ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II (BAS 203) FORMULA SHEET

1. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Auxiliary (Characteristic) Equation: For LDE with constant coefficients:

d2 y dy
a 2
+b + cy = f (x)
dx dx
Auxiliary equation:

ar2 + br + c = 0

= C1 er1 x + C2 er2 x - Roots real & equal: yc = (C1 + C2 x)erx -

eax
Particular Integral (PI): Use standard rules depending on RHS: - For eax : P (a) if P (a)  0 - For
=
polynomials, sines, cosines: standard shifting rules.

Cauchy-Euler Equation:

ax2 y ′′ + bxy ′ + cy = f (x)

Substitute x = et , reduce to constant coefficient form.

2. LAPLACE TRANSFORM
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Standard Laplace Transforms: - L[1] = s - L[tn ] = n!
sn+1 - L[eat ] = s−a - L[sin at] = a
s2 +a2 - L[cos at] =
s
s2 +a2

First Shifting Theorem:

L[eat f (t)] = F (s − a)

Unit Step Function (Heaviside):

L[U (t − a)f (t − a)] = e−as F (s)

Convolution Theorem:

t
L−1 [F (s)G(s)] = ∫ f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ
0

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Heaviside Expansion (Partial Fractions):

F (s)
L−1 [ ] = Aeat + Bebt
(s − a)(s − b)

3. SERIES TESTS
p-test: For ∑ n1p : - If p > 1 : convergent - If p ≤ 1 : divergent

Comparison Test:

un
lim = k, (0 < k < ∞) ⟹ same behavior
n→∞ vn

D'Alembert Ratio Test:

un+1
lim =L
n→∞ un

-L < 1 : convergent - L > 1 : divergent - L = 1 : test fails

Raabe's Test:

lim n ( − 1) = R
un
n→∞ un+1

-R > 1 : convergent - R < 1 : divergent

4. FOURIER SERIES
General Form:

∞
a0 nπx nπx
f (x) = + ∑ [an cos ( ) + bn sin ( )]
2 n=1
L L

1 L 1 L 1 L
Coefficients: - a0 = L ∫−L f (x)dx - an = L ∫−L f (x) cos ( nπx
L ) dx - bn = L ∫−L f (x) sin ( nπx
L ) dx

For even/odd functions: use half-range sine/cosine series accordingly.

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5. COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Cauchy-Riemann Equations (for analyticity):

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

Milne-Thomson Method:

∂u ∂u
f (z) = ∫ ( − i ) dz
∂x ∂y

Harmonic Function Condition:

∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 =0
∂x2 ∂y

Bilinear (Mobius) Transformation:

az + b
w=
cz + d

6. COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Cauchy Integral Formula:

n! f (z)
f (n) (a) = ∫ dz
2πi C (z − a)n+1

Cauchy Residue Theorem:

∮ f (z)dz = 2πi ∑ Residues inside C

Residue at simple pole:

Res[f (z), a] = lim(z − a)f (z)

Residue at pole of order n:

1 dn−1
Res[f (z), a] = lim n−1 [(z − a)n f (z)]
(n − 1)! z→a dz

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NOTE: Always check the domain (region) for Taylor vs Laurent series expansions depending on location of
singularities.