“Never quit something with great

long-term potential just because

you can’t deal with the stress of the moment”
- Anonymous

“Continuous effort will strain you but stay flexible

and don’t let the stress get to you. You will
eventually reach your potential”
- Anonymous
 PME 326
NORMAL STRESS
1.) A solid steel rod with a cross- 4.) A bolt with a diameter of 12 mm is
sectional area of A=100 mm2 is subjected to a tensile force of 500 N.
subjected to an axial tensile force of Find the normal stress on the bolt.
F=10 kN. Calculate the normal stress
in the rod. Solution:

Solution:

The normal stress on the bolt is

approximately 4.42 MPa.
The normal stress in the rod is 100
MPa. 5.) A steel shaft with a diameter of 50
2.) A column with a square cross- mm is subjected to an axial
section has a side length of 50 mm. If a compressive force of 100 kN. Calculate
compressive force of F=20 kN is the normal stress in the shaft.
applied along its axis, determine the Solution:
normal stress.
Solution:

The normal stress is 50.96 MPa.

The normal stress is 8 MPa.
3.) A hollow cylinder with an outer 6.) A concrete pillar with a rectangular
radius of 80 mm and an inner radius of cross-section measuring 0.3 m by 0.4
50 mm is subjected to an axial tensile m is subjected to a compressive force
force of 30 kN. Find the normal stress of 150 kN. Find the normal stress in the
in the cylinder. pillar.
Solution:
Solution:

The normal stress is 1.25 MPa.

The normal stress is 2.44 MPa.

7.) A beam with a rectangular cross- Normal stress:
section of width 200 mm and height 300
mm is subjected to a bending force. The
beam carries a load of 15 kN. Calculate The normal stress is 4.07 MPa.
the normal stress at the top of the
beam’s cross-section.
10.) A structural beam with a cross-
Solution: sectional area of 0.04 m² is subjected
to a compressive force of 50 kN.
Calculate the normal stress in the
beam.

The normal stress is 250 kPa. Solution:

8.) A cable with a diameter of 10 mm is

The normal stress is 1.25 MPa.
stretched by a tensile force of 5 kN.
Determine the normal stress in the
cable.

Solution:

The normal stress is 63.66 MPa.

9.) A bar with a circular cross-section

has a diameter of 25 mm and is
subjected to a tensile force of 2 kN. Find
the normal stress in the bar.

Solution:
SHEAR STRESS 3.) A rectangular beam with a width of
200 mm and a height of 400 mm is
1.) A solid steel shaft with a diameter
subjected to a shear force of 10 kN.
of 50 mm is subjected to a torque of
Calculate the maximum shear stress in
150 Nm. Calculate the shear stress at
the beam.
the surface of the shaft.
Solution:
Solution:

The maximum shear stress in the

beam is 187.5 kPa.

4.) A bolt with a diameter of 16 mm is

The shear stress at the surface of the subjected to a shear force of 4 kN.
shaft is 0.762 MPa. Calculate the shear stress in the bolt.

2.) A hollow shaft has an outer radius Solution:

of 75 mm and an inner radius of 50
mm. The shaft is subjected to a torque
of 300 Nm. Find the shear stress at the
outer surface of the shaft.

Solution:
The shear stress in the bolt is 19.88
MPa.

5.) A steel rod with a diameter of 25

mm is subjected to a tensile load of 5
kN. Calculate the shear stress in the
rod.
Solution:

The shear stress at the outer surface

is 4.49 MPa.

The shear stress in the rod is 10.19

MPa.
6.) A shaft of 30 mm diameter is Solution:
subjected to a bending moment of 500
Nm. Find the shear stress at the outer
surface of the shaft.

Solution:

The shear stress in the rivet is 25.46 MPa.

9.) A shaft with a diameter of 40 mm

has a keyway of 10 mm by 3 mm. The
shaft is subjected to a torque of 200
Nm. Calculate the shear stress in the
area of the keyway.

The shear stress at the outer surface of Solution:

the shaft is 10.6 MPa.

7.) A beam with a rectangular cross-

section of 150 mm by 300 mm is
subjected to a uniformly distributed load
of 5 kN/m along its length. Calculate the
maximum shear stress in the beam if
the length of the beam is 3 m.

Solution:

The shear stress in the area of the

keyway is 3.33 MPa.

10.) A beam with a rectangular cross-

section of width 100 mm and height 200
mm is subjected to a point load of 5 kN
at the center. Calculate the maximum
shear stress in the beam.
The maximum shear stress in the beam
is 500 kPa. Solution:

8.) A rivet with a diameter of 10 mm is

used to hold two plates together. The
rivet is subjected to a shear force of 2
kN. Calculate the shear stress in the
rivet.

The maximum shear stress in the

beam is 375 kPa.
THERMAL STRESS
3.) A hollow brass cylinder with an inner
1.) A steel rod with a length of 2 m and
radius of 50 mm and outer radius of 100
a cross-sectional area of 10 mm² is
mm is heated from 20°C to 120°C. The
heated from 20°C to 120°C. If the
coefficient of linear expansion for brass
coefficient of linear expansion of steel
is 19×10−6 °C−1 and Young’s modulus
is 12×10−6 °C−1, calculate the thermal
for brass is 100 GPa. If the cylinder is
stress developed in the rod if it is
constrained at both ends, calculate the
constrained at both ends.
thermal stress in the cylinder.
Solution:
Solution:

the thermal stress developed in the rod The thermal stress in the plate is 12.96
is 240 MPa. MPa.

4.) A beam made of cast iron has a

2.) A thin aluminum plate of thickness length of 5 m and is fixed at both ends.
10 mm and width 0.5 m is heated from The beam is heated from 30°C to
20°C to 100°C. Calculate the thermal 150°C. If the coefficient of thermal
stress developed in the plate. The expansion for cast iron is 11×10−6 °C−1
coefficient of linear expansion of and Young’s modulus for cast iron is
aluminum is 23×10−6 °C−1, and Young’s 120, calculate the thermal stress
modulus for aluminum is 70 GPa. developed in the beam.

Solution: Solution:

The thermal stress developed in the

The thermal stress in the plate is 12.96 beam is 158.4 MPa.
MPa
5.) A steel rod of length 3 meters and
cross-sectional area 50 mm² is heated
from 20°C to 100°C. The coefficient of Bending Stress:
thermal expansion for steel is
α=12×10−6/°C and Young's Modulus is
E=200 GPa. Calculate the thermal
stress induced in the rod. Assume The bending stress developed in the
that the rod is fixed at both ends. bimetallic strip is approximately 4.8
MPa.
Solution:
7.) A hollow shaft with an inner radius
of 50 mm and outer radius of 100 mm
is made of aluminum. The shaft is
subjected to a temperature change of
40°C. The coefficient of thermal
expansion for aluminum is
α=23×10−6/°C and Young’s Modulus is
E=70 GPa. Calculate the thermal
stress produced in the shaft if it is
fixed at both ends and cannot expand
The thermal stress induced in the rod freely.
is 192 MPa.
Solution:
6.) A bimetallic strip consists of two
metals: metal A with a coefficient of
thermal expansion αA=15×10−6/°C and
metal B with αB=10×10−6/°C. The strip
is 200 mm long and 10 mm wide, with
metal A being 1.5 mm thick and metal B Thermal Stress:
being 2 mm thick. If the strip is heated
by 50°C, calculate the bending
stress developed in the strip. The thermal stress produced in the hollow
shaft is 64.4 MPa.
Solution:
8.) A linear bar of length 4 meters and
a cross-sectional area of 100 mm² is
made of copper. The coefficient of
thermal expansion for copper is
α=16.5×10−6/°C. The bar is initially at a
temperature of 30°C and is heated to
120°C. Find the thermal stress in the
Moment of Inertia: bar if the bar is held rigid at both ends
and prevented from expanding.

