Computer Networks & IOT

(18B11CS311)

Even Semester_2026

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 Textbook
Prerequisite:
book
❑ Textbook
1. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach
Featuring the Internet, 7th Edition, James F. Kurose, Keith
W. Ross
2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite – B. Forouzan
❑ Reference Books
1. Computer Networks-Tannenbaum
2. Computer Networks-A Systems Approach- L Peterson

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 Grading Policy
▪ Assignments:
▪ Tutorial sheets
▪ Assignments/Quiz
▪ Mini Project
▪ T1, T2 and T3
▪ Attendance

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Lectures & Assignments
Objective
❑ Deep understanding of basic and fundamental networking
concepts, architectures, and philosophies

❑ IMPORTANT: this course is NOT about setting up your router

at home, or writing a twitter program!!

Approach: how to do well in this course

❑ Easy: attend ALL lectures and do ALL assignments
❑ Do your assignments individually
❑ Practice well

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Course Objectives
COURSE OUTCOMES COGNITIVE LEVELS

CO1 Defining the basics of networking, components and underlying technologies Remembering (Level 1)

CO2
Illustrate the various key protocols in OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite
Understanding (Level 2)
and explain various application protocols.
CO3
Examine various transport protocols and its performance enhancing
Analysing (Level 4)
mechanisms.
CO4
Determine the shortest path for the network using various routing protocols
Evaluating (Level 5)
and evaluate it.
CO5
Choose IP & MAC addressing mechanisms and data link layer protocols to
Applying (Level 3)
solve communication, error detection and correction problems.

CO6 Identification and description of various components, architectures and Understand (Level 2)
protocols of Internet of Things (IoT) and their real life problems.

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 No. of
Module
Subtitle of the Module Topics in the module Lectures for
No.
the module

Network terminologies, Network Models, Protocol

1. Introduction layers and their services, Connection Oriented 04
and Connectionless services, Physical Media.

Principles of Application-Layer Protocols, HTTP,

2. The Application Layer File Transfer: FTP, DNS, Electronic Mail in the 4
Internet

Transport-Layer Services and Principles,

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Applications, UDP
and TCP, Connection Establishment, Transport
3. The Transport Layer 8
Layer Protocols (go back N, stop and wait,
selective repeat), Flow Control, TCP
Congestion Control

Introduction and Network Service Model, IP: the

4. The Network Layer Internet IP addressing, Routing Principles, 08
Protocol, Routing in the Internet,

The Data Link Layer: Introduction, Services,

The Link Layer and Local Error Detection and Correction, Multiple Access
5. 06
Area Networks Protocols and LANs, LAN Addresses and ARP,
IEEE standards and Ethernet

Introduction to IoT, IoT reference Model - IoT

Introduction to Internet
6. Reference Architecture,M2M architecture, IOT 05
of Things
devices
Introduction to IOT protocols: IEEE 802.11,
7 IoT protocols 05
LoRaWAN, 6LoWPAN, RPL and MQTT and CoAP

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 The Zettabyte Era

byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte,

petabyte, exabyte, zetabyte, yottabyte

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The Zettabyte Era
❑ We live in the Zettabyte Era, meaning :
The total amount of data generated and
transferred globally each year is measured
in zettabytes

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Components of the Network System

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What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
❑ “what’s the time?” ❑ machines rather than
❑ “I have a question” humans
❑ introductions ❑ all communication
activity in Internet
… specific msgs sent governed by protocols
… specific actions taken protocols define (1) format,
when msgs received, order of msgs sent and
or other events received among network
entities, and (2) actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
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Physical Media

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A closer look at network structure:

❑ network edge:
applications and
hosts
❑ network core:
❖ routers
❖ network of
networks
❑ access networks,
physical media:
communication links
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 1. The network edge consists of:
•End systems (hosts): computers, smartphones, servers, IoT devices
•Applications: web, email, video streaming, file transfer, etc.
▪ Hosts run network applications using protocols like HTTP, FTP,
SMTP.

2. Network Core
The network core is the central part of the Internet that Interconnects
multiple networks and Forwards data packets between source and
destination
Routers
•Routers are the key devices in the network core that forward
packets based on routing tables and Uses protocols like IP, OSPF,
BGP
• Internet is networks of networks
.

