Background of the Study (

Water scarcity continues to be one of the most pressing global issues affecting agriculture, food
security, and sustainable development. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2021), billions of people around the world are
experiencing water shortages, and this situation is expected to worsen due to the combined
effects of population growth, industrialization, and climate change. Agriculture, which accounts
for approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater usage, is a major contributor to this crisis. With
increasing demand for food and decreasing freshwater availability, it has become crucial to find
sustainable ways to produce crops using limited water resources. One potential solution gaining
attention among researchers is the reuse of greywater—lightly used household water from
activities such as laundry, bathing, and washing rice or dishes (Singh et al., 2016). Greywater
reuse offers a practical approach to water conservation, as it allows households and communities
to recycle water for non-potable uses, including irrigation and hydroponic cultivation.

In the Philippines, rice is not only a staple food but also a significant source of greywater. Before
cooking, rice is typically washed several times to remove dust and excess starch, creating what is
known as rice-wash greywater. This water is often discarded without realizing its potential
agricultural value. Research has shown that rice-wash greywater contains beneficial nutrients
such as starch, protein, phosphorus, and potassium—elements essential for plant growth (Abba et
al., 2021). Instead of letting this nutrient-rich water go to waste, it can be repurposed to support
small-scale or household farming systems. This idea aligns with the principles of sustainable
agriculture, which encourage the efficient use of resources to maintain environmental balance
while meeting human needs.

Hydroponics, a soilless farming method that relies on nutrient-enriched water solutions, has
become an increasingly popular technique for growing plants in both urban and rural settings. It
requires less water than traditional soil farming and provides faster, more consistent plant growth
(Ferreira et al., 2024). Integrating greywater reuse with hydroponic systems presents an
innovative and eco-friendly approach to food production. Through this combination, water and
nutrients can be continuously recycled, creating a closed-loop system that reduces waste and
conserves resources. This study focuses on testing this concept by examining how treated and
untreated rice-wash greywater affects the growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants in a
hydroponic setup.

The mung bean was chosen as the model plant for this study for several reasons. First, it is one of
the most widely consumed legumes in the Philippines and other parts of Asia, providing a rich
source of protein, fiber, and minerals. Second, mung beans are fast-growing and have a short life
cycle, making them ideal for experimental studies. They are also highly sensitive to changes in
nutrient and water conditions, which makes them suitable for evaluating the effects of different
water treatments (Davis, 2016). Studies by Hung et al. (2021) have also used mung beans to test
plant growth under varying concentrations of greywater, confirming their reliability as a test
organism for water quality assessments. In addition, their rapid germination and measurable
growth parameters—such as root length, shoot height, and biomass—make mung beans excellent
indicators of water quality effects in hydroponic conditions.
Greywater composition depends on its source and may contain both beneficial and harmful
substances. While rice-wash greywater typically contains organic nutrients that can stimulate
plant growth, other types of greywater (e.g., from laundry or dishwashing) may have traces of
detergent, oils, or chemicals that could be toxic to plants if not properly treated (Ikhajiagbe et al.,
2020). Treatment processes such as sand and charcoal filtration are simple yet effective ways to
remove impurities from greywater without eliminating its beneficial nutrients. According to
Singh et al. (2016), such low-cost treatment methods significantly improve the quality of
greywater for agricultural reuse, reducing chemical residues and microbial contamination. For
rice-wash water, filtration helps remove suspended solids and improve clarity while retaining
vital nutrients like phosphorus and potassium, which support root and leaf development (Abba et
al., 2021). Thus, comparing the effects of treated and untreated rice-wash greywater can provide
valuable insights into how filtration influences plant growth and hydroponic system
performance.

The use of treated wastewater and greywater in agriculture is not a new concept. Studies from
different countries have shown that treated greywater can be reused safely and effectively for
irrigation when managed properly. For example, De Bon, Holmer, and Aubry (2015) highlighted
the role of urban horticulture in reducing freshwater use through hydroponic and aquaponic
systems. Similarly, Ferreira et al. (2024) found that reusing treated water in horticultural
production maintained plant yield while conserving water resources. However, untreated
greywater poses potential risks, such as salt accumulation, nutrient imbalance, or microbial
contamination, which may negatively affect plant growth if left unmanaged (Bini, 2025). Hence,
there is a growing need to investigate which forms of treatment are most suitable for specific
applications, especially in household-level systems.

Previous research has explored the benefits and limitations of using greywater for cultivating
different plant species. Singh et al. (2016) discovered that treated greywater improved the growth
of Vigna radiata compared to untreated samples, primarily because the treatment process
reduced detergent residues and balanced the nutrient composition. In another study, Abba et al.
(2021) concluded that rice-wash water could serve as an affordable, nutrient-rich alternative to
chemical fertilizers. However, experiments by Ikhajiagbe et al. (2020) revealed that using highly
concentrated greywater without proper dilution or treatment could inhibit root elongation and
cause plant stress due to excess salts. These findings suggest that while greywater can be
beneficial for agriculture, its effectiveness largely depends on the treatment process and
concentration levels.