Solution:
 10.) A brass bar with a length of 5
meters and a cross-sectional area of
The thermal stress in the bar is 163.35 150 mm² is subjected to a temperature
MPa. change of 60°C. The coefficient of
thermal expansion for brass is
9.) A composite plate is made by α=19×10−6/°C and the Young's Modulus
bonding two materials: material 1 has a is E=100 GPa. The bar is pre-stressed
Young’s Modulus of 150 GPa and a with a tensile force of 10 kN before the
coefficient of thermal expansion temperature change occurs.
α1=12×10−6/°C and material 2 has a Determine the total stress in the bar
Young’s Modulus of 200 GPa and a after the temperature change.
coefficient of thermal expansion Assume the bar is fixed at both ends
α2=8×10−6/°C. The plate is 300 mm and cannot expand freely.
long, and each material has an equal
length of 150 mm. If the temperature Solution:
of the plate is increased by 80°C,
calculate the thermal stress
developed in the materials assuming
both materials are perfectly bonded
and there is no relative motion
between them.

Solution:

The total stress in the bar after the

The thermal stress developed in the
temperature change is 180.67 MPa.
composite plate is 74.4 MPa.
FLEXURAL
STRESS
TORSIONAL
STRESS
• A hollow steel (G=83 Gpa) shaft • 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
whose outside diameter is three 𝑇𝐿 𝜋
𝜃= 𝐽= (𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
times the inside diameter, will be 𝐽𝐺 𝜃2
𝜋
used to transmit 280 KW at 180 rpm. = [3𝐷𝑖 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 ]
32
What will be the minimum diameters 80𝜋 4
= 𝐷𝑖
of the shaft if the angle of twist and 32
shearing stress must not exceed 1° 5𝜋 4
= 𝐷𝑖
2
per meter of length?
𝑇𝐿
Solution: 𝜃=
5𝜋 4
• 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 2 𝐷𝑖 𝐺
4 2𝑇𝐿
60(280 × 103 ) 𝐷𝑖 = √
𝑇= 5𝜋𝐺𝜃
2𝜋(180)
𝑇 = 24,854 𝑁 − 𝑚 3
4 2(1,854.46 × 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)( 1000𝑚𝑚)
𝐷𝑖 = √
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
5𝜋(83 × 103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (1° )
• 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 180

𝑇𝐶
𝑆𝑆 =
𝐽
𝐷𝑖 = 33.81 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑜
2 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖 = 48.42𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑇 𝜋
4 4
32 (𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 ) 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑜 = 145.26 𝑚𝑚
16𝑇𝐷𝑜
𝑆𝑆 =
𝜋( 𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 ) • The link shown, made of malleable
16 𝑇 (3𝐷𝑖) iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35 018, is
𝑆𝑆 =
𝜋[(𝐷𝑖 4 )4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 ]
subjected to a tensile load of 8000 lb.
48𝑇𝐷𝑖
𝑆𝑆 = Let h= 1.5b. If the load is repeated
80𝜋𝐷𝑖 3
3𝑇 and reversed, determine the
𝑆𝑆 =
5𝜋𝐷𝑖 3 dimensions of section of the section

3(14,854.46 × 103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚) with the design based on (a) ultimate

𝐷𝑖 = √
5𝜋(25 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) strength, (b) yield strength, (c) if this
link, which is 15 in. long, must not
𝐷𝑖 = 48.42 𝑚𝑚
elongate more than 0.005in, what
should be the dimensions of the
cross section?
 • 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝐿
𝛿=
Solution: 𝐴𝐸
• 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛿 = 0.005 𝑖𝑛.
𝐹 = 8000 𝑙𝑏
𝑁=8
𝐸 = 25 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑠𝑌 𝐹
𝑆𝑑 = = 𝐿 = 15 𝑖𝑛.
𝑁 𝐴
55,000 8000 𝐴 = 1.5𝑏2
= 8000(15)
8 1.5𝑏2
0.005 =
𝑏 = 0.880771 𝑖𝑛. (1.5𝑏 2 )(25 × 106 )
7 𝑏 = 4⁄5 𝑜𝑟 0.8 𝑖𝑛.
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑖𝑛.
8
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑏 = 0.75 𝑖𝑛
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
0.880771 − 0.875
× 100% 0.8 − 0.75
0.875 × 100%
0.75
= 0.6596 ≈ 65%
= 6.67%
7
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑖𝑛
8 • % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑠 >

ℎ = 1.5𝑏 = 1.3125 𝑖𝑛 4%, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 13⁄16 𝑖𝑛.

• 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ • 𝑏 = 13⁄16 𝑖𝑛. , ℎ = 1.5𝑏 =
𝑁=4 1.21876 𝑖𝑛.
𝑠𝑦 𝐹
𝑆𝑑 = = • 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ:
𝑁 𝐴
36,500 8000 𝑇𝑟𝑦; 1 𝑖𝑛.
=
4 1.5𝑏2 1.21875 − 1
× 100% = 21.875%
𝑏 = 0.76451 𝑖𝑛. 1
> 4%
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑏 = 3⁄4 𝑖𝑛
1
• Thereforeuse 1 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ.
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
0.76451 − 0.75
× 100%
0.75
= 1.93%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑏 = 3⁄4 𝑖𝑛

