Computer Networking
Data Communication
Exchange of data between two or more devices
via some of the transmission medium such as wire/wireless.
Components used in Data Communication
There are five components used in data communication:
• Sender
• Receiver
• Transmission medium
• Message
• protocols
Data flow / Transmission Modes
• Simplex Transmission
• Half duplex Transmission
• Full Duplex Transmission
Network and their types
What is Network?
Computer network is a collection of two or more nodes and devices linked together
for exchanging information, data or resources.
Types of Networks
PAN LAN MAN CAN WAN
1. PAN – Personal Area Network
• PAN offers to make connections of multiple devices or other equipment
within 10 meters or 30 feet.
• PAN network enables with few computer devices, telephones, laptop, PDAs,
printers, smart phone, electronic devices and other wearable computer
devices.
• There are two type of PAN - Wired PAN and Wireless PAN
2. LAN - Local Area Network
• A LAN is a group of computer and devices which are connected in a
limited area such as school, home, and office building.
• Ethernet, bus network are the most common examples of LAN.
• It is a widely useful network for sharing resources like files, printers,
games and other application.
• It reduces the cost of hardware and software.
3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
1. MAN is, a City level network, larger than LANs and smaller than
WANs. It mostly covers towns and cities in a Approx. 50 km range.
2. Mostly used medium is optical fibers cables.
3. Cable TV is an example of MAN.
4. WAN – Wide Area Network
1. A WAN can cover large geographical area such as country, continent or even a whole world.
2. WAN helps you to cover a larger geographical area.
3. Internet connection is an example of WAN.
4. Cost of investment is very high.
5. Difficult to maintain.
6. More errors.
7. More time to resolve.
5. CAN – Campus Area Network
1. CAN network helps to link couples of LANs with small geographical space such as schools,
university campuses, and corporate buildings. CAN is larger to LAN but it smaller than WAN and
MAN networks.
Physical structure of network
1. Point-to-point connection
2. Multipoint connection
Network Topology
• It is a physical architecture of a network.
• There are mainly five topologies
1. Bus / linear topology
2. Ring topology
3. Star topology
4. Mesh topology
5. Tree topology
1. Bus / Linear Topology
Bus topology is also called as a linear bus topology.
1. It is Multipoint connection.
2. Central cable failure.
3. Slow Transmission.
4. It provides unsecured medium.
5. Terminators are used at the end of the central cable.
2. Ring / Circular topology
In ring topology, Nodes are connected in a circular manner to each other.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Slow Transmission.
3. System or cable failure.
4. No security of data.
5. All computers must be turned on.
3. Star topology
In this, all the devices are connected to a centralized device known
as HUB/Switch in the structure of a “STAR”.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Secured transmission.
3. Fast Data Transmission.
4. Central device failure.
4. Mesh Topology
In Mesh Topology, every node in the entire network is
directly connected to every other.
1. Partially connected and fully connected.
2. It is a Point to point Structure.
3. Fast Transmission.
4. Secured Transmission
5. Highly complex structure.
6. Any fault in the network doesn’t affect the entire network.
7. Most expensive topology due to the amount of cables.
5. Tree topology
1. Tree topology is made by connecting various star topologies via central bus backbone
cable.
2. It is used for expansion of the network.
3. If central backbone cable gets a problem then the
whole network stops functioning.
4. It is highly expensive.
5. Even more Complex installation.
6. Error detection and correction is easy.
7. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected.
6. Hybrid topology
1. Hybrid topology is a custom topology.
2. It is a combination of two or more standard topology
including Bus, Ring & Star topology.
Transmission media
Transmission media can be defined as something that can carry information from a source to destination.
Twisted pair cables
• A twisted-pair cable consists of two conductors twisted together.
• One of the wire used to carry signal to a receiver, and the other
is used only as a ground reference.
• There are two types of twisted pair cables
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• RJ-45 Connector is used to connect it.
Coaxial cables
• A coaxial cable is used in video, communications, and audio.
• Most users use coaxial or coax cable to connect their TVs to a cable TV service.
• We can also use it in networks that allow a broadband cable Internet connection using a cable
modem.
• BNC (Bayone-Niell-Concelman) connector is used to connect Coaxial cable.
Fiber optic cables
• A fiber optic cable contains optical fibers (usually glass) coated in plastic
• Fiber optic cables are used to send the in the form of light.
• Fiber optic cables allow for a much faster data transmission than standard copper wires.
• Connectors are used
• SC (subscriber channel) – for cable TV
• ST (Straight Tip) – for networking device
• MT-RJ (mechanical transfer) like RJ-45
Unguided Media
• Radio waves frequency range (3KHz – 1 GHz)
Multicast communications such as AM/FM Radio, TV, Cordless phones etc.
• Microwaves frequency range (1 GHz – 300 GHz).
Unicast communications such as cellular phones, satellite networks and wireless LANs.
• Infrared frequency range (300 GHz – 400 THz)
Infrared signals are used in short range communication in closed area using line of sight.
such as TV remote.
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