Unit 2 Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties
2.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
Bonds
Force that holds groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (NGEC)
• A nonmetal and a metal react (ionic compound): Metals lose electrons to form cations and achieve NGEC;
nonmetals gain electrons to form anions and achieve NGEC
• Two nonmetals react (covalent compound): They share electrons to achieve NGEC
Ionic Bonds
• Formed from ___________________________________ of closely packed, oppositely charged ions
• Formed when an atom that easily loses electrons (low ionization energy) reacts with one that easily gains
electrons (high electron affinity)
• The electron is _____________________ transferred
Covalent Bond
• Electrons are _____________________ by nuclei
• The electrons in each atom are attracted to the __________________________ of the other
• The electrons _____________ each other
• The nuclei ________________ each other
• They reach a bond length with the lowest possible energy
Polar Covalent Bond
• Electrons are __________________shared evenly
• One end is slightly positive, the other negative
• Indicated using small delta δ
Polarity
• A molecule, such as HF, that has a center of positive charge
and a center of negative charge is said to be polar, or to have a
dipole moment.
• Arrow always points toward the element that is attracting the
electrons
Electronegativity
• The ability of an atom in a molecule to _____________________________________________ to itself
• Pauling electronegativity values give us relative electronegativities of all elements
• Tends to ___________________________ left to right
• ______________________________as you move down a group
• Noble gases aren’t discussed
• Difference in electronegativity between atoms tells us polarity
Polarity Practice
• Without looking up electronegativity values, order the following bonds according to increasing polarity:
• N-F
• C-F
• F-F
• O-F
• A student claims that F2 is more polar than H2 because fluorine ha a higher electronegativity than hydrogen. Do
you agree with this claim? Explain why or why not.
Metallic Bonding
• Metallic Solid: metals with ____________________electrons
• This is why metals are such good conductors of heat and
electricity
• “sea of electrons”
• Ex. Al, Cu, Au, any metallic element
2.2 Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy
Bond Energy
• It is the _______________________________ in a chemical bond
• It gives us information about the strength of a bonding interaction
Bond Length
A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate is lower than that of the separated atoms
The distance where the system energy is a minimum
Bond Energies
• Single bond = 1 pair electrons are shared
• Double bond = 2 pair electrons are shared
• Triple bond = 3 pair electrons are shared
C-C
Bond C=C Bond
length strength
C≡C
Practice
The shortest bond would be present in which of the following substances?
A. I2
B. CO
C. CCl4
D. O32-
Ionic Compounds
Bond length is typically not discussed
____________________________________________________________ can be used
Lattice Energy
An indication of how _____________________________________ an ionic crystal is held together
Lattice energy is negative (exothermic) when a bond is formed or positive (endothermic) when a bond is broken
Q1 Q2
E=k
r
E= lattice energy
K = constant
Q1 and Q2 = numerical ion charges
R = distance between ion centers (in nm)
*if charges are opposite, E is negative or exothermic
Q1 Q2
Lattice energy = E=k
r
Lattice energy is ____________________________ with more highly ________________ ions and shorter ionic distance
Out of the following pairs of compounds, pick the one with the greater lattice energy. Explain your choice.
1. MgO and NaF
2. CaF2 and AlCl3
3. SrI2 and Na2O
2.3 Structure of Ionic Compound
Ionic Solids
Ions align themselves to maximum attractions between ___________________________ charges, and to minimize
repulsion between like ions
• Ions are positioned at lattice sites
• Held together by ________________________________________________
• Huge ___________________________________________________
• Atoms are locked in lattice –_________________________________
• Every electron is accounted for, so they are poor ________________
2.4 Structure of Metals and Alloys
Metallic Bonding
Metallic solid: metals with delocalized electrons
This is why metals are such good conductors of heat and electricity
“sea of electrons”
Alloys
An alloy is a ________________________________________ mixture of elements that has characteristics of a metal
Alloy Practice
A particular interstitial alloy is made of two elements X and Y, where Y is the base metal. The alloy is made of 20% X and
80% Y. Draw a diagram of the solid alloy that contains 10 total atoms in a representative proportion of atom types.