ℎ = 1.5𝑏 = 9⁄8 𝑖𝑛
• A flat bar as shown below is made of 1
𝑞=
0.01
AISI C1045, as rolled, machined all 1+5
⁄8 𝑖𝑛
over and subjected to an axial load P
= 0.9843
that varies from 5kips to 15 kips.
Determine the thickness t required 𝐾𝑓 = 𝑞( 𝐾𝑡 − 1) + 1 − 0.9843( 2.5 − 1) + 1
using a factor of safety of 2.
= 2.47645
1 𝑆𝑚 𝐾𝑓
= +
𝑁 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑛
1 10 5 1
= + 2.47645 ( )( )
2 4.75𝑡(59) 4.75𝑡 28.0704
Solution: 𝑡 = 0.25 𝑖𝑛.
𝑆𝑛 = (0.80)(0.85)(48) • 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵
= 28.0704 𝑘𝑠𝑖 5 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 5 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑆𝑎 = =
1 𝑆𝑚 𝐾𝑓 𝑡(6 − 1.5)𝑖𝑛. (4.5𝑡)𝑖𝑛
= +
𝑁 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑛 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑆𝑚 = =
1 𝑡(6 − 15)𝑖𝑛 (4.5𝑡)𝑖𝑛.
𝐹𝑚 = (15 + 5) = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2 AT AF10 (Flat Plates with Grooves)
1 𝑟 0.75
𝐹𝑎 = (15 − 5) = 15 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2 = = 1⁄6
𝑑 (6 − 1.5)𝑖𝑛.
• 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴
𝐹𝑎 5 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 ℎ 6 𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑎 = = = = = 4⁄3
𝐴 𝑡(4.75) 4.75(𝑡)𝑖𝑛. 𝑑 4.5 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑚 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐾𝑡 = 2
𝑆𝑚 = =
𝐴 𝑡 (4.75)𝑖𝑛.
AT AF7 9 𝑎 = 0.01, 𝑟 = 3⁄4
1
FIGURE AF 8 𝑞= = 0.986 𝑜𝑟 1
0.01
1+ 3
𝑑 1.25 ⁄4
= = 0.2083 𝑖𝑛.
ℎ 6 𝑖𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐾𝑓 ≈ 𝐾𝑡 = 2
𝑏
>1 1 𝑆𝑚 𝐾𝑓 𝑆𝑎
ℎ = +
𝑁 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑛
𝐾𝑡 = 2.5
FIGURE AT 7 1 10 1 5 1
= ( )+( )( )
𝑎 = 0.01 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 2 4.5𝑡 59 4.5𝑡 28.0704

𝑟 = 1.25⁄2 = 5⁄8 𝑖𝑛. 𝑡 = 0.2337 𝑖𝑛.

𝑇𝑟𝑦 0.1895 𝑖𝑛
 % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 3𝑀 3 3𝑀

0.2337 − 0.1875 𝑆𝑑 = 3
, 𝑏=√
× 100% 2𝑏 2𝑆𝑑
0.1875
= 33.33%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡 = 1⁄4 ≈ 0.25 𝑖𝑛.

• Determine the width and depth of the

bar loaded and supported as shown
below if the depth is twice of the
width and the bar is made of AISI C1040,
as rolled.

∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0+→

12𝑅𝑎 − 8(900) − 3(1080) + 6(400) = 0

𝑅𝑎 = 670 𝑙𝑏
Solution:
FROM FIG. AF1, for AISI C1040, as ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0+↑
rolled:
𝑅𝑎 − 900 − 1,080 + 𝑅𝑐 − 400 = 0
𝑆𝑢 = 89,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑅𝑐 = 1,710 𝑙𝑏
𝑆𝑦 = 58,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
From Table 1.1, for Dead Load:
𝑁𝑢 = 3.5
𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 0
𝑁𝑦 = 1.75
𝑆𝑢 89,000 𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 0 + 𝑅𝐴 = 670 𝑙𝑏
𝑆𝑑 = = = 25,428.57 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑁𝑢 3.5
𝑉𝐵𝐿 = 670 − 4(60) = 430 𝑙𝑏
𝑆𝑦 58,000
𝑆𝑑 = = = 33,142.86 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑁𝑦 1.75 𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 430 − 900 = −470 𝑙𝑏
Use design stress, 𝑆𝑑 =
𝑉𝐶𝐿 = −470 − 8(60) = −950 𝑙𝑏
25,428.57 𝑝𝑠𝑖
ℎ 𝑉𝐶𝑅 = −950 + 𝑅𝐶 = 760 𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑐 𝑀 (2) 6𝑀
𝑆𝑑 = = = 2
𝐼 𝑏ℎ2 𝑏ℎ 𝑉𝐷𝐿 = 760 − 6(60) = 400 𝑙𝑏
12
ℎ = 2𝑏 𝑉𝐷𝑅 = 400 − 400 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
670+430
𝑀𝐵 = 0 + (4) = 2,200 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
2
470+950
𝑀𝐶 = 2,200 − (8) = 3,480𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
2

760 + 400
∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 3,480 + (6) = 0
2

Use minimum 𝑀 = 3,480𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡

2 3(3,480 × 12)
𝑏=√
2(25,428.57) 𝑀𝑐 = 0+→
10𝑅𝐴 − 8(80) − 5(100) = 0
𝑏 = 1.35𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐴 = 114 𝐾𝑁
Try 𝑏 = 1⁄4
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0+↑
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝐴 − 80 − 100 + 𝑅𝐶 = 0
1.35 − 1.25
× 100% 114 − 80 − 100 + 𝑅𝐶 = 0
1.25
𝑅𝐶 = 66 𝐾𝑁
= 8% 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!

3 3 𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 0
𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 𝑏 = 1 𝑖𝑛. ℎ = 2 𝑖𝑛.
8 4 𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 0 + 𝑅𝐴 = 114 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝐵𝐿 = 114 − 2(80) = 94 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 94 − 80 = 14𝐾𝑁
• The flexural beam is
𝑉𝐶𝐿 = 14 − 8(10) = −66 𝐾𝑁
supported and loaded by
𝑉𝐶𝑅 = −66 𝐾𝑁 + 𝑅𝐶 = 0
distributed load, as shown.
𝑋 8−𝑋
Determine the minimum =
14 66
dimensions of the beam if the
𝑥 = 1.4 𝑚
depth is 3 times the width and
𝑀𝐴 = 0
the flexural stress is limited to
144+94
145 Mpa. 𝑀𝐵 = 0 + (2) = 208 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
2
𝐾𝑁 1
𝑀𝐶 = 208 + 2 (1.4)(14) = 217𝐾𝑁
𝑚
217𝐾𝑁 1
𝑀𝐷 = − (8𝑥 − 1.4)(66)
𝑚 2

𝑀𝐷 = 0
 ℎ 1 𝑆𝑚𝑠 𝐾𝑓𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑠
𝑐= = +
2 𝑁 𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑠
ℎ
𝑀𝐶 𝑀 6𝑀 From AF 7
2
𝑆= 𝐼
= 𝑏ℎ3
= 𝑏ℎ2
12 1
6𝑀 𝐾𝑓𝑠 = 𝑞(𝐾𝑡𝑠 − 1) + 1 ; 𝑞 = 𝑎
𝑆 = 𝑏ℎ2 , ℎ = 3𝑏 1+𝑞

6(217.8
𝐾𝑁 1000 𝑁 1000𝑚𝑚
)( )( ) 𝑎 = 0.0025
2 𝑚 1 𝐾𝑁 1𝑚
145 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 2
𝑏(3𝑏) 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑞 = 1

