SYLLABUS

UNIT –IV: Baseband data transmission

BASEBAND SHAPING FOR DATA TRANSMISSION - Line Coding,
Characteristics of Line coding, Discrete PAM signals, Power spectra of
discrete PAM signals, Inter symbol Interference, Nyquist criterion for
distortion less baseband binary transmission, Correlative coding, Eye
pattern. DETECTION OF SIGNALS - Orthogonal signals, Geometric
interpretation of signals, Correlation receiver, Matched filter, Properties of
matched filter, ML detector.
PAM
Uni-Polar NRZ-signaling
Uni-Polar RZ-signaling
Polar Format

Dr. Payal Verma, DSU

Polar Format
Bipolar Format
Bipolar Format
Bipolar Format
Manchester Format or Biphase
baseband signaling
Polar Quaternary NRZ
It has 4-distinct symbols of pair of bits i.e four possible combinations 00,01,10 & 11
To these 4 combinations, four different amplitude levels are assigned as shown in table.

This system is designed to reduce the signaling rate & hence the bandwidth. Thus for
two message bits only one pulse is transmitted with duration 2𝑇𝑏 .
M-ary NRZ format
In polar quaternary NRZ type of coding we combine two successive bits.
In M-ary coding, we combine ‘N’ successive message bits i.e 𝑀 = 2𝑁
For N=3, 𝑀 = 23 = 8 distinct levels known as octary coding.

So the duration of each symbol will be equal to 3𝑇𝑏 . Thus the signalling rate for M-ary
coding is given as
𝑟𝑏
𝑟 = … . (1)
𝑁
𝑁
w.k.t 𝑀 = 2
Taking 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 on both sides
𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀 … (2)
Substituting Eq (2) in Eq(1) , we get
𝑟𝑏
𝑟=
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀
Properties of Line Codes
1. Timing Content:
The transmitted digital waveform should have adequate timing content information,
required for the purpose of synchronizing the receiver to the transmitter.

2. Ruggedness:
The waveform should be immune to channel noise & interference

3. Error detection capability:

The transmitted digital waveform should allow error detection & correction.

4. Transparency:
The transmission of digital over a channel should be transparent to the pattern of 1’s & 0’
in the data.

5. Matched power spectrum:

The power spectrum of the transmitted digital waveform should matched to the channel
to reduce signal distortion.
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM
Signals
The discrete PAM signals can be represented by random process.

Where Ak is discrete random variable, V(t) is basic pulse, T is symbol duration.

V(t) normalized so that V(0) = 1.
Coefficient Ak represents amplitude value and takes values for different line
codes as

= a
= -a
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM
Signals
As Ak is discrete random variable, generated by random process X(t),
We can characterize random variable by its ensemble averaged auto correlation function
given by

Ak, Ak-n = amplitudes of kth and (k-n)th symbol position

PSD & auto correlation function form Fourier Transform pair & hence auto
correlation function tells us something about bandwidth requirement in frequency
domain.
Hence PSD Sx(f) of discrete PAM signal X(t).is given by

Where V(f) is Fourier Transform of basic pulse V(t). V(f) & RA(n) depends on different
line codes.
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM
Signals
As Ak is discrete random variable, generated by random process X(t),
We can characterize random variable by its ensemble averaged auto correlation function
given by

Ak, Ak-n = amplitudes of kth and (k-n)th symbol position

PSD & auto correlation function form Fourier Transform pair & hence auto
correlation function tells us something about bandwidth requirement in frequency
domain.
Hence PSD Sx(f) of discrete PAM signal X(t).is given by

Where V(f) is Fourier Transform of basic pulse V(t). V(f) & RA(n) depends on different
line codes.
Auto correlation function
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM
Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals

Dr. Payal Verma, DSU

Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
Power Spectra of Discrete PAM Signals
ISI
ISI
ISI
ISI
ISI
ISI
ISI
Eye pattern
Eye pattern
Eye pattern
Eye pattern
Model of Digital Communication
Communication systems convey information from one point to another via
physical channels that propagate electromagnetic, acoustic, particle density, or
other waves

Communications systems linking machines include telemetry systems that

convey sensory data one way, networks that convey data two-way among
multiple nodes, and memory systems that store and recall information.

Communications systems can not only link people or systems at great

distances via audio, visual, computer, or other messages, but may link the
various parts within systems, and even within single semiconductor chips.
They may communicate information in two directions, or only one way, and
they may involve one node broadcasting to many, one node receiving from
many, or a finite set of nodes communicating among themselves in a network.
Model of Digital Communication
A two-node, one-way communication system consists of the channel that
conveys the waves, together with a modulator and a demodulator.