Hydroponic systems offer several advantages for testing and applying greywater reuse in
agriculture. Compared to traditional soil-based farming, hydroponics allows for precise control
over nutrient and water levels, ensuring that plants receive consistent and balanced nourishment
(Bini, 2025). It also eliminates soil-borne diseases and pests, reduces water loss through
evaporation, and supports high-density plant cultivation in limited spaces. According to Ferreira
et al. (2024), hydroponics can reduce water use by up to 90% compared to conventional
methods, making it a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. Furthermore, because
hydroponic systems use water as both the growth medium and nutrient carrier, they are ideal for
studying how different water treatments—such as untreated and filtered rice-wash greywater—
affect plant physiology and productivity.
The concept of using rice-wash greywater in hydroponic systems also supports the global
movement toward circular and sustainable agriculture. Reusing domestic wastewater aligns with
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 6 (Clean Water
and Sanitation) and Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) (UNESCO, 2021). It
encourages communities to view waste as a resource, promoting environmental responsibility
and innovation at the household level. This approach could be especially beneficial in the
Philippines, where many households depend on small-scale farming and where freshwater
availability fluctuates due to seasonal changes and infrastructure limitations. By reusing rice-
wash water, households can reduce their environmental footprint while enhancing local food
production and resilience.

Nonetheless, the use of untreated rice-wash greywater in hydroponics comes with challenges.
Without filtration, organic residues and microorganisms in the water may promote algae growth,
clog system components, or cause unpleasant odors. On the other hand, excessive filtration might
remove beneficial nutrients that are essential for plant development. Therefore, understanding
how different treatment levels influence plant growth parameters—such as germination rate,
plant height, number of leaves, and total biomass—is essential (Hung et al., 2021). This research
aims to fill that knowledge gap by comparing the effects of treated and untreated rice-wash
greywater on mung bean growth under hydroponic conditions.

In conclusion, this study, Hydroponics Using Greywater: Effects of Treated and Untreated Rice-
Wash Greywater on the Growth of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata), is inspired by the need for
sustainable agricultural practices that optimize water use while maintaining productivity. It
explores how a simple household byproduct, rice-wash greywater, can be transformed into a
valuable resource for plant cultivation. The outcomes of this study may help promote eco-
friendly farming practices, reduce domestic water waste, and provide an affordable alternative
for hydroponic nutrient solutions. Ultimately, the research contributes to the growing body of
knowledge on sustainable water management and may encourage communities to adopt greener,
more resource-efficient ways of producing food.

Statement of the Problem (Humanized Version)

The increasing scarcity of clean water has become a major global challenge, affecting
households, industries, and especially agriculture—the largest consumer of freshwater
worldwide. As communities strive to adopt sustainable practices, the idea of recycling and
reusing water sources that are often wasted has gained importance. One such underutilized
resource is greywater, particularly the rice-wash water that is commonly produced in Filipino
households. Every day, large amounts of rice-wash greywater are thrown away after cleaning
rice before cooking. This water, however, contains nutrients that may be useful for plant growth
(Abba et al., 2021). Despite this potential, very few studies have explored how this type of
greywater can be used effectively, especially in hydroponic systems where water serves as the
primary growing medium.
The problem that this study will address is the lack of sufficient research on the use of treated
and untreated rice-wash greywater as an alternative water and nutrient source for hydroponic
cultivation. While previous studies have explored the use of domestic greywater for irrigation
(Singh et al., 2016; Ikhajiagbe et al., 2020), little is known about its direct effects on plant
growth when used in a controlled, soilless setup. This gap is particularly evident in the
Philippines, where hydroponic farming is emerging as a sustainable urban agriculture practice
but where research on water recycling within hydroponic systems remains limited. The study
will therefore aim to evaluate how rice-wash greywater—both filtered and unfiltered—affects
the growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants.

This problem is important to study because it involves two key issues that affect both local
communities and the environment: water conservation and sustainable food production. As
freshwater supplies continue to decline, finding practical ways to reuse household water could
help reduce overall water demand. Additionally, if rice-wash greywater is proven to be beneficial
for plant growth, it could serve as a cost-effective nutrient solution for small-scale hydroponic
systems. This would not only lessen household water waste but also promote eco-friendly
farming methods that are accessible even to low-income families.

Through this research, the study will seek to determine the differences in mung bean growth
when exposed to three types of water: (1) distilled water (as the control), (2) untreated rice-wash
greywater, and (3) treated rice-wash greywater filtered through sand and charcoal. The results
will help identify whether rice-wash greywater can serve as a safe and effective alternative to
conventional hydroponic nutrient solutions. Specifically, the study will investigate the effects of
these treatments on germination rate, shoot length, leaf number, and biomass accumulation.

In summary, this study will aim to find out how the treatment process of rice-wash greywater
influences plant growth in a hydroponic environment. By doing so, it will address a critical gap
in sustainable agricultural practices and contribute to water reuse innovations in local farming.
Ultimately, the research will help determine whether rice-wash greywater can be a viable, low-
cost resource for producing food in a water-efficient manner—offering a potential solution to
both environmental and economic challenges in modern agriculture.

Research Questions (Quantitative)

This study will focus on determining the effects of treated and untreated rice-wash greywater on
the growth performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants cultivated in a hydroponic system.
The following quantitative research questions will guide the investigation:

1. What is the effect of untreated rice-wash greywater on the germination rate of

mung bean seeds in a hydroponic system?
– This question will measure how untreated rice-wash water influences the speed and
percentage of seed germination compared to the control setup using distilled water.
2. What is the effect of treated rice-wash greywater on the average plant height of
mung beans compared to untreated greywater and distilled water?
 – This will evaluate whether filtering rice-wash greywater through sand and charcoal has
a measurable impact on stem elongation and vertical growth.
3. How does the type of water treatment (distilled, untreated, and treated greywater)
affect the number of leaves produced by mung bean plants over the 21-day growth
period?
– This question will determine whether nutrient or contaminant levels in the water
influence leaf formation and development.
4. Is there a significant difference in the fresh biomass (weight) of mung bean plants
grown in distilled water, untreated rice-wash greywater, and treated rice-wash
greywater?
– This will assess how water quality affects total plant yield and nutrient absorption
efficiency.
5. What is the overall difference in growth performance—considering germination
rate, plant height, number of leaves, and biomass—among mung beans grown using
distilled water, untreated rice-wash greywater, and treated rice-wash greywater?
– This will integrate all growth indicators to determine the most effective type of water
for hydroponic mung bean cultivation.