𝑏 = 100.05𝑚𝑚 𝐾𝑓𝑠 = 𝐾𝑡𝑠

From Figure AF 1
ℎ = 3𝑏 = 3(100.05)
𝑟 0.2𝐷
= = 0.2
ℎ = 300.15 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 𝐷
𝐷 1.5𝐷
= = 1.5
• The shaft shown in machined from 𝑎 0
C1040, OQT 1000°F. It is subjected to 𝐷 𝑟
, , 𝐾 = 1.2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑡𝑠
a torque that varies from zero to
16𝑇
10,000 in-lb. Let r=0.2D and N=2. 𝑆=
𝜋𝐷 3
Compute D. which is the minimum 10000 ± 0
𝑇𝑚 = = 5000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
torsional stress in the shaft. 2
10000 ± 0
𝑇𝑎 = = 5000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
2
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇
16𝑇
𝑆𝑚𝑠 = 𝑆𝑎 =
Solution: 𝜋𝐷 3
16(5) 80
From Fig AF1, for AISI C1040, OQT 1000℉ 3
=
𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 3
𝑆𝑢 = 104 𝑘𝑠𝑖 1 𝑆𝑚𝑠 𝐾𝑓𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑠
= +
𝑆𝑦 = 52 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑁 𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑠
𝑆𝑛 = 0.5𝑆𝑢 = 0.5(104) = 52 𝑘𝑠𝑖 80
1 80 12 ( 3 )
= + 𝜋𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑁 𝜋𝐷 3 (45.2) 22.54
0.85 = 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1 80 1 1.2
= [ + ]
0.6 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝜋𝐷 3 45.2 22.54
0.85 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 160 1 1.2
𝐷=√ ( + )
𝑠𝑛𝑠 = (0.6)(0.85)(0.85)(52) 𝜋 45.2 22.54
𝑆𝑛𝑠 = 22.502 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐷 = 1.57 ≈ 1 1⁄2 𝑖𝑛.
From Soderberg Line
 % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑀
1.57 − 1.5
× 100% 𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 0
1.5
= 4.07% > 4% ≈ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦! 𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 0 + 2906.25 = 2906.25
𝑉𝐶𝐿 = 2906.25
𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 1 5⁄8 𝑖𝑛.
𝑉𝐶𝑅 = 2906.25 − 3000 = −93.75
𝑉𝐷𝐿 = −93.75
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑚𝑠 + 𝑆𝑎𝑠
𝑉𝐷𝑅 = 93.75 − 2500 = −2593.75
80 80
= [ 1 + 1.2] + [1 𝑉𝐵𝐿 = −2593.75 + 2593.75
𝜋𝐷 3 𝜋(1.005)3
+ 1.22] 𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 0

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 13.06 𝑘𝑠𝑖 MOMENT DIAGRAM

• The bar shown below is subjected tp 𝑀𝐴 = 0

two vertical loads F1=3000 lb and F2= 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = 0 + (3”)(2906.25) = 8718.75
2500lb each that are in L=10 inch apart 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝐴𝐶 + (10")(−93.75) = 7781.25
& 3 inch. From the ends of the bar. 𝑀𝐷𝐵 = 𝑀𝐶𝐷 + (3”)(-8718.75)
Based on ultimate strength; h=3b. 𝑀𝐷𝐵 = 0
Determine the dimensions h& b of the
bar is made of a.) cast iron SAE 111 b.)
AISI C1040 as rolled. Sketch the shear
& moment diagram approx. to scale.

Solution:
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0+→

−3000 𝑙𝑏(3𝑖𝑛) +
(2500)(3)+R1 (16) = 0

𝑅1 = 2906.25 𝑙𝑏

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0+↑

2906.25 + (−3000) + (−2500) + 𝑅2 = 0

𝑅2 = 2593.75 𝑙𝑏
 𝑀𝐶 ℎ 𝑏ℎ3 For AISI C1020 annealed.
𝑆= ,𝐶 = ,𝐼 = , ℎ = 3𝑏
𝐼 2 12
𝐹 𝐹
a.) Gray cast iron SAE111 a.) 𝑆𝑑 = =
𝐴 𝑏ℎ

𝑆𝑢 = 30 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐹 = 𝑆𝑢 𝐴 (𝑏ℎ)
𝑁 = 5.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝐹 = (57 𝑖𝑛2 ) (0.75 𝑖𝑛)(1.5𝑖𝑛 )
𝑆𝑢 30 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑆𝑦𝑠 = =
𝑁𝑢 5.5 𝐹 = 64 𝐾𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 N=4 based on Su
𝑆𝑦𝑠 = =
𝐼 𝑏ℎ3
12 𝑆𝑢 𝐹
𝑆𝑑 = = 𝑏ℎ
6𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 6𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁
= ,=
𝑏ℎ 2 𝑏(3𝑏)2 𝐹 = 𝑆𝑢 𝐴
6𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑢 57 𝑘𝑠𝑖
= = = 14.25 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 4
9𝑏3
𝑘𝑠𝑖
2𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹 = (14.25 𝑖𝑛2 ) (0.75 𝑖𝑛)(1.5 𝑖𝑛)
=
3𝑏3
𝐹 = 16.03 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
3000 2(8718.75)
= N=2.5 based on Sy
5.5 3𝑏3
𝑏 = 1.02 𝑖𝑛 ≈ 1 𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑦 𝐹
𝑆𝑑 = =𝐴
𝑁
ℎ = 3𝑏 ≈ 3𝑖𝑛.
42 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑆𝑑 = = 16.8 𝑘𝑠𝑖
b.) AISI C1040 rolled. 2.5

𝑆𝑢 = 89 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐹 = 𝑆𝑢 𝐴
𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁𝑢 = 3.4 = (16.8 𝑖𝑛2 ) (0.75 𝑖𝑛)(1.5 𝑖𝑛)
𝑆𝑢
=1 = 18.9 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑁
• A simple beam 48 in. long with a static load
• The link shown is made of AISI C1020
of 6000 lb at the center is mad of C1020
annealed steel with b=3⁄4 𝑖𝑛. And A=1 1⁄2
structural steel. A.) base your calculation
in. a.) What force will cause breakage? B.)
on ultimate strength, determine the
for a design factor of 4 based on the
dimensions of the rectangular cross section
ultimate strength, what is the max
for h= 2b b.) Determine dimensions based
allowable load? C.) If N=2.5 based on yield
on yield strength
strength, what is the allowable load?
Solution: ℎ
𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 6𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆= = =
𝐼 𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ2
12
6𝑀 3𝑀
= 2
= 3
𝑏(2𝑏) 2𝑏
3𝑀
𝑆=
2𝑏3
𝑆𝑢 64 𝑘𝑠𝑖
a.) 𝑆𝑑 = 𝑁𝑢 = 3.5

𝑆𝑑𝑢 = 18,29 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑆𝑢 50
𝑆𝑦 = =
𝑁𝑦 1.75
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0+→ 𝑆𝑦 = 28.57 𝑘𝑠𝑖
48(𝑅1 ) + 24(−6000) = 0 3𝑀
𝑆=
𝑅1 = 3000 𝑙𝑏 2𝑏 3
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0+↑ 𝑙𝑏 3(72000 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛)
18.290 2 =
𝑖𝑛 2𝑏3
3000 + (−6000) + 𝑅2 = 0
𝑏 = 1.8 𝑖𝑛
𝑅2 = 3000 𝑙𝑏
ℎ = 2𝑏 = 2(1.8)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
ℎ = 3.6 𝑖𝑛.
𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 0 𝑇𝑟𝑦 7⁄4 = 1.75 𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 0 + 3000 = 3000 𝑙𝑏 % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝐵𝐿 = 3000 − 6000 = 3000𝑙𝑏
1.8 − 1.75
𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 3000 × 100% = 2.86%
1.75
𝑉𝐶𝐿 = −3000
3𝑀
𝑉𝐶𝑅 = −3000 + 3000 b.) 𝑆𝑦 = 2𝑏3