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3. Access Networks & Physical Media
Access networks connect end systems to the Internet.
Access Networks are Ethernet (LAN), Wi-Fi. Cable networks, Mobile
networks (4G/5G)
Physical Media (Communication Links)
Data is transmitted using: twisted-pair copper cable, Coaxial cable,
Optical fiber, Wireless radio waves. These links determine data rate,
latency, and reliability.

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 The network edge: service models
❑ end systems (hosts):
❖ run application programs
❖ e.g. Web, email
❖ at “edge of network”
❑ client/server model
❖ client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
❖ e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
❑ peer-to-peer model:
❖ minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
❖ e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, KaZaA
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Feature Client–Server Peer-to-Peer

Dedicated server Yes No / minimal

Scalability Limited High

Server dependency High Low

Examples Web, Email BitTorrent, Skyp

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Access networks

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Access networks

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❑ The figure shows the Internet as a
network of networks where home,
enterprise, and mobile access networks
connect to local ISPs, which in turn
interconnect through national or global
ISPs using routers in the network core to
enable end-to-end communication

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Internet service providers

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❑ The figure illustrates a Level-1 Point of
Presence where a user connects to an
ISP’s PoP that contains routing
equipment and a recursive DNS server,
which forwards traffic to the Internet
backbone through high-speed links.

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❑ The figures show that end users
connect to the nearest ISP Point of
Presence, which contains recursive
DNS servers and routing equipment.
Requests are resolved locally at the PoP
instead of being sent to distant PoPs,
reducing latency and backbone traffic

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❑ Level 2 connectivity involves using
high-speed fiber links to interconnect PoPs
within the same ISP’s backbone; PoPs of
different ISPs are not directly connected
at Layer 2

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❑ Level 3 connectivity uses Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) to enable multiple
ISPs and content providers to exchange IP
traffic efficiently using routing protocols
like BGP.
❑ An Internet Exchange Point (IXP) is a
physical infrastructure where multiple
Internet Service Providers (ISPs),
content providers, and networks connect
to exchange traffic directly.
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Optical fiber

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The Network Core
❑ mesh of interconnected
routers
❑ the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
❖ circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
❖ packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete “chunks”

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Switching Techniques

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Delay & loss in packet
switched network

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[Link]
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 Time router takes to check the
Processing Delay
packet (address, errors)
Queuing Delay Time packet waits in line at router

Transmission Delay Time to push packet onto the link

Time for signal to travel through
Propagation Delay
cable
Router must receive full packet
Store-and-Forward Delay
before sending
Nodal Delay Total delay at one router
Total delay from source to
End-to-End Delay
destination
One-Way Latency Time for packet to go one direction

RTT (Round Trip Time) Time to go to destination and back

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Bandwidth–Delay Product Bits inside the link at once
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 How much time will it take to send a packet of size L bits from A
to B
in given setup if Bandwidth is R bps, propagation speed is
t meter/sec and distance b/w any two points is d meters
(ignore processing and queuing delay) ?
A---R1---R2---B

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❑ Total time = 3*(L/R + d/t) sec

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Exercise

Suppose there is a 10 Mbps microwave link

between a geostationary satellite and its base
station on Earth. Every minute the satellite takes
a digital photo and sends it to the base station.
Assume a propagation speed of 2.4*108
meters/sec.
a. What is the propagation delay of the link?
b. What is the bandwidth-delay
product, R · dprop?
c. Let x denote the size of the photo. What is the
minimum value of x for the microwave link to be
continuously transmitting?
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Question
❑ How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from Host A to Host B? Suppose
that all links in the network use TDM with 24
slots and have a bit rate of 1.536 Mbps. Also
suppose that it takes 500 msec to establish
an end-to-end circuit before Host A can begin
to transmit the file. How long does it take to
send the file?