Hypotheses

This study will be guided by two main hypotheses that will help determine whether the type of
rice-wash greywater—treated or untreated—significantly influences the growth of mung bean
(Vigna radiata) plants in a hydroponic system.

 Null Hypothesis (H₀): There will be no significant difference in the growth performance
of mung bean plants grown using distilled water, untreated rice-wash greywater, and
treated rice-wash greywater.
This means that the water type, whether treated or untreated, will not cause any
measurable variation in growth parameters such as germination rate, plant height, number
of leaves, or fresh biomass.
 Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There will be a significant difference in the growth
performance of mung bean plants grown using distilled water, untreated rice-wash
greywater, and treated rice-wash greywater.
This suggests that the nutrient and quality differences between the three water types will
produce measurable variations in plant development, favoring either the treated or
untreated rice-wash greywater.

These hypotheses will be tested using quantitative analysis to identify whether the observed
growth differences are statistically significant. The results will either confirm or reject the
assumption that rice-wash greywater can effectively substitute for conventional hydroponic
water sources.
Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to promote sustainable agricultural practices
and water conservation, especially in regions like the Philippines where water resources are
limited and food demand continues to rise. By exploring the possibility of reusing rice-wash
greywater in hydroponic systems, the study will contribute to the development of eco-friendly
and low-cost alternatives to commercial hydroponic nutrient solutions.

For the environment, the study will encourage waste reduction and water recycling by
demonstrating how household greywater can be reused instead of being discarded. Reusing rice-
wash water will help reduce freshwater extraction and wastewater generation, aligning with the
goals of sustainable water management and environmental protection.

For local farmers and urban gardeners, the findings will provide practical insights into low-
cost hydroponic farming. Many small-scale farmers and home growers cannot afford commercial
nutrient solutions, which are often expensive. If rice-wash greywater proves beneficial, it can
serve as an accessible alternative that supports crop growth while reducing farming expenses.

For the academic and scientific community, the research will add valuable data to the limited
literature on the use of treated and untreated rice-wash greywater in hydroponics. It may also
serve as a reference for future studies exploring other household wastewaters and their
agricultural applications.

For government agencies and environmental organizations, this study could provide
scientific evidence to support water reuse policies and sustainable agricultural initiatives.
Promoting small-scale recycling systems can contribute to local water conservation programs
and help achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 6
(Clean Water and Sanitation) and Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).

Overall, this study will be significant in demonstrating how simple and affordable solutions—
like reusing rice-wash water—can have meaningful environmental and economic impacts when
applied in a sustainable farming context.

Scope and Limitations

This research will be conducted within a controlled environment to ensure the accuracy and
reliability of data. The study will take place at [insert school or research institution name here,
e.g., the Science Laboratory of XYZ Senior High School, Philippines], where environmental
factors such as temperature and light exposure can be monitored. The study will run for a period
of 21 days, which is sufficient for observing the germination and early growth stages of mung
bean (Vigna radiata) plants.
The sample population will consist of 45 mung bean seeds, divided equally into three groups
of 15 seeds each. These groups will represent the three treatments:

 Group A: Distilled water (control)

 Group B: Untreated rice-wash greywater
 Group C: Treated rice-wash greywater (filtered through sand and charcoal)

Each treatment will be replicated three times to ensure consistency and reliability in data
collection. Measurements will include germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, and fresh
biomass. Observations will be taken every three days to monitor growth patterns and differences
among the treatments.

The focus of the study will be to determine how treated and untreated rice-wash greywater
influence the growth performance of mung bean plants in hydroponic systems. The study will
not focus on other crop types or soil-based cultivation, as the intent is to assess the feasibility of
rice-wash water reuse in soilless systems specifically.

The limitations of the study will include the following:

1. The research will be conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which may not
fully represent natural environmental settings such as fluctuating temperatures, sunlight
exposure, or microbial activity.
2. The duration of the experiment (21 days) will only cover the early growth phase of the
mung bean plant, not its full life cycle or yield production.
3. Only one type of household greywater—rice-wash water—will be used. Results may
differ if other types of greywater are applied.
4. The study will use a basic filtration system (sand and charcoal) for treatment, which may
not remove all contaminants that would be filtered in advanced water treatment
processes.

Despite these limitations, the findings of this research will provide valuable preliminary insights
into the potential of rice-wash greywater as a resource for sustainable hydroponic farming. It will
serve as a foundation for future studies that may explore longer growth periods, other crop
varieties, and more complex water treatment methods.

This Science Investigatory Project will be conducted within a controlled indoor

environment at [insert school name], specifically in the Science Laboratory where
environmental factors such as light, temperature, and humidity can be managed. The entire
experiment will last for 21 days, covering the germination and early vegetative stages of
the mung bean (Vigna radiata) plant. The study will focus on comparing the growth of mung
beans in three types of hydroponic solutions: distilled water (as the control), untreated rice-wash
greywater, and treated rice-wash greywater filtered through sand and charcoal.

The respondents of the study will not be human participants but rather 45 mung bean seeds,
which will serve as the experimental samples. These seeds will be divided equally into three
treatment groups, with each group containing 15 seeds. Each treatment will be replicated three
times to ensure consistency in results. The main variables to be measured will include
germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, and fresh biomass. These growth indicators will
help determine how effectively each type of water supports plant development in a hydroponic
system.