All communications systems can be regarded as aggregates of these basic

two-node units. The modulator transforms the signal or symbol to be
transmitted into the signal that is propagated across the channel; the channel
may add noise and distortion.

The task of the demodulator is to analyze the channel output and to make the
best possible estimate of the exact symbol transmitted, accounting for the
known channel characteristics. A complete communications system is formed
by combining many two-node, one-way systems in the desired
configuration.
For convenience we shall designate systems that involve a finite, discrete set
of intended messages as “digital”.
Designated digital systems as being binary systems if only two possible
symbols exist, and M-ary systems otherwise, where M is the number of
possible alternative symbols.
Model of Digital Communication

Two fundamental issues in digital communication : detection and estimation in

the presence of additive noise.

Detection theory: Deal with design and evaluation of decision making

processor that observes the received signal and guesses which particular
symbol was transmitted according to some set of rules.

Estimation theory: Deal with design and evaluation of processor that uses
information in the received signal to extract estimates of physical parameters
or waveforms of interest.
Model of Digital Communication

Priori probability of the

message source output being
𝑚𝑖 is given by
Model of Digital Communication
The output of the message source is presented to a vector transmitter producing
vector of real number

The modulator then constructs a distinct signal si(t) of duration T seconds. The
signal si(t) is necessarily of finite energy.
𝑇
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 … . 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑀.
0

The Channel is assumed to have two characteristics:

Channel is linear, with a bandwidth that is large enough to accommodate
the transmission of the modulator output si(t) without distortion.
The transmitted signal si(t) is perturbed by an additive, zero-mean,
stationary, white, Gaussian noise process.
such a channel is referred as AWGN ( additive white Gaussian noise ) channel
Model of Digital Communication
The receiver observing the received signal x(t), for duration of T sec. and
asking a best estimate of the transmitted signal 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) or equivalently the symbol
𝑚𝑖 .

Two stages

Detector: operates on the received random process X(t) to produce a vector

of random variable, X.

Vector Receiver: By using the prior knowledge of 𝑠𝑖 and the priori probabilities
𝑝𝑖 , the second stage of the receiver, produces estimate 𝒎.
Computes inner product of x
with each signal vector
𝑠𝑖, i=1,2,3…,M from which half
the signal energy ½ 𝐸𝑖 ,
1,2,…M is subtracted and
finally maximum likelihood
decision is employed to get
the estimate 𝑚.
The correlation receiver discussed in the previous section requires
analog multipliers and local reference of the orthonormal functions
𝜙1 (𝑡) …. 𝜙𝑁 𝑡 , which are time synchronized with respect to
transmitted signals. This may be avoided using filters with appropriate
impulse response.

Convolution of x(t) and hi(t)

Properties of Matched Filters
Filter, which is matched to known energy signal 𝜙(𝑡) of duration T seconds, is
characterized by an impulse response that is time-reversed and delayed
version of the input 𝜙(𝑡) , as shown by

Time domain

In frequency domain, filter is characterized by a transfer function that is, except

for a delay factor, the complex conjugate of the Fourier transform of the input
𝜙(𝑡), as shown by

Based on this fundamental pair of relations, we may derive some important

properties of matched filter.
Complex
conjugate
Properties of Matched Filters

Thus 𝜙𝑜 𝑓 is proportional
to the energy spectral
density 𝜙(𝑓) 2 of the input
signal s(t)
Properties of Matched Filters

Energy spectral density

and autocorrelation
function of a finite energy
signal are Fourier
transform pairs, i.e

Let the autocorrelation function of 𝑥(𝑡) be 𝑅𝜙 (𝜏). Energy spectral density and
autocorrelation function of a finite energy signal are Fourier transform pairs, i.e
∞
𝜙(𝑓)2 = −∞ 𝑅𝜙 (𝜏)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝜏 𝑑𝜏
∞
And 𝑅𝜙 (𝜏) = −∞ 𝜙(𝑓)2 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝜏 𝑑𝑓
Taking inverse Fourier transform of both sides of equation and using the fact
𝑅𝜙 (𝜏) 𝜙(𝑓)2
𝜙𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑅𝜙 (𝑡 − 𝑇)
Properties of Matched Filters
Properties of Matched Filters
Properties of Matched Filters
Properties of Matched Filters
Properties of Matched Filters

The filter is said to be spectral phase matched to the signal 𝜙(𝑡) if the transfer
function of the filter is defined by
𝐻 𝒇 = 𝐻(𝑓) 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 𝑓 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