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❑ Each circuit has a transmission rate of (1.536
Mbps)/24=64 kbps, so it takes (640,000
bits)/(64 kbps)=10 seconds to transmit the
file. To this 10 seconds we add the circuit
establishment time, giving 10.5 seconds to
send the file.
❑ Note that the transmission time is
independent of the number of links: The
transmission time would be 10 seconds if the
end-to-end circuit passed through one link or
a hundred links.
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Layered Architecture of Network

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Each layer defines a family of functions distinct from those of other layers. The
architecture is both comprehensive and flexible. There is complete transparency
between incompatible systems.

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OSI Layer Type of Communication Explanation
Application on sender
Layer 7 – Application End-to-End (peer-to-peer) logically communicates with
application on receiver
Data format, encryption, and
Layer 6 – Presentation End-to-End (peer-to-peer) compression handled only at
end systems
Session establishment,
Layer 5 – Session End-to-End (peer-to-peer) maintenance, and termination
between end systems
Provides process-to-process
Layer 4 – Transport End-to-End (peer-to-peer) delivery between source and
destination
Routes packets through
Layer 3 – Network Hop-to-Hop
intermediate nodes
Provides frame delivery
Layer 2 – Data Link Hop-to-Hop
between adjacent nodes
Transmits bits over the
Layer 1 – Physical Hop-to-Hop
physical medium

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Layer Sender End Receiver End
User generates data Receives data from
Application Layer and gives it to the Transport layer and
Transport layer delivers it to the user
Segments the data and Removes Transport
adds Transport header header and
Transport Layer
(port numbers, reassembles segments
sequence number) into original data
Adds Network header Removes Network
Network Layer (source and destination header and passes
IP addresses) data to Transport layer
Frames the packet, Removes frame header
Data Link Layer adds MAC header and and trailer, forwards
trailer (CRC) packet to Network layer
Converts frames into Receives bits and
Physical Layer bits and transmits over converts them back into
the medium frames
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At the sender, data generated at the Application layer is
segmented by the Transport layer, logically addressed
by the Network layer, and framed by the Data Link layer
before being transmitted as bits over the Physical layer.
At the receiver, the reverse process of decapsulation
occurs, where headers are removed layer by layer and
the original data is delivered to the application.

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 Sender End (From Receiver End (To
Aspect
Application Layer) Application Layer)

Receives data from Sends data to

Direction of data flow
Application layer Application layer
Reassembly of
Main function Segmentation of data
segments
Data unit Segment Segment
Added to each data Removed from each
Header (H4)
segment segment
Source port, destination
Header contents port, sequence number,
control info

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 Sender End Receiver End
OSI Layer
(Encapsulation) (Decapsulation)
Removes H5 and
User generates L5
Layer 5 – Application delivers data to the
data and adds H5
user
Receives L5 data, Removes H4,
Layer 4 – Transport adds H4, forms reassembles
segments segments
Adds H3 (logical/IP Removes H3 and
Layer 3 – Network
addressing) identifies destination
Adds H2 (MAC
header) and T2 Removes H2 and T2,
Layer 2 – Data Link
(trailer/CRC), forms checks for errors
frames
Converts frames into Receives bits and
Layer 1 – Physical bits (0s and 1s) and converts them back to
transmits frames
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Aspect Hop-to-Hop Delivery End-to-End Delivery
Delivery of data from
Delivery of data from
source end system to
Definition one node to the next
destination end
node
system
Between adjacent Across the entire
Scope
devices only network path
Example (from diagram) A → B, B → E, E → F A→F
Physical layer and
OSI layers involved Network layer
Data Link layer
MAC (physical)
Addressing used Logical (IP) addresses
addresses
Ensures correct delivery
Ensures correct delivery
Responsibility across multiple
over a single link
networks
Actively participate in Only forward packets,
Intermediate systems
delivery not final receivers
Performed at each hop Not hop-based; logical
Error control
(e.g., CRC) routing focused 114
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 Protocols / Type of
TCP/IP Layer Data Unit (PDU)
Function Address Used

Application
Application processes
❌ No address Message
layer (HTTP, FTP,
SMTP, etc.)

Transport layer TCP, UDP, SCTP Port address Segment

IP and other Logical address

Network layer Datagram
protocols (IP address)

Underlying
Physical
Data Link layer physical Frame
address (MAC)
networks

Transmission of
Physical layer ❌ No address Bits
raw data
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