The locale of the study will be the Science Laboratory of [insert school name], located in [insert
city/municipality]. The controlled setting will allow for precise observation of plant responses to
each water treatment and will help minimize external factors such as rainfall, pests, or soil
contamination that could affect the accuracy of results.

The scope of this research will be limited to the use of rice-wash greywater as an alternative
water source for hydroponic mung bean cultivation. It will focus solely on the early stages of
plant growth and will not include flowering or pod formation. The study will also emphasize the
effects of simple, low-cost filtration (sand and charcoal) rather than complex or chemical-based
treatment methods. The findings will serve as preliminary data for future research on using rice-
wash greywater in larger-scale or long-term hydroponic systems.

The limitations of the study will include:

1. Environmental control: The experiment will take place in a laboratory setting, which
may not reflect real outdoor growing conditions.
2. Short duration: The 21-day observation period will only capture the initial stages of
plant growth and not the full life cycle.
3. Specific water type: Only rice-wash greywater will be tested, so results may not apply to
other types of greywater such as laundry or dishwashing water.
4. Basic filtration: The filtration process will rely on sand and charcoal, which may not
remove all impurities or pathogens present in the water.
5. Sample size: The experiment will involve a limited number of mung bean seeds, which
may not fully represent large-scale agricultural production.

Despite these limitations, the study will provide valuable insight into the potential of rice-wash
greywater as a sustainable alternative for hydroponic farming. It will also demonstrate how
simple, eco-friendly practices can contribute to water conservation and environmental
sustainability—making it both practical and educational for students and communities alike.

Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity and consistency in understanding the key variables used in this study, the
following terms are defined based on how they are applied in the research:

1. Greywater – Refers to wastewater that comes from household activities such as washing
dishes, clothes, or rice. In this study, it specifically means the rice-wash water collected
after rinsing uncooked rice before cooking.
 2. Rice-wash Greywater – The independent variable in this experiment. It is the water
obtained from washing rice, which contains dissolved starch, proteins, and minerals. Two
types of rice-wash greywater will be used: untreated(directly collected and used)
and treated (filtered using sand and charcoal before use).
3. Treated Rice-wash Greywater – The portion of rice-wash water that undergoes a simple
filtration process using sand and charcoal to remove visible particles and reduce
impurities, while retaining nutrients useful for plant growth.
4. Untreated Rice-wash Greywater – The unfiltered form of rice-wash water used directly
in the experiment to determine whether raw greywater can support plant growth without
prior treatment.
5. Hydroponics – The cultivation method used in this study, involving the growth of
plants without soil, using water-based nutrient solutions as the medium for delivering
essential minerals and elements to the roots.
6. Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) – The test plant or experimental organism used in the
study. It is chosen for its short growth cycle, ease of germination, and sensitivity to
changes in water and nutrient quality, making it ideal for controlled experiments.
7. Germination Rate – A dependent variable referring to the percentage of seeds that
successfully sprout within a given time frame. It is used to measure the initial response of
mung beans to different water treatments.
8. Plant Height – A dependent variable measured from the base of the plant to the tip of
the tallest leaf or stem. It indicates how the type of water affects vertical growth.
9. Number of Leaves – A dependent variable that reflects the vegetative development of
the plant. The number of leaves produced during the experiment will help assess overall
plant health and growth rate.
10. Fresh Biomass – Another dependent variable, referring to the total fresh weight of the
plant (including roots and shoots) measured at the end of the experiment. It serves as an
indicator of overall growth performance and nutrient absorption.
11. Filtration – The process of purifying greywater using materials like sand, charcoal, and
cloth to remove impurities. In this study, it is applied to produce treated rice-wash
greywater for the hydroponic system.
12. Control Group – The experimental group that uses distilled water as the nutrient
solution. It serves as a baseline for comparison to evaluate the effects of untreated and
treated rice-wash greywater.

By clearly defining these terms, this study ensures that the variables and processes are
understood in the specific context of hydroponic cultivation and water reuse. These definitions
will also help guide the measurement, interpretation, and analysis of data throughout the
research.

Nurtjahja’s (2021) study focused on analyzing how different concentrations of rice washing
water and coconut water, combined with varied soaking times, influence the germination rate of
mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). The research revealed that moderate concentrations of rice-wash
water significantly increased the germination percentage and speed of sprouting because of its
starch and micronutrient content, which serve as a natural source of nutrition for the seeds.
However, high concentrations of rice-wash water negatively impacted germination due to
decreased oxygen availability, suggesting that untreated rice-wash water can be beneficial if
applied in moderation. This finding is important for hydroponic research because it emphasizes
that the nutrient load of greywater must be balanced to enhance growth without causing
inhibitory effects from excessive organic buildup.

2. Zakaria and Pratama (2023)

In a six-day experiment, Zakaria and Pratama (2023) examined how different types of irrigation
water — well water, rainwater, and rice-wash water — affect mung bean sprout growth. The
researchers observed that rice-wash water treatment yielded the tallest sprouts and most vigorous
elongation, primarily because of the dissolved carbohydrates, starches, and minerals released
from rice grains during washing. These nutrients stimulate root elongation and enhance cell
division in developing shoots. The study concluded that rice-wash water could serve as a low-
cost, nutrient-rich irrigation source, but proper filtration or treatment is needed to prevent
microbial contamination. These results indicate that in hydroponic systems, where water
recirculation is common, treated rice-wash water might serve as a viable alternative to synthetic
nutrient solutions, provided its microbial safety is maintained.

