Types of fixed resistors
Carbon composition resistors.
Wire wound resistors.
Thin film resistors.
Thick film resistors.
According to structure, capacitors are classified as:
● Fixed Capacitors
● Variable Capacitors
● Trimmer Capacitors
The capacitors are classified into two types according to
polarization:
● Polarized
● Unpolarized
Types
● Air-core inductor.
● Radio-frequency inductor.
● Ferromagnetic-core inductor.
● Laminated-core inductor.
● Ferrite-core inductor.
● Powdered-iron-core inductor.
● Toroidal-core inductor.
● Variable inductor.
Applications of capacitors
Capacitors are widely used components in any electrical device. There are hardly any
circuit boards that do not have a capacitor on them. They are made up of various
types of dielectric materials, including ceramic, electrolytic, tantalum, polyester, etc.
Ceramic capacitors: These are widely used for decoupling or bypassing on a power
supply pin of an integrated circuit (IC). They also keep any stray RF signals out of the
voltage supply.
Electrolytic capacitors: These capacitors are used in circuits and power electronics,
where there is high power consumption.
Tantalum capacitors: Because of the use of tantalum, such capacitors can offer a
higher capacitance value in smaller package sizes. Besides, they exhibit stable
behaviour and offer lower leakage currents.
Applications of inductors
Inductors, as one of the basic passive components, are used in various applications.
Filters: Inductors, combined with capacitors and resistors, are used extensively to
create filters for analogue circuits and in-signal processing. When inductors are used
alone, they function as a low-pass filter. But when capacitors, inductors and resistors are
used together, they operate as advanced filters that can be used in multiple applications.
Motors: Inductors are placed in a fixed position, and cannot be moved or aligned in
nearby magnetic fields. Induction motors change the electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The magnetic field produced by the alternating current helps to rotate the shaft
in the motors.
Transformers: This is a popular application. Inductors that share the magnetic path are
combined together and form a transformer.
Energy storage: Inductors can be used for energy storage. Unlike capacitors, they do
not store energy for a long time. In the case of inductors, energy is stored in the form of
the magnetic field; however, this fails when there is no power supply.
LOGIC GATES
AIM
To verify the truth tables of AND, OR, NOT, EX-OR, NAND and NOR gates
using integrated circuits
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
AND gate (IC 7408), NOT gate (IC 7404), OR gate (IC 7432),
NAND gate (IC 7400), NOR gate (IC 7402), X-OR gate (IC 7486),
Power supply, Digital IC trainer kit, connecting wires.
BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Pin Identification
Figure (a) Integrated circuit
Note:
The chip must be inserted in the bread board in such a way that the identification
mark should be on our left side. In this position, pin numbers are counted as
marked in the picture above. Pin identification is the same for all chips that are
mentioned below.
PROCEDURE
· To verify the truth table of a logic gate, the suitable IC is taken and the
connections are given using the circuit diagram.
· For all the ICs, 5V is applied to the pin 14 while the pin 7 is connected to the
ground.
· The logical inputs of the truth table are applied and the corresponding output is
noted.
· Similarly the output is noted for all other combinations of inputs.
· In this way, the truth table of a logic gate is verified.
RESULT
The truth table of logic gates AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, NAND and NOR using
integrated circuits is verified.
Precautions
(i) VCC and ground pins must not be interchanged while making connections.
Otherwise the chip will be damaged. (ii) The pin configuration for NOR gate is
different from other gates
De’Morgan Theorem :
First Theorem
Second Theorem :
Implement of Basic Logic gates Using Nand.