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Tutorial 2 Solution

The document discusses the classification of second-order linear partial differential equations in three independent variables, identifying them as hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic based on the eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix. It also outlines conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a given partial differential equation with respect to an initial curve. The classification is determined by the principal part of the equation and can vary across different points in the domain.

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6 views5 pages

Tutorial 2 Solution

The document discusses the classification of second-order linear partial differential equations in three independent variables, identifying them as hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic based on the eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix. It also outlines conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a given partial differential equation with respect to an initial curve. The classification is determined by the principal part of the equation and can vary across different points in the domain.

Uploaded by

aglo.intellidesk.ai
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

8.2.

CLASSIFICATION OF A PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IN THREE


INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.
A linear partial differential differential equation of the second order in 3 independent variables
au + cu=0
b
j z, 3 is given by i=l
.. (1)
i=l j1

where a (=a,), b, and c are constants or some finctions of the independent variables x, x,,X,
and u is the dependent variable.
Since q, =aj, A= la,] is areal symmetric matrix of order3 x3. The eigen values of
matrix Aare roots of thecharacteristic equation of A, namely. | A-I|=0.
With help of matrixA, (1) is classified as follows:
I. If all the eigenvalues of A are non-zero and have the same sign, except precisely one of
them, then (1) is known as hyperbolic type of equatio.
II. If 4 =0, i.e., any one of theeigenvalues of A is zero, then (1) is known as parabolic type
ofequation
III. If all the eigenvalues of A are non-zero and of the same sign, then (1) is known as elliptic
type afequation.
Note. the matrix A can be remembered as indicated below:

Coeff. of g Coeff. of u Coeff of


A=Coeff. of u Coef. of u Coeff of u,
|Coeff. of u [Link] uy Coeff of uz
Eisteñice and Uniqueness of Integral Surface Passing Through a:
Given Curve
GiveD the Partial differential equation Pp +g =R with the initial curve
T:,(). »().-%(4) ..)

Unique Solution: If P(o»).95.:)


d dy
dt dt

or A :
|P(o().Jo().(1)) o(u).().*0 0))
d dt
then (1) has unique solution

No-Solution: If P(.o.)loro)R\9ori)
di,
then' (1) has io
dt
solution

Infinite Solution: If P(»})_e% R»)-u, then


di dyo
dt dt
(1) has infinite solutions.
Canonical or Normal Forms. Riemann Method

8.1. CLASSIFICATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER.


Consider a general partial differential equation of second order for a fnction of two indepen
dent variables x and y in the fom:
Rr+Ss+Tt +f(x.y, 2.p.) = 0, ..(1)
where R, S and Tare continuous functions ofx and y only possessing partial derivatives defined in
some domain D on the rv-plane. Then (1) is said to be
() Hyperbolic at a point (*, y) in domain Dif ' -4RT>0
(i) Parabolic at a point (*, v) in domain Dif ' -4RT =0
(ii) Elliptic at apoint (%, y) in domain Dif ' -4RT <0
Observe that the type of (1) is determined solely by its principal part (Rr +Ss+Tt, which
involves the highest order derivatives of:) and that the type will generally change with position in
the y-plane unlessR, S and Tare constants
Remark. Some authors use u in place of-. Then, we have
r=tula, s=ß'ulaÙ and =8u/ar². etc.
Tufmel 24 wti:

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