3. Hung, Luo, Tse, and Guo (2021)

Hung et al. (2021) investigated how varying concentrations of detergent in greywater impact
mung bean sprout germination and early growth. Their findings revealed that small amounts of
detergent did not significantly affect plant growth, but higher concentrations led to osmotic stress
and inhibited both germination and sprouting. This is relevant for studies on treated rice-wash
greywater, as chemical residues from treatment or cleaning processes can alter the osmotic
balance in the growth medium, impairing nutrient absorption. The research also suggested that
low-level organic greywater could potentially be reused after natural or biological treatment.
Therefore, using biofiltered or fermented rice-wash water in hydroponics could preserve its
nutritional benefits while minimizing chemical and microbial risks, resulting in healthier mung
bean seedling development.

4. Kannan and Upreti (2008)

Although this study by Kannan and Upreti (2008) did not specifically examine rice-wash
greywater, it provided key insights into how nutrient-rich wastewater affects the germination and
growth of mung beans. The researchers found that diluted distillery effluent improved seed
germination, root length, and biomass accumulation due to the organic carbon and available
nutrients it contained. However, concentrated effluent inhibited germination and caused leaf
chlorosis, suggesting that excessive organic or chemical load becomes toxic to plants. This
finding parallels the effects of untreated rice-wash water, which, although nutrient-dense, can
hinder germination if applied without proper dilution or treatment. The study underlines the need
for optimizing water concentration and quality before use in hydroponic or soil-based systems to
avoid nutrient toxicity or oxygen depletion.
5. Baker, Beecher, and Northcutt (2019)
Baker et al. (2019) explored how irrigation water quality and post-harvest washing treatments
influence the microbial populations on alfalfa and mung bean sprouts. Their results demonstrated
that the type of water source directly affected both the microbial load and sprout health, with
untreated water increasing bacterial counts and affecting overall growth quality. The research
underscored that water treatment and disinfection methods are essential when using recycled or
greywater in food crop production systems, including hydroponics. For the current topic, this
indicates that treated rice-wash greywater, when properly filtered or disinfected, could provide a
sustainable nutrient source while maintaining safe microbial conditions. The balance between
nutrient availability and microbial safety thus becomes crucial for maximizing plant growth
efficiency in hydroponic mung bean cultivation.

6. Nabayi et al. (2021)

Nabayi et al. (2021) conducted a comprehensive study on the chemical and microbial
composition of washed rice water (WRW) to determine its potential as a fertilizer and soil
enhancer. The results revealed that WRW contains essential nutrients such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, which can enhance plant growth. Moreover,
the study identified beneficial microbes such as nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing
bacteria that could improve nutrient uptake and soil fertility. For hydroponic applications, these
nutrients could accelerate early seed germination and promote growth; however, microbial
populations may need to be controlled to prevent contamination. The findings highlight WRW’s
potential as a sustainable nutrient supplement if appropriately treated before hydroponic use.

7. Nabayi et al. (2022)

In a continuation of their earlier research, Nabayi et al. (2022) examined how repeated
applications of WRW — both unfermented and fermented — affected plant growth, soil nutrient
balance, and microbial activity over three planting cycles. Their findings showed that fermented
WRW consistently enhanced plant height, leaf area, and biomass production, as well as increased
soil bacterial activity and nutrient content. Nonetheless, continuous use led to nutrient leaching
and potential salt buildup in the soil. This study demonstrates that treated rice-wash water,
especially when fermented, can improve plant health through higher nutrient availability but
requires proper monitoring of nutrient concentrations. For hydroponic systems, this highlights
the importance of maintaining water chemistry to prevent salt accumulation and nutrient
imbalance during reuse cycles.

8. Nabayi et al. (2021)

This related study by the same authors investigated the effects of fermenting WRW for various
durations to determine changes in nutrient and microbial content. The researchers found that
fermentation significantly increased macronutrient levels and populations of beneficial bacteria
such as nitrogen-fixers and indole acetic acid producers. These biological processes enhanced the
fertilizing potential of WRW and could help plants develop stronger roots and faster germination
rates. For hydroponic experiments, fermented WRW represents a promising treated greywater
variant that can provide balanced nutrients without requiring chemical fertilizers, though
microbial safety should still be verified. This aligns with your experimental comparison between
untreated and treated rice-wash water on mung bean germination and height growth.

9. Lantud, Macalabo, and Tan (2022)

Lantud et al. (2022) investigated the effect of rice-wash water on the growth of tomato plants
(Solanum lycopersicum) in a Philippine study. The results showed that rice-wash water treatment
yielded greater plant height, absolute growth rate, and biomass compared to distilled and tap
water controls. The nutrients in WRW, such as potassium and phosphorus, enhanced plant
growth and development. Although conducted on tomato plants, the study provides valuable
insight into WRW’s potential as a sustainable water source for hydroponic crops like mung
beans. The findings suggest that nutrient-rich greywater could replace distilled water, provided
that treatment methods are applied to maintain water quality and avoid harmful microbial
buildup.