Element Practice
X
Y
2.5 Lewis Diagrams
Localized Electron Model
• Shows how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in a molecule
• Reflects central idea that stability of a compound relates to ________________________________________
• Most atoms follow the _________________________rule
• Exceptions: hydrogen, beryllium, and boron
How to Draw Lewis Structures
1. Determine the central atom
2. Calculate the total number of valence electrons
3. Connect other atoms to central atom with electron
4. Electrons will always go on the terminal elements first
5. Extra electrons will go on the central atom
6. Check that every atom has a complete octet
7. If dealing with a polyatomic make sure to use brackets and note charge
Lewis Structure Practice
• PI3
• NH4+
• NO3-
• HCl
• N2
• NH3
• PO43-
• BF3
• CI4
• NO2-
• CO2
• H2S
• BeCl2
Lewis Structure AP Question
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
3rd row and heavier elements CAN exceed the octet rule using empty d orbitals
Exceptional Lewis Structure
• ClF3
• I3-
• SCl4
• PCl5
• XeO3
2.6 Resonance and Formal Charge
Resonance
• Occurs when ____________________________________ valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular
molecule
Resonance Practice
Which lists the bonds x, y, and z in decreasing order of length?
A. x>y>z
B. x>y=z
C. x=y>z
D. z>y=x
Formal Charge
When there are several different structures that can be drawn for a molecule, _____________________________ can
be used to determine the most likely structure
Uses charges on atoms to help decide which structure is bet
…the more ______________________________________________________
Formal charge for each atom = valence e- - (lone e- + bonded pairs)
Example SO42-
Formal Charge Practice
2.7 VSEPR and Bond Hybridization
The Localized Electron Model
• Draw the Lewis structure(s)
• Determine the arrangement of electron pairs (VSEPR model)
• Specify the hybridization
VSEPR Model
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
The structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing _____________________________________
Predicting a VSEPR Structure
1. Draw Lewis structure
2. Put pairs as far apart as possible
3. Determine positions of atoms from the way electron pairs are shared
4. Determine the name of molecular structure from positions of the atom
The number of pairs determines:
The number of atoms determines:
Couple of things to keep in mind:
Bond Angle Exceptions
Remember that lone pairs take up more space than shared pairs
Which Molecules Have a Dipole Moment
• Any 2-atom molecule with a polar bond
With three or more atoms there are two considerations:
1. There must be a polar bond
2. Geometry cannot cancel it out
Geometry and Dipole Moment
Example of shapes that cancel polarity of bonds:
• Linear CO2
• Trigonal planar (assuming terminal atoms are all the same element)
Example of shapes that do NOT cancel polarity of bonds:
• Bent H2O
• Trigonal Pyramidal
Predict the molecular geometry, bond angle(s), and polarity for each of the following molecule or ion:
• HCN
• PH3
• SeF2
• NH4+
• XeCl4
• BrI5
• SCN-
• N3-
• H2CO
• NO2-
Hybridization
The mixing of atomic orbitals to form special orbitals for bonding
The atoms are responding as need to give the minimum energy for the molecule
Weakness of Atomic Orbitals
…to explain molecular geometry
In methane, CH4, the shape is tetrahedral
The valence electrons of carbon should be two in s, and two in p
Called sp3 hybridization
How do we know the hybridization?
• We know the ______________________________from experiment
• We know the orbitals of the atom
• Hybridizing atomic orbitals explains the geometry
• If the geometry requires a tetrahedral shape, it is sp3 hybridized
• This includes bent and trigonal pyramidal molecules
• Hybridization depends upon the ____________________________ number only!
Hybridization Cheat
Count how many ‘things’ are bonded to the central atom
lone pairs count as 1 thing
multiple bonds count as 1
2 things = sp
3 things = sp2
4 things = sp3
5 things = sp3d
6 things = sp3d2
2 Types of Bonds
A sigma bond centers along the internuclear axis
(formed from overlapping hybridized orbitals)
A pi bond occupies the space above and below the internuclear axis
(formed from overlapping hybridized orbitals)
A sigma and a pi bond together make a double bond
How many types of each bond are in C2H4
Hybridization Practice
Using the diagram below…
1. Determine the hybridization around atoms
2. A student claims that all the atoms in the molecule exist in a single plane. Do you agree with the student’s
claim? Explain why or why not.
Resonance Vocabulary
• Sigma bonds can be described as being __________________________________________, they do not move
• A resonating pi bond must be treated as being delocalized, the electrons can move back and forth between the
elements
Practice
VSEPR predicts an SbF5 molecule will be which of the following shapes?
A. Tetrahedral
B. Trigonal bipyramidal
C. Square pyramid
D. Trigonal planar
Which of the following does NOT have one or more pi bonds?
A. H2O
B. HNO3
C. O2
D. N2