𝑉𝐶𝐿 = 0 3( 72,000)
28,570 𝑙𝑏 =
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 2𝑏3
𝑏 = 1.56 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐴 = 0 = 3.12 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0 + 24(3000) = 72000 𝑙𝑏
𝑇𝑟𝑦 3 1⁄4 = 3.16 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 72,000 + 24(−3000)
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0
3.12 − 3.16
× 100%
3.16
• A centrifugal pump is to be driven by a 15 Solution:
hp electric motor at 1,750 rpm. What For Monel Shaft
should be the diameter of the pump shaft
𝑆𝑢𝑠 = 98 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑇3)
if it is made of AISI C1045 as rolled?
Consider the load as gradually repeated. 𝑁 = 3~4, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Solution: 𝑇𝑐
𝑆=
𝐽
For C1045 as rolled, Sy= 59 ksi, 𝑆𝑢𝑠 =
72 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜋(𝐷𝑂4 − 𝐷𝑖4 )
𝐽=
32
Based on Ultimate strength
𝜋(13.5)4 − (6.5)4
𝑆𝑢𝑠 = = 3086𝑖𝑛4
𝑆= , 𝑁 = 6(𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1.1) 32
𝑁
𝐷𝑜 13.5
72 𝑐= = = 6.75 𝑖𝑛
𝑆= 12 𝑘𝑠𝑖 2 2
6
33,000(10,000)
33,000 𝐻𝑃 33,000(15) 𝑇=
TORQUE 𝑇 = = 2𝜋(200)
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋(1750)

45 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 = 540 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 = = 262,606 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 = 3152 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

0.540 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
(3152)(6.75)
𝑆= = 6.9 𝑘𝑠𝑖
For diameters 3086

16𝑇 • A square shaft of cold finish AISI 1118

𝑆=
𝜋𝑑 3 transmits a torsional moment of 1,200

16(0.540) in-lb. For medium shock, what should

12 =
𝜋𝑑 3 be its size?
Solution:
𝑑 = 0.612 𝑖𝑛
For AISI 1118 cold-finish
5
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛.
8 Sy= 75 ksi
Sys=0.6sy=45 ksi
• A hollow annealed Monel propeller shaft
N= 3 for medium shock
has an external diameter of 13 1⁄2 𝑖𝑛. And
𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑇
an internal diameter of 61⁄2 𝑖𝑛. It 𝑆= =
𝑁 𝑍
transmits 10,000 hp at 200 rpm. (a) Where h=b

compute the torsional stress in the shaft. 2𝑏 2 ℎ 2𝑏 3

= = (𝑇𝐴𝐵𝐿𝐸 𝐴𝑇1)
9 9
 𝑇 = 1200𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 = 1.2 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑃 = 𝑇2𝜋𝑓
𝑖𝑛
45 1.2(9) 396,000𝑙𝑏. )
𝑆= = 5,000[ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 2𝑏3 1ℎ𝑝
𝑇= 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2𝜋( 189 min)
𝑏 = ℎ = 0.71 𝑖𝑛
𝑇 = 1,667,337.50 𝑙𝑏
3
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑏 = ℎ = 𝑖𝑛 16𝑇
4 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝐷 3
• A steel shaft is transmitting 40 hp at 500 16(91,667,337.50 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛)
=
𝜋 (14𝑖𝑛)3
rpm with minor shock. (a) What should be
𝑙𝑏
its diameter if the deflection does not 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3094.64 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑖𝑛2
exceed 1° in 20D? • A solid steel shaft 5m long is stressed at
Solution: 80Mpa when twisted through 4°. Using
33,000ℎ𝑝 33,000(40) G=83Gpa, compute the shaft diameter.
𝑇= =
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋 (500) What power can be transmitted by the
= 420 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 = 5.04 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 shaft at 20Hz?
3
𝐺 = 11.5 × 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖 Solution:
𝐿 = 20𝐷
𝜋 𝜃𝐽𝐺
𝜃 = 1° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇=
180 𝐿
𝑇𝐿 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜋(𝑑 )4
4° [ 360 ] [ 32 ] (83,000)
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺 =
5,000
𝜋 (5.04)(20𝐷)
= = 0.11377𝑑 4
180 𝜋𝐷 4
( 32 )(11.5 × 103 ) 16𝑇
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐷 = 1.72 𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝐷 3
16(0.11377𝑑 4 )
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑑 = 1 3⁄4 𝑖𝑛. 80 =
𝜋𝑑 3 𝑚
• A steel marine propeller shaft 14in. in 80𝜋
𝑑=
diameter and 18ft long is used to transmit 16(0.11377)

500hp at 189 rpm. If G= 12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝑑 = 138.07𝑚𝑚

determine the maximum shearing stress. = 𝑇 = 0.11377𝑑 4

Solution: = 0.11377(138.07)4

16𝑇 𝑇 = 41,345,196.23 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝐷 3 𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 𝑃 = 𝑇(2𝜋𝑓 )
 20𝑟𝑒𝑣 For gradually applied and reversed
= 41,345,196.23 𝑁 − 𝑚(2𝜋)( )
sec load
𝑚𝑚
= 5,195,590,598 𝑁.
1𝑚 Nu=8
sec [1000𝑚𝑚 ]
Ny=4
= 5.20 × 106
𝑃 = 5.20 𝑀𝑀𝑊 𝑡ℎ3
𝐼= , 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
• Determine the maximum shear stress in 12

the solid shaft. The diameter of the shaft is But h=3t

1in. Assume the bearings between A and B ℎ4
𝐼=
and between C and D have no friction. 36
Based on ultimate strength