10. Garcia (2022)

Garcia (2022) conducted a local Philippine experiment to assess the effects of waste rice water
on the growth of pechay (Brassica rapa). The results showed that WRW-treated plants achieved
higher average heights and produced more leaves compared to controls. The study’s chemical
analysis revealed that WRW contains high levels of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium, confirming its nutrient value for plant development. However, overconcentration
sometimes reduced growth, emphasizing the importance of proper dilution. This aligns with
hydroponic mung bean systems, where nutrient balance is critical to avoid osmotic stress.
Overall, Garcia’s findings support the hypothesis that both untreated and treated WRW can
influence germination and growth rates depending on concentration and application method

Hung et al. (2021) conducted an experiment using mung beans as a model organism to assess
how varying concentrations of detergent in greywater affect plant growth. Their study revealed
that low concentrations of greywater did not significantly affect biomass or leaf formation, while
higher concentrations led to reduced germination and plant mass due to chemical stress on root
systems. The researchers noted that treated greywater, once filtered or bio-remediated, can
improve plant performance compared to untreated samples by reducing detergent toxicity while
retaining organic nutrients beneficial to plant development. This is relevant to understanding
how treated rice-wash greywater might stimulate mung bean leaf development and biomass
accumulation when appropriately managed in a hydroponic setup.
2. Singh, Pradhan, Ojha, and Roy (2016)
Singh et al. (2016) examined the effects of greywater treatment and reuse on the cultivation of
plants, highlighting significant differences in plant biomass between those irrigated with treated
greywater and those given distilled water. The treated water samples, after filtration and natural
sedimentation, produced plants with higher active biomass and more leaves. This improvement
was attributed to the nutrient content retained in treated greywater, such as nitrates and
phosphates. The study concluded that treated greywater can be safely reused for plant irrigation,
boosting growth and leaf production while minimizing waste. This supports the idea that treated
rice-wash greywater can enhance mung bean growth and foliage development compared to
distilled water, which lacks nutrient content.

3. Barman (2019)
Barman’s study focused on the use of maize-based biobed systems for treating dye-contaminated
water before using it to irrigate mung bean crops. The research demonstrated that mung bean
plants irrigated with biobed-treated water displayed healthier leaves and greater fresh biomass
compared to those irrigated with untreated contaminated water. After harvesting, the treated
water group yielded higher fresh weight and greener foliage, indicating improved nutrient uptake
and detoxification. The findings highlight that treated greywater can enhance plant vitality and
biomass accumulation by removing harmful substances while maintaining essential minerals.
This study parallels the concept of using treated rice-wash greywater as a safe, nutrient-rich
water source for mung bean cultivation.

4. Ikhajiagbe, Ohanmu, and Ekhator (2020)

Ikhajiagbe et al. (2020) evaluated how laundry greywater irrigation influenced biomass and
growth parameters of selected local bean species in Nigeria. The study revealed that moderate
dilution of laundry greywater increased plant leaf area, biomass, and overall yield compared to
the control. However, undiluted greywater led to reduced leaf formation due to detergent
toxicity. This research emphasizes the importance of water treatment and dilution to balance
nutrient and contaminant levels, ensuring safe and effective plant growth. For hydroponic mung
bean systems, this implies that treated rice-wash greywater can encourage optimal leaf and
biomass development when chemical residues are minimized and nutrient availability is
preserved.

5. Tan, Kasim, Yusoff, and Zaibon (2023)

Tan et al. (2023) explored the impact of organomineral liquid fertilizer derived from treated
greywater on the growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annum L.). Results showed that plants
treated with greywater-based fertilizer exhibited a higher number of leaves, increased
chlorophyll concentration, and greater fresh biomass than those irrigated with distilled or
untreated water. The researchers attributed these outcomes to the nutrient enrichment and
organic matter present in treated greywater, which improved soil fertility and water retention.
Their findings suggest that nutrient-treated greywater can be an effective substitute for
conventional fertilizers, supporting higher leaf development and biomass accumulation — a
principle directly applicable to mung bean hydroponic systems using treated rice-wash
greywater.

6. Shqerat and Al-Tabbal (2025)

Shqerat and Al-Tabbal (2025) investigated how different levels of greywater treatment affected
tomato plant growth, focusing on biomass and leaf formation. The study found that filtered and
disinfected greywater promoted higher leaf counts and greater plant weight compared to
untreated samples, which caused stunted growth and reduced biomass. This was due to the
removal of harmful organic residues and improved nutrient balance in treated water. The
researchers emphasized that water treatment quality determines the extent of plant growth
benefits, making treated greywater a sustainable alternative for irrigation. Applying these
findings to mung beans, similar outcomes are expected, where treated rice-wash greywater could
enhance biomass and leaf production over untreated sources.

6. Mzini (2013)
Mzini (2013) conducted a comprehensive investigation on the reuse of greywater for
irrigating various vegetable crops. The research found that treated greywater improved
both leaf formation and biomass yield compared to untreated greywater and distilled
water. Treated greywater provided plants with essential nutrients such as potassium and
nitrogen, leading to better photosynthetic activity and growth rates. However, prolonged
use of untreated greywater caused soil salinity and reduced yield, showing that nutrient
benefits can be offset by accumulated contaminants. The study’s findings are relevant to
hydroponic mung bean experiments, as they suggest that controlled use of treated rice-
wash greywater can promote consistent leaf production and biomass accumulation during
a 21-day growth period.

Nurtjahja’s (2021) research explored the influence of rice washing water and coconut water
concentrations on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) germination, height, and leaf development.
Seeds soaked in moderate rice-wash water concentrations exhibited significantly higher
germination rates, taller plumule height (7.40 cm average), and more leaves compared to the
distilled-water control. This improvement was attributed to the starch, proteins, and minerals
leached from rice grains, which enhanced nutrient availability during early growth. However,
excessive concentrations caused slower germination and reduced leaf expansion due to oxygen
limitation. The findings suggest that untreated rice-wash greywater, when properly diluted, can
outperform distilled water in stimulating overall mung bean growth performance during the early
development stages.
2. Singh, Pradhan, Ojha, and Roy (2016)
Singh et al. (2016) evaluated the effectiveness of greywater treatment and its reuse for
cultivating several plant species, including legumes similar to mung beans. The researchers
found that plants irrigated with treated greywater exhibited greater overall growth — with higher
germination rates, increased leaf number, and higher fresh biomass — compared to those grown
using distilled or untreated water. Treated greywater retained essential macronutrients such as
nitrates and phosphates that promoted vigorous vegetative development. In contrast, untreated
greywater led to mild chlorosis and lower biomass due to chemical contamination. These results
underscore the value of water treatment for enhancing the efficiency and safety of reusing
domestic greywater, supporting its application in sustainable hydroponic systems.

