 4

11. Calculate the time required for 60% of a sample of radon undergo decay.
Given T1/2 of radon = 3.8 days.
Solution:
0.6931 40
𝜆= = 0.1824. Amount of sample present undecayed = N0
3.8 100
4 4 1 4
N = N0𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , N0 = N0𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , = , 𝑒 𝜆𝑡= = 2.5
10 10 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 10
0.916
𝜆𝑡 = 2.3026 log10 2.5 = 2.3026 x 0.3979, t = = 5.022 days
0.1824

12. Assuming that energy released by the fission of a single 𝟐𝟑𝟓

𝟗𝟐𝑼 𝒏𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒖𝒔 is 200
MeV, calculate the number of fission per second required to produce 1 watt
power.

51
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution:
200 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 J = 3.2 x 10-11 J is produced per fission.
∴ Number of fissions per second required to produce
1 10×1010
1 watt power = = = 3.125 x 1010
3.2×10−11 3.2

13. Show that the mass of radium ( 𝟐𝟐𝟔

𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂) with an activity of 1 curie is almost a
gram. Given T1/2 = 1600 years.
Solution:
0.6931 0.6931
𝜆 = = = 0.134 x 10-10
𝑇1/2 1600×365×24×60×60
1 curie = 3.7 x 1010 Becquerel
𝑑𝑁 1 𝑑𝑁 1 ×3.7×1010
= 𝜆N, N = = = 2.76 x 1021
𝑑𝑡 𝜆 𝑑𝑡 0.134×10−10
Mass of 6.023 x 1023 atoms of Radium = 226 gram
226×2.76×1021
∴ mass of 2.76 x 1021 atoms of radium = = 1.03 gram ≃ 1 gram
6.023×1023

14. Charcoal pieces of tree is found from an archaeological site. The carbon –
14 content of this charcoal is only 17.5% that of equivalent sample of carbon
from a living tree. What is the age of tree?
Solution:
0.6931
𝜆 = = 1.21 x 10-4 year-1
5730
𝑁 17.5 1 100
𝑁= N0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , = = , 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 = = 5.714
𝑁0 100 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 17.5
1.743
𝜆𝑡 = 2.302 x log10 5.714 = 2.302 x 0.7570, t = = 1.44 x 104 year.
1.21×10−4

UNIT – 10 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

1. An ideal diode and a 5 Ω resistor are connected in series with a 15 V power supply as
shown in figure below. Calculate the current that flows through the diode.

Solution
The diode is forward biased and it is an ideal one. Hence, it acts like a closed switch
with no barrier voltage. Therefore, current that flows through the diode can be
calculated using Ohm’s law.
V = IR
𝑉 15
I= = =3A
𝑅 5

2. A silicon diode is connected with 1kΩ resistor as shown. Find the value of current
flowing through AB.

52
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution

The P.D. between A and B is given by

V = [VA – VB] – Vb(Si)
= [3.3 – (-7.4)] – 0.7
= 10.7 – 0.7 = 10 V

The value of current flowing through AB can be obtained using Ohm’s law.
𝑉 10
I= = 3
= 10-2 A = 10 mA
𝑅 1×10

3. Find the current through the Zener diode when the load resistance is 2 kΩ. Use
diode approximation.

Solution
Voltage across AB, VZ = 9V
Voltage drop across RS = 15 – 9 = 6V
Therefore current through the resistor RS,
6
I= 3
= 6 𝑚𝐴
1 ×10

Voltage across the load resistor, VAB=9V

Current through load resistor,
𝑉 9
IL = 𝐴𝐵 = 3
= 4.5 mA
𝑅𝐿 2 × 10
The current through the Zener diode,
IZ = I – IL = 6 mA – 4.5 mA = 1.5 mA.

4. Determine the wavelength of light emitted from LED which is made up of GaAsP
semiconductor whose forbidden energy gap is 1.875 eV. Mention the colour of the
light emitted (Take h = 6.6 × 10-34 Js).
Solution
ℎ𝑐
Eg =
𝜆
Therefore,
ℎ𝑐 6.6 × 10−34 ×3 ×108
𝜆= = = 660 nm
𝐸𝑔 1.875 ×1.6 × 10−19
The wavelength 660 nm corresponds to red colour light.

53
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 5. In a transistor connected in the common base configuration, ∝ =095., AE=1mA.
Calculate the values of IC and IB.
Solution
𝐼𝑐
∝=
𝐼𝐸
IC = ∝ IE = 0.95 x 1 = 0.95 mA
IE = IB + IC
∴ IB = IE - IC = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05 mA

6. The current gain of a common emitter transistor circuit shown in figure is 120.
Draw the DC load line and mark the Q point on it. (VBE to be ignored).