Solution:
𝑇𝑐
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 45 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
𝑖𝑛
(45 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏)(12 )(0.5𝑖𝑛)
𝑓𝑡
= 𝜋 𝑆𝑢
( )4 𝑆=
2 0.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑢
𝑙𝑏 𝑀𝑐 𝐹𝑎𝑐
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2750 = 2.75 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑆= =
𝑖𝑛2 𝐼 𝐼
ℎ
• A lever keyed to a shaft is L= 15in long 𝑐=
2
and has a rectangular cross section of 𝐹 = 2000𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 2𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
h=3t. A 2000 lb load is gradually applied ℎ
65 (2)(13) (2)
and reversed at the end as shown; the 𝑆= =
8 ℎ4
material is AISI C1020, as rolled. ( )
36
Design for both ultimate and yield
strengths. (a) What should be the ℎ = 3.86 𝑖𝑛
dimensions of a section at a= 13 in. (b) ℎ 3.86
𝑡= = 1.29 𝑖𝑛
at b= 4in. 3 3
Solution: ℎ = 4.5 𝑖𝑛 = 4 1⁄2 𝑖𝑛
For AISI C1020, as rolled, Table AT7 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛 = 1 1⁄2 𝑖𝑛
Su= 65 ksi (b)
Sy= 49 Ksi 𝑀𝑐 𝐹𝑏𝑐
𝑠= =
𝐼 𝐼
 ℎ ℎ4
𝑐= 𝐼=
2 36
𝐹 = 2000𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 2𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
(a)
ℎ 𝑆𝑦 𝑀𝑐
65 (2)(4) (2) 𝑆= =
𝑠= = 𝑁𝑦 𝐼
8 ℎ4
( )
36 ℎ
𝐶=
ℎ = 2.61 𝑖𝑛 2
ℎ 2.61 ℎ
𝑡= = = 0.87 𝑖𝑛 40 (54) (2)
2 3 =
3 ℎ4
( )
ℎ = 3𝑖𝑛 36
𝑡 = 1 𝑖𝑛 ℎ = 4.18 𝑖𝑛.
ℎ 4.18
𝑏== = 1.39 𝑖𝑛.
3 3
• A simple beam 54 in long with a load of
1 ℎ 4.5
4 kips at the center is made of cast ℎ = 4 𝑖𝑛, . 𝑏 = = = 1.5 𝑖𝑛
2 3 3
steel, SAE 080. The cross is 1
= 1 𝑖𝑛
rectangular (Let h=3b). 2
(a) Determine the dimensions for N=3 (b)

based on the yield strength. (b) 𝐹𝐿3

𝛿=
48𝐸𝐼
compute the maximum deflection for
(4000)(54)3
these dimensions. (c) what size may be =
(1.5)(4.5)3
used if the maximum deflection is not to 48(30 × 106 ) [ ]
12
exceed 0.03 in.? = 0.0384 𝑖𝑛.
F=4 kips=4000lb (c)
L=54 in 64𝐹𝐿3
𝛿=
48𝐸(𝜋𝑑 4 )
64(4000)(54)3
Solution: =
48(30 × 106 )(𝜋)(3.5)
From Table AT 2
= 0.0594 𝑖𝑛.
𝐹𝐿 64(4000)(54)3
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑀 = 0.03 =
4 48(30 × 106 )(𝜋)𝑑 4
(4)(54)
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑀 = = 54 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛 𝑑 = 4.15 𝑖𝑛
4
𝑏ℎ3
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑑 = 4 1⁄4 𝑖𝑛
𝐼= 12
𝑏𝑢𝑡 ℎ = 3𝑏
• The bar shown is subjected to two 𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 0 + 𝑅1 = 3625 𝑙𝑏
vertical loads, 𝐹1 = 4000 𝑙𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 =
𝑉𝐵𝐿 = 3625 𝑙𝑏 + 0 = 3625 𝑙𝑏
2000𝑙𝑏.That is 10 in. apart and 3 in form
the ends of the bar. The design factor is 𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 3625 𝑙𝑏 − 𝐹1 = −375 𝑙𝑏

4 bases on the ultimate strength h=3b. 𝑉𝐶𝐿 = −375 𝑙𝑏 + 0 = −375 𝑙𝑏

determine the dimensions h b if the bars
𝑉𝐶𝑅 = −375 𝑙𝑏 − 𝐹2 = −2375 𝑙𝑏
is made of AISI C1040, as rolled.
Solution: 𝑉𝐷𝐿 = −2375 𝑙𝑏 + 0 = −2375 𝑙𝑏
𝑆𝑢 𝑀𝑐
𝑆𝑑 = = 𝑉𝐷𝑅 = −2375 𝑙𝑏 + 𝑅2 = 0
𝑁𝑢 𝐼
𝑏ℎ3 , ℎ
𝐼= 𝑐=
12 2
𝑆𝑢 6𝑀
=
𝑁𝑢 𝑏ℎ3
𝑆𝑢 2𝑀
=
𝑁𝑢 3𝑏3
So, the width of the beam can be
Computed as

3 2𝑁𝑢 𝑀
𝑏=√
3𝑆𝑢
Moment Values
Figure AF1, for AISI C1040, as rolled,
Su=89,000 psi ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

Max bending Moment ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 + 3(3625) = 10875 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.

∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 10875 − 10(375) = 7125 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.

16𝑅1 = 3(2000) + 13(4000) ∑ 𝑀𝑑 = 7125 − 3(2375) = 0

𝑅1 = 3625 𝑙𝑏 So, the maximum bending moment is

10, 875 lb-in.
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
Solving for the beam width b:
𝑅2 = 4000 + 2000 − 𝑅1
3 2𝑁𝑢 𝑀
𝑅2 = 23757 𝑙𝑏 𝑏= √
3𝑆𝑢
SHEAR VALUES 3 2(4)(10,875)
=√ = 0.69 𝑖𝑛
3(89,000)
𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 0
 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑏 = 11⁄16
1
𝐶=2ℎ
0.69 − 0.6875
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100
0.6875 𝑏𝑑3 80(ℎ)3
𝐼= =
12 12
= 0.36%
20
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑠 < 4%, 𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏 𝐼= ℎ3
3
= 11⁄16
1.
Solving for the beam, depth h=
1
5×106( )
2ℎ
ℎ = 3𝑏 = 3(0.6875) 20 = 20
ℎ
3

= 2.0625 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 2 1⁄16 𝑖𝑛.

ℎ2 = 18,750
𝑈𝑆𝐸 𝑏 = 11⁄16 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 2 1⁄8 𝑖𝑛. ℎ = 137 𝑚𝑚

• Determine the minimum height h of the • A simply supported beam 2 in wide by

beam shown if the flexural stress does 4 high and 12 ft long is subjected to a
not exceed 20 Mpa. concentrated load of 2000lb at point 3 ft
∑ 𝑀1 = 0+↓ from one of the supports. Determine the
maximum stress and the stress located
2.5(4)(1) + 5(1) − 𝑅2 (3) = 0
0.5 in from the top of the beam
𝑅2=5 𝐾𝑁
midpoint.
∑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0

−2.5(4) − 5 + 𝑅1 + 5 = 0

𝑅1 = 10 𝐾𝑁

1
𝐴1 = (−2.5)(1) = −1.25 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
2
Solution:
1
𝐴2 = (7.5 + 5)(1) = 6.25 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 ∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0
2
1 12𝑅1=9(2000)
𝐴3 = (−5)(2) = −5𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
2 𝑅1 = 1500𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏 = → 1𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑞 ∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0
𝐼
12𝑅2 = 3(2000)
𝑓𝑏 = 20 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑅2 = 5000 𝑙𝑏
𝑀 = 5 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚(1000)2 × 5 ×
106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
 • A 50-mm diameter bar is used as
simply supported beam 3 m long.
Determine the largest uniformly
distributed load that can be applied
over the right two-thirds of the beam if
the flexural stress is limited to 50 Mpa.
𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼

4500(12)(2)
𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2(4)3
12

Stress located 0.5 in from the top of

the beam at midpoint:

𝑀𝑚 4500
=
6 9

𝑀𝑚 = 3000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
Solution: ∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑏 = 3𝑅2 = 2(2)
𝐼
4
3000(12)(1.5)
𝑅2 = 3
𝑓𝑏 = 2(43 )
12 ∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0
3𝑅1 = 2(1)
𝑓𝑏 = 5,062.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
2
𝑅1 = 3
𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 50 𝑀𝑝𝑎