3. Barman (2019)
Barman (2019) developed and tested a maize-based biofiltration system for treating dye-
contaminated water, which was then used to irrigate mung beans. Plants irrigated with treated
water showed markedly higher germination success, taller average plant height, more leaves, and
increased fresh biomass compared to those grown in untreated contaminated water or distilled
water. The treated greywater improved photosynthetic activity and nutrient uptake by removing
harmful dyes and heavy metals while retaining trace minerals. These findings reveal that the
quality of treated water plays a critical role in supporting plant vitality, with biofiltration-treated
water providing superior results across multiple growth indicators — similar to what is expected
from treated rice-wash greywater in hydroponic mung bean systems.

4. Ikhajiagbe, Ohanmu, and Ekhator (2020)

In their Nigerian study, Ikhajiagbe et al. (2020) investigated the effects of laundry greywater on
bean species growth performance. The research revealed that diluted laundry greywater
promoted greater plant height, larger leaf area, and higher total biomass compared to distilled
water. However, undiluted greywater reduced germination and leaf formation due to detergent
toxicity. The authors concluded that mild treatment or dilution makes greywater suitable for
irrigation, enhancing both nutrient absorption and plant development. For mung bean hydroponic
systems, this suggests that properly treated rice-wash greywater could increase germination rates,
plant height, leaf number, and overall biomass when nutrient concentrations are optimized and
contaminants are effectively managed.

5. Hassan, Yasmeen, and Idrees (2025)

Hassan et al. (2025) examined how sewage water and growth regulators affect mung bean
growth and yield performance. The results showed that treated sewage water produced plants
with higher germination percentages, taller stems, and more leaves compared to distilled-water
controls, thanks to the elevated nutrient content, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. However,
untreated sewage water caused stress symptoms and reduced biomass. The treated water
supported robust root development, which contributed to higher nutrient uptake efficiency and
improved fresh biomass accumulation. This study reinforces the importance of using treated,
nutrient-enriched water sources, similar to rice-wash greywater, to maximize the growth
potential of mung beans across multiple parameters.

6. Shqerat and Al-Tabbal (2025)

Shqerat and Al-Tabbal (2025) studied the impact of different greywater treatments on tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum) plant growth, focusing on integrated performance indicators like plant
height, leaf number, and biomass. Plants irrigated with treated greywater outperformed those
grown with untreated or distilled water, showing greater overall growth vigor. The treated
greywater enhanced soil nutrient levels while maintaining safe salinity, resulting in more
efficient photosynthesis and increased leaf formation. In contrast, untreated greywater led to
decreased leaf counts and biomass due to chemical buildup. Their findings suggest that treated
greywater not only sustains but also improves crop productivity — an outcome that closely
parallels the expected results for hydroponic mung beans irrigated with treated rice-wash water.

7. Ali, Rehman, Tareen, and Ullah (2019)

Ali et al. (2019) analyzed the influence of wastewater treatment on the growth of leafy
vegetable crops and found that plants irrigated with treated water demonstrated superior
germination, plant height, number of leaves, and biomass compared to those using
distilled water. The treated wastewater retained beneficial organic residues and
micronutrients that promoted healthy foliage growth and biomass accumulation.
Conversely, untreated water negatively affected chlorophyll formation and shoot
elongation. This comprehensive study highlights that nutrient-rich treated greywater can
act as an effective fertilizer substitute, aligning with hydroponic setups where balanced
nutrient concentrations are essential for maximizing mung bean growth and overall
productivity.

METHODOLOGY
A. Method of Research

This study employed an experimental research design, specifically the Completely

Randomized Design (CRD), to determine the effect of different water treatments—distilled
water, untreated rice-wash greywater, and treated rice-wash greywater—on the overall
growth performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) plants grown hydroponically. The
experiment was designed to compare which type of water produced the most favorable results in
terms of germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, and fresh biomass weight over
a 21-day growth period.
The experimental design was chosen because it allows for the clear comparison of treatments
while minimizing environmental bias. Each water treatment served as an independent variable,
while the dependent variables were the growth parameters measured at different stages of the
mung bean’s development. To ensure fair testing, all plants were placed in identical
environmental conditions—exposed to equal sunlight duration, room temperature (28–30°C),
and humidity levels. No synthetic fertilizer or nutrient solution was added, ensuring that the only
growth influence came from the type of water used.

The entire study lasted for three weeks (21 days), which covered the germination stage (Days 1–
7) and the early vegetative stage (Days 8–21). This period was sufficient to observe visible
differences in plant growth performance across treatments.

B. Method of Collecting Data

Data collection was performed systematically throughout the 21-day period using direct
measurement and observation. Each parameter was measured using simple but precise tools
available in a school or community science lab setup. Observations were done every seven
days (Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21) to track the changes in plant growth.

1. Germination Rate

The number of seeds that sprouted was recorded every 24 hours for the first seven days. A seed
was considered germinated once the radicle (root) emerged at least 2 mm from the seed coat. The
germination percentage was calculated using this formula:

This measurement helped identify which water treatment best supported seed activation and root
emergence.