Solution
β = 120
25 𝑉 25
Base current, IB = = = 25µA
1 𝑀 Ω 1 ×106
We know that
𝐼
𝛽 = 𝑐 (or)
𝐼𝐵
IC = 𝛽 IB = 120 x 25 µA
= 3000 µA = 3 mA
VCE = VCC = IC RC
= 25 – (3mA x 5k) = 10V

7. Calculate the range of the variable capacitor that is to be used in a tuned-collector

oscillator which has a fixed inductance of 150 μH. The frequency band is from 500
kHz to 1500 kHz.
Solution
Resonant frequency,
1
f =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
On simplifying, we get
1
C= 2 2
4𝜋 𝑓 𝐿
i) When frequency = 500 kHz,
1
C= = 676 pF
4 ×3.14 ×(1500×10 ) ×150×10−6
2 3 2

ii) When frequency = 1500 kHz,

1
C= 2 3 2 −6
= 75 pF
4 ×3.14 ×(1500×10 ) ×150×10

Therefore, the capacitor range is from 75 to 676 pF.

54
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 8. What is the output Y in the following circuit, when all the three inputs A, B, and C
are first 0 and then 1?

Solution
A B C X = A– B Y = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋. 𝐶

0 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 0

9. In the combination of the following gates, write the Boolean equation for output Y
in terms of inputs A and B.

Solution
The output at the 1st AND gate: 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅
The output at the 2nd AND gate: 𝐴𝐵̅̅̅̅
The output at the OR gate: Y = A. 𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅ . B

10. Prove the Boolean identity AC + ABC = AC and give its circuit description.
Solution
Step 1: AC (1 + B) = AC.1 [OR law-2]
Step 2: AC . 1 = AC [AND law – 2]
Therefore, AC + ABC = AC
Thus the Boolean identity is proved.
Circuit description:

11. A transmitting antenna has a height of 40 m and the height of the receiving antenna
is 30 m. What is the maximum distance between them for line-of-sight
communication? The radius of the earth is 6.4×106 m.

55
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 Solution
The total distance d between the transmitting and receiving antennas will be the sum of
the individual distances of coverage.
d = d1 + d2

= √2𝑅ℎ1 + √2𝑅ℎ2

= √2𝑅 ( √ℎ1 + √ℎ2 )

= √2 × 6.4 × 106 x ( √40 + √30 )

= 16 x 102 √5 x (6.32 + 5.48)

= 42217 m = 42.217 km

12. A transistor of 𝜶 = 0.99 and VBE = 0.7 V, is connected in the common emitter
configuration as shown in the figure. If the transistor is in saturation region, find
the value of collector current.

Solution
𝛼 0.99
𝛽= = = 99
1−𝛼 1−0.99
𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝛽 = , 99 = , IC = 99 IB
𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐵

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law for A B C D E F

VA – (IC + IB) 103 – IB (10x 103) – VBE – (IC + IB) x 103 = 0
12
- (99IB + IB) – 10IB – 100IB =0
103
11.3
– 100IB – 10IB = 100IB = 0
103
11.3 11.3
210IB = , IB = x 10-3 = 0.54 x 10-3A
103 210

IC = 99 IB = 99 x 0.54 x 10-3 A = 5.25 mA

13. Prove the following Boolean expression using the laws and theorems of Boolean
algebra
(i) (A + B) (A + 𝑩
̅ )= A (ii) A (𝑨
̅ + B) = AB (iii) (A + B) (A + C) = A + BC
Solution
(i) (A + B) (A + 𝐵̅ )= AA + A𝐵̅ + BA + B𝐵̅ =A + A𝐵̅ + BA + 0
= A (1 + B + 𝐵̅ ) = A ( 1 + 1) = A(1) = A
(ii) A (𝐴̅ + B) = A𝐴̅ + AB = 0 + AB = AB
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Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics
 (iii) (A + B) (A + C) = AA + AC + AB + BC = A + AC + AB + BC
= A(1 + C + B) + BC = A + BC.

14. Verify the given Boolean equation A + 𝑨

̅ B = A + B using truth table.
Solution

A B 𝐴̅ 𝐴̅ B A + 𝐴̅ B A+B
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
Thus A + 𝐴̅ B = A + B

15. Write down Boolean equation for the output Y of the given circuit and give its truth
table.

Output Y = AB + (𝐴 + 𝐵)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

57
Mrs. K.K. Boomathi Ambika., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] – PG Teacher in Physics