A program executes from top to bottom except when we use control statements, we
can control the order of execution of the program, based on logic and values.
In Java, control statements can be divided into the following three categories:
Selection Statements
Iteration Statements
Jump Statements
Selection Statements
Selection statements allow you to control the flow of program execution on the basis of
the outcome of an expression or state of a variable known during runtime.
Selection statements can be divided into the following categories:
The if and if-else statements
The if-else statements
The if-else-if statements
The switch statements
The if statements
The first contained statement (that can be a block) of an if statement only executes
when the specified condition is true. If the condition is false and there is not else
keyword then the first contained statement will be skipped and execution continues
with the rest of the program. The condition is an expression that returns a boolean
value.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. import [Link];
4.
5. public class IfDemo
6. {
7. public static void main(String[] args) {
8.
9. int age;
10. Scanner inputDevice = new Scanner([Link]);
11. [Link]("Please enter Age: ");
12. age = [Link]();
13. if(age > 18)
14. [Link]("above 18 ");
15. }
16.
17. }
Output:
The if-else statements
In if-else statements, if the specified condition in the if statement is false, then the
statemet after the else keyword (that can be a block) will execute.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. import [Link];
4.
5. public class IfElseDemo
6. {
7. public static void main( String[] args )
8. {
9. int age;
10. Scanner inputDevice = new Scanner( [Link] );
11. [Link]( "Please enter Age: " );
12. age = [Link]();
13. if ( age >= 18 )
14. [Link]( "above 18 " );
15. else
16. [Link]( "below 18" );
17. }
18. }
Output
The if-else-if statements
This statement following the else keyword can be another if or if-else statement.
That would looks like this:
if(condition)
statements;
else if (condition)
statements;
else if(condition)
statement;
else
statements;
Whenever the condition is true, the associated statement will be executed and the
remaining conditions will be bypassed. If none of the conditions are true then the else
block will execute.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. import [Link];
4.
5. public class IfElseIfDemo
6. {
7. public static void main( String[] args )
8. {
9. int age;
10. Scanner inputDevice = new Scanner( [Link] );
11. [Link]( "Please enter Age: " );
12. age = [Link]();
13. if ( age >= 18 && age <=35 )
14. [Link]( "between 18-35 " );
15. else if(age >35 && age <=60)
16. [Link]("between 36-60");
17. else
18. [Link]( "not matched" );
19. }
20. }
Output
The Switch Statements
The switch statement is a multi-way branch statement. The switch statement of Java is
another selection statement that defines multiple paths of execution of a program. It
provides a better alternative than a large series of if-else-if statements.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. import [Link];
4.
5. public class SwitchDemo
6. {
7. public static void main( String[] args )
8. {
9. int age;
10. Scanner inputDevice = new Scanner( [Link] );
11. [Link]( "Please enter Age: " );
12. age = [Link]();
13. switch ( age )
14. {
15. case 18:
16. [Link]( "age 18" );
17. break;
18. case 19:
19. [Link]( "age 19" );
20. break;
21. default:
22. [Link]( "not matched" );
23. break;
24. }
25. }
26. }
Output
An expression must be of a type of byte, short, int or char. Each of the values specified
in the case statement must be of a type compatible with the expression. Duplicate case
values are not allowed. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a
statement sequence. The break statement is optional in the switch statement.
Iteration Statements
Repeating the same code fragment several times until a specified condition is satisfied
is called iteration. Iteration statements execute the same set of instructions until a
termination condition is met.
Java provides the following loop for iteration statements:
The while loop
The for loop
The do-while loop
The for each loop
The while loop
It continually executes a statement (that is usually be a block) while a condition is true.