8
𝑀= 𝑁−𝑚
9

𝑐 = 25 𝑚𝑚

𝜋𝑟 4 𝜋(25)4
𝐼= =
4 4

𝐼 = 97656.25𝜋 𝑚𝑚4
 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 40𝐿
𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑀 = 10𝐿2 𝑙𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
ℎ
𝑐= 2
= 2 𝑖𝑛

8 𝑏ℎ3 2(4)4
(1000)(25) 𝐼= =
50 = 9 12 12
97656.25 𝜋
32
𝑖𝑛4
𝑠 = 690.29 𝑁 − 𝑚 3

10𝐿2 (12)(2)
3000 = 32/3

𝐿 = 11.55 𝑓𝑡s

• A simply supported rectangular beam,

2in wide by 4 in deep, carries a
uniformly distributed load of 80 lb/ft
over its entire length. What is the
maximum length of the beam if the
flexural stress is limited to 300 psi?

Solution:
By symmetry:
1
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 2 (80𝐿)
 SHAFT 𝐷 1.5𝐷
= = 1.5
The shaft shown in machined from 𝑎 0
𝐷 𝑟
C1040, OQT 1000°F. It is subjected to , , 𝐾 = 1.2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑡𝑠
a torque that varies from zero to 10,000 16𝑇
𝑆=
in-lb. Let r=0.2D and N=2. Compute D. 𝜋𝐷 3
which is the minimum torsional stress in 10000 ± 0
𝑇𝑚 = = 5000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
2
the shaft.
10000 ± 0
𝑇𝑎 = = 5000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
2
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇
16𝑇
𝑆𝑚𝑠 = 𝑆𝑎 =
SOLUTION: 𝜋𝐷 3
16(5) 80
=
From Fig AF1, for AISI C1040, OQT 1000℉ 𝜋𝐷 3 𝜋𝐷 3
𝑆𝑢 = 104 𝑘𝑠𝑖 1 𝑆𝑚𝑠 𝐾𝑓𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑠
= +
𝑁 𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑠
𝑆𝑦 = 52 𝑘𝑠𝑖
80
𝑆𝑛 = 0.5𝑆𝑢 = 0.5(104) = 52 𝑘𝑠𝑖 1 80 12 ( 3 )
= + 𝜋𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑁 𝜋𝐷 3 (45.2) 22.54
0.85 = 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1 80 1 1.2
= [ + ]
𝑁 𝜋𝐷 3 45.2 22.54
0.6 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.85 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 160 1 1.2
𝐷=√ ( + )
𝑠𝑛𝑠 = (0.6)(0.85)(0.85)(52) 𝜋 45.2 22.54

𝑆𝑛𝑠 = 22.502 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐷 = 1.57 ≈ 1 1⁄2 𝑖𝑛.

From Soderberg Line % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
1 𝑆𝑚𝑠 𝐾𝑓𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑠 1.57 − 1.5
= + × 100%
𝑁 𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑠 1.5
From AF 7 = 4.07% > 4% ≈ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!
1 𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 1 5⁄8 𝑖𝑛.
𝐾𝑓𝑠 = 𝑞(𝐾𝑡𝑠 − 1) + 1 ; 𝑞 = 𝑎
1+𝑞

𝑎 = 0.0025 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑚𝑠 + 𝑆𝑎𝑠

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑞 = 1 80 80
= [ 1 + 1.2] + [1 + 1.22]
𝐾𝑓𝑠 = 𝐾𝑡𝑠 𝜋𝐷 3 𝜋(1.005)3
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 13.06 𝑘𝑠𝑖
From Figiure AF 1
𝑟 0.2𝐷
= = 0.2
𝑑 𝐷
The 60 mm diameter shaft is made of SOLUTION:
aluminum (G=25.5Gpa) If the allowable • 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
shear stress is 80 Mpa and the angle of 60(280 × 103 )
𝑇=
2𝜋(180)
twist of disk A relation to disk C is limited
𝑇 = 24,854 𝑁 − 𝑚
so that it does not exceed
3.74°. Determine the max allowable • 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
torque. 𝐷𝑜
𝑇𝐶 2
𝑆𝑆 = =𝑇 𝜋
𝐽 4 4
SOLUTION: 32 (𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 )
16𝑇𝐷𝑜
Considering Strength 𝑆𝑆 =
𝜋( 𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
𝑆𝑠 =
16𝑇 16 𝑇 (3𝐷𝑖) 48𝑇𝐷𝑖
𝜋𝐷 3 𝑠𝑠 = =
𝜋[(𝐷𝑖 ) − 𝐷𝑖 ] 80𝜋𝐷𝑖 3
4 4 4
2
16(3𝑇) 3𝑇
80 = 𝑆𝑆 =
𝜋(60)3
5𝜋𝐷𝑖 3
𝑇 = 5,084,380.10𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 3(14,854.46 × 103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷𝑖 = √
𝑇 = 5,089 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 5𝜋(25 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚2 )
Considering RigidIty 𝐷𝑖 = 48.42 𝑚𝑚
32∈𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝜋𝐷 3 • 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜃=
32[𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵−𝑇𝑆𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 ] 𝑇𝐿
𝜋𝐷 3 𝜃=
𝐽𝐺
𝜋
2 2
32[3𝑇(1.2)−3𝑇(1.2)] 𝜋
3.4 ( ) = 𝐽= (𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
180 𝜋(0.08)4 (25×104 ) 𝜃2
𝜋
𝑇 = 4869.9 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝐽= [3𝐷𝑖 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 ]
32
80𝜋 4 5𝜋 4
𝐽= 𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖
32 2
A hollow steel (G=83 Gpa) shaft whose 𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
outside diameter is three times the 5𝜋 4
2 𝐷𝑖 𝐺
inside diameter, will be used to transmit
4 2𝑇𝐿
280 KW at 180 rpm. What will be the 𝐷𝑖 = √
5𝜋𝐺𝜃
minimum diameters of the shaft if the
angle of twist and shearing stress must 42(1,854.46 × 103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)( 1000𝑚𝑚)
=√
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
not exceed 1° per meter of length? 5𝜋(83 × 103 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚2 )(1° 180 )