2. Plant Height

Plant height was measured every seventh day (Days 7, 14, and 21) using a plastic ruler. Each
plant was measured from the base of the stem up to the tip of the tallest leaf. The results were
recorded in centimeters (cm), and an average height was computed for each treatment group.
This parameter showed how well the plants elongated and how the nutrient content of each water
type influenced their vertical growth.

3. Number of Leaves

The number of leaves was manually counted every seventh day. Only fully opened and mature
green leaves were included in the count, while newly emerging or damaged leaves were not
considered. This indicator reflected the effect of nutrient availability and water quality on
photosynthetic development and foliage formation.

4. Fresh Biomass
After 21 days, all plants were carefully uprooted from their hydroponic medium. Roots were
rinsed gently with clean water to remove any residue. Each plant was then weighed using a
digital weighing scale to determine its fresh biomass(in grams). This measurement represented
the total accumulated growth influenced by the water type used during cultivation.

5. Data Analysis

All measurements were recorded in a data sheet and tabulated in Microsoft Excel. For each
treatment, the mean and standard deviation of all parameters were calculated. To determine if
differences between treatments were statistically significant, one-way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) was used at a 0.05 level of confidence. If significant differences were found,
a Tukey’s post-hoc test was conducted to identify which pairs of treatments differed from each
other (e.g., treated vs. untreated greywater).

C. Materials and Procedure

1. Materials Used

The following materials and equipment were used in the experiment:

 45 mung bean seeds (Vigna radiata L.)

 9 small transparent cups (approximately 9 cm in diameter)
 Cotton pads or sponge cubes (for hydroponic medium)
 3 labeled containers for water storage
o Distilled water (Control)
o Untreated rice-wash greywater (first wash from rice rinsing)
o Treated rice-wash greywater (filtered through charcoal and sand)
 Measuring cup and beaker
 Digital weighing scale (0.01 g accuracy)
 Ruler (cm)
 Permanent marker and masking tape (for labeling)
 Notebook and data sheet for observations
 pH meter or litmus paper (for optional water pH testing)

2. Preparation of Water Treatments

a. Distilled Water (Control):

Commercially purchased distilled water was used as the control setup. It contained no minerals
or nutrients, providing a baseline for comparison.

b. Untreated Rice-Wash Greywater:

Rice-wash water was collected during the first washing of uncooked white rice using a ratio of 1
cup of rice to 3 cups of tap water. This first rinse (often milky in appearance) was immediately
stored in a clean plastic container and used the same day to prevent fermentation or spoilage.
c. Treated Rice-Wash Greywater:
Another portion of the collected rice-wash water was filtered through a small homemade
filtration unit composed of layers of activated charcoal, fine sand, and clean cloth. The filtered
water was allowed to settle for 24 hours to allow suspended solids to sink. This process
simulated a simple household-level treatment to improve clarity and reduce microbial content
without removing nutrients.

3. Experimental Procedure

1. Seed Preparation:
Mung bean seeds were inspected to ensure they were of uniform size and free from
damage. All seeds were pre-soaked in clean water for four hours to promote uniform
germination.
2. Hydroponic Setup:
Each plastic cup was lined with cotton pads to serve as a growth medium. Five pre-
soaked seeds were placed evenly on the surface of each cup. The cups were then arranged
according to their assigned treatment:
o Group A: Distilled water
o Group B: Untreated rice-wash greywater
o Group C: Treated rice-wash greywater
Each group had three replicates (cups), for a total of nine setups.
3. Watering and Maintenance:
Each setup was watered daily using 15–20 mL of the designated water type. The cups
were placed in a location with adequate sunlight exposure (approximately 6–8 hours
daily) and good ventilation. The experiment was performed at room temperature (28–
30°C). Water levels were maintained to keep the cotton medium moist but not flooded.
4. Observation Period:
Germination was recorded daily for the first seven days. From Days 7 to 21, plant height
and leaf number were measured and recorded every week. At the end of the experiment,
the plants were harvested and weighed for fresh biomass measurement.
5. Data Recording and Analysis:
All recorded data were organized into tables, and mean values were calculated for each
growth parameter. Statistical analysis using ANOVA was then conducted to compare the
three water treatments and identify significant differences.

D. Sampling Design

The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Three water treatments served as the
independent variables, each with three replicates and five plants per replicate. This resulted in a
total of 45 mung bean plants grown in identical hydroponic conditions. The arrangement of
treatments was randomized to prevent positional bias from light or airflow differences.

Table 1. Experimental Layout

 Treatment Type of Water Replicate Replicate Replicate Total
1 2 3 Plants
A Distilled Water (Control) 5 plants 5 plants 5 plants 15
B Untreated Rice-Wash 5 plants 5 plants 5 plants 15
Water
C Treated Rice-Wash 5 plants 5 plants 5 plants 15
Water
Total 45 plants

E. Illustrative Sampling Setup

Figure 1. Hydroponic Experimental Layout

---------------------------------------------------------
| Distilled Water | Untreated Rice-Wash | Treated Rice-Wash |
| (Control Group) | (Experimental 1) | (Experimental 2) |
| [3 Cups / 15 Seeds] | [3 Cups / 15 Seeds] | [3 Cups / 15 Seeds] |
---------------------------------------------------------

Each setup was labeled properly (A1–A3, B1–B3, C1–C3) and monitored daily for moisture
level, light exposure, and overall plant health. Photographic documentation was taken every
seven days to record visible changes in plant size, leaf number, and color.

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