The condition must return a boolean value.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class WhileDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. int i = 0;
8. while ( i < 5 )
9. {
10. [Link]( "Value :: " + i );
11. i++;
12. }
13. }
14. }
Output
The do-while loop
The only difference between a while and a do-while loop is that do-while evaluates its
expression at the bottom of the loop instead of the top. The do-while loop executes at
least one time then it will check the expression prior to the next iteration.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class DoWhileDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. int i = 0;
8. do
9. {
10. [Link]( "value :: " + i );
11. i++;
12. }
13. while ( i < 5);
14. }
15. }
Output
The for loop
A for loop executes a statement (that is usually a block) as long as the boolean
condition evaluates to true. A for loop is a combination of the three elements
initialization statement, boolean expression and increment or decrement statement.
Syntax:
for(<initialization>;<condition>;<increment or decrement statement>){
<block of code>
}
The initialization block executes first before the loop starts. It is used to initialize the
loop variable.
The condition statement evaluates every time prior to when the statement (that is
usually be a block) executes, if the condition is true then only the statement (that is
usually a block) will execute.
The increment or decrement statement executes every time after the statement (that is
usually a block).
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class WhileDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. int i = 0;
8. while ( i < 5 )
9. {
10. [Link]( "Value :: " + i );
11. i++;
12. }
13. }
14. }
Output
The For each loop
This was introduced in Java 5. This loop is basically used to traverse the array or
collection elements.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class ForEachDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. int[] i =
8. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
9. for ( int j : i )
10. {
11. [Link]( "value :: " + j );
12. }
13. }
14. }
Output
Jump Statements
Jump statements are used to unconditionally transfer the program control to another
part of the program.
Java provides the following jump statements:
break statement
continue statement
return statement
Break Statement
The break statement immediately quits the current iteration and goes to the first
statement following the loop. Another form of break is used in the switch statement.
The break statement has the following two forms:
Labeled Break Statement
Unlabeled Break Statement
Unlabeled Break Statement: This is used to jump program control out of the specific
loop on the specific condition.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class UnLabeledBreakDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. for ( int var = 0; var < 5; var++ )
8. {
9. [Link]( "Var is : " + var );
10. if ( var == 3 )
11. break;
12. }
13. }
14. }
Output
Labeled Break Statement: This is used for when we want to jump the program
control out of nested loops or multiple loops.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class LabeledBreakDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. Outer: for ( int var1 = 0; var1 < 5; var1++ )
8. {
9. for ( int var2 = 1; var2 < 5; var2++ )
10. {
11. [Link]( "var1:" + var1 + ", var2:" + var2 );
12. if ( var1 == 3 )
13. break Outer;
14. }
15. }
16. }
17. }
Output
Continue Statement
The continue statement is used when you want to continue running the loop with the
next iteration and want to skip the rest of the statements of the body for the current
iteration.
The continue statement has the following two forms:
Labeled Continue Statement
Unlabeled Continue Statement
Unlabeled Continue Statement: This statement skips the current iteration of the
innermost for, while and do-while loop.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class UnlabeledContinueDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. for ( int var1 = 0; var1 < 4; var1++ )
8. {
9. for ( int var2 = 0; var2 < 4; var2++ )
10. {
11. if ( var2 == 2 )
12. continue;
13. [Link]( "var1:" + var1 + ", var2:" + var2 );
14. }
15. }
16. }
17. }
Example
Labeled Continue Statement: This statement skips the current iteration of the loop
with the specified label.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class LabeledContinueDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. Outer: for ( int var1 = 0; var1 < 5; var1++ )
8. {
9. for ( int var2 = 0; var2 < 5; var2++ )
10. {
11. if ( var2 == 2 )
12. continue Outer;
13. [Link]( "var1:" + var1 + ", var2:" + var2 );
14. }
15. }
16. }
17. }
Output
Return Statement
The return statement is used to immediately quit the current method and return to the
calling method. It is mandatory to use a return statement for non-void methods to
return a value.
Example
1. package [Link];
2.
3. public class ReturnDemo
4. {
5. public static void main( String[] args )
6. {
7. ReturnDemo returnDemo = new ReturnDemo();
8. [Link]( "No : " + [Link]() );
9. }
10.
11. int returnCall()
12. {
13. return 5;
14. }
15. }