𝐷𝑖 = 33.81 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖 = 48.42𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑜 = 145.26 𝑚𝑚
 KEY
A Cast-steel (SAE 080, N&T, Sy=270 A cast steel (SAE 080, N & T, Sy = 40
Mpa) pulley is keyed to a 64 mm shaft ksi ) pulley is keyed to a 2 ½ -in shaft by
by means of a square key 88 mm long, means of a standard flat key, 5/8-in
made of cold-drawn SAE 1015 (Sy 43.4 wide, 7/16 in thick, 3 ½ in long, made of
Mpa). The shaft is made of cold-drawn cold drawn SAE 1015 (Sy = 63 ksi). The
AISI 1045 (Sy= 586 Mpa). If the shaft shaft is made of cold-drawn AISI 1045
transmits 126 Kw and turns at 410 rpm. (Sy=85ksi). If the shaft is in virtually
What should be the width and thickness pure torsion and turns at 420 rpm, what
of the key? Constant steady loading horsepower could the assembly safely
N=1.5, and Sys= 0.6Sy. transmit? (steady loading, N=1.5)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
𝑛𝑇
P=2πTn/60 ℎ𝑝 =
63000
T=60P/2πn Considering shear strength
𝐹 2𝑇 0.6𝑠𝑦
=(60(120,000))/(2π(420)) 𝑆𝑠 = = =
𝑏𝐿 𝑏𝐿𝐷 𝑁
T=2,564.79 N-m 5
(0.6)(63000) ( ) (3.5)(2.5)
𝑇= 8
t=b 2(1.5)
𝑇 = 68906.25
0.6Sy/N 2T/bLD
Considering compressive strength
Su/N=4t/tLD
𝐹 4𝑇 𝑆𝑦
b=2nT/0.6SyLD 𝑆𝑐 = 𝑡 = =
( )𝐿 𝑡𝐿𝐷 𝑁
2
t=2NT/SyLD
7
(40000) ( ) (3.5)(2.5)
(2(15)(410))/(0.6(410)(0.8)(0.6)) 𝑇= 16
4(1.5)
b=5.86×10^3 𝑇 = 25520.83𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
b=5.9 mm Considering shaft strength
t=2Nt/SyLD 16𝑇 0.6𝑆𝑦
𝑆𝑠 = =
𝜋𝐷 3 𝑁
t=11.058×10^(-3)
(0.6)(85000)(𝜋)(2.5)3
t=114 mm 𝑇=
16(1.5)
Min t=b=11.1mm = 104310.70𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
(420)(25520.83)
Max HP =
63000
Max HP = 170.13
 FLANGED BOLT COUPLING 𝑁𝑠 = 4 𝑝 = 760 𝐾𝑊
𝑁 = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚
Flanged bolt coupling consists of six
1⁄ 𝑖𝑛. steel bolts evenly spaced SOLUTION:
2
around a bolt circle 12in. in diameter Na=?
and four 3⁄4 𝑖𝑛 aluminum bolts on a 𝑆𝑠𝑎 𝑆𝑠𝑠
concentric bolt circle 8 in, diameter. =
𝑅𝑎𝐺𝑎 𝑅𝑠𝐺𝑠
What torque can be applied without
𝑆𝑠𝑎 𝑆𝑠𝑠
exceeding 9000 psi in the steel or 6000 =
(15)(28) (10)(83)
psi in the aluminum? Assume 𝐺 =
12 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺𝑎𝑙 = 4 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. 𝑆𝑠𝑎 𝑆𝑠𝑠
=
42 83
SOLUTION: T=PaRaNa +PsRsNs
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑆 𝑅𝑆 𝑁𝑆 + 𝑃𝑎 𝑅𝐴 𝑁𝐴 𝜋𝑑𝐴2 𝜋𝑑𝑠 2
𝜋𝑑 2 = 𝑆𝑠𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑁𝑎 + 𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝑃= 4 4
4
𝑆𝑆𝑆
= 𝑆𝐴
𝑆
𝜋(20)2 2604
𝑅𝑆 𝐺𝑆 𝑅𝐴 𝐺𝐴 = ( ) (0.15)(𝑁𝑎)
𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝐴 4 83
=
6(12×106 ) 4(4×106 )
𝜋(2012)2
𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 4.5 𝑠𝑆𝐴 + (62)(0.10)(4)
𝐼𝑓 𝑆𝑎 = 6,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 4
𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 4.5(6,000) = 27,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 1478.44𝑁𝑎 + 2804.81 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!

2𝜋𝑇𝑁
A flanged bolt coupling consists of 20- 𝑃=
60
mm aluminum bolts circle 30 cm
60(760000)
diameter and 12 steel bolts on a 𝑇=
2𝜋(600)
concentric circle bolts 20mm in = 12095.78𝑁 − 𝑚
diameter. The allowable shearing
stresses are 42 MPa in the aluminum 12095.78 = 1478.44𝑁𝑎 + 2,804.81
and 62 MPa in the steel. What should 𝑵𝒂 = 𝟔. 𝟑
be the minimum number of aluminum 𝒎𝒊𝒏. 𝑵𝒂 = 𝟕
bolts if there are four steel bolts and the
power applied isi 760 kw at 600 rpm?
Use Gal = 28 Gpa and Gst = 83 Gpa.

𝑑𝐴 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝐴 = 30𝑐𝑚
𝐺𝑠 = 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐺𝐴 = 28 𝐺𝑃𝐴
𝐷𝑠 = 20𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑠 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑠 = 42𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 62 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 SPRING Solution:
• Compute the shearing stress
developed in a phosphor bronze spring
having a mean radius of 3in and
consisting of 20 turns of 5/8 in. diameter
wire when the spring is compressed 4 ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
in. use G= 12x106psi.S 𝐹𝐿 + 𝐹𝑆 = 6500𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑆 = 6500 − 𝐹𝐿
Solution:
16𝐹𝑅 4𝐶 − 1 0.615 1 13
𝑆𝑠 = { + } 𝛿𝐿 − 𝛿𝑆 = 7 − 6
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝐶 − 4 𝐶 8 16
𝐷 2𝑅 2(3) 5
𝐶= = = 𝛿𝐿 − 𝛿𝑆 =
𝑑 𝑑 5⁄ 16
8
= 9.6 8𝐹𝐷 3 𝑛
8𝐹𝐷 3 𝑛 𝛿=
𝛿= 𝑑4𝐺
𝑑4𝐺 8𝐹𝐿 (5.025)3 (4) 8𝐹𝑆 (3.25)3(6) 5
− =
𝑑 4 𝐺𝛿 (1.375) (11.5 × 10 ) (0.875)4(11.5 × 106 ) 16
4 6
𝐹=
8𝐷 3
1.4×10-4FL-2.4×10-7FS=5/16
5 𝑙𝑏 1.4×10-4FL- 2.4×10-4(6500-FL) =5/16
(8)4 𝑖𝑛(12 × 1016 𝑖𝑛)(4𝑖𝑛)
= FL= 4927.63lb
8(6)3 𝑖𝑛(20)
= 211.93 lb FS=6500-FL
FS=6500-4927.63 lb
FS=1572.37 lb
16(211.93)(3) 4(9.6) − 1
𝑆𝑠 = [
𝜋(5⁄8)3 4(9.6) − 4
𝑆𝑆
16𝑘𝐹𝑅
0.615 𝜋𝑑 3
+ ]
9.6
4𝐶 − 1 0.615
𝑺𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟑𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝐾= +
4𝐶 − 1 𝐶
𝐷𝑚 5.025
𝐶𝐿 = =
𝐷𝑤 1.325
• Two concentric helical-compression 45
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑜𝑟4.17
spring support a 6.5kip load. The longer 11
spring has an outside diameter of 7 in,
𝐷𝑚 3.25
a free length of 7 1/8 in, 4 turns and is 𝐶𝑆 = =
𝐷𝑤 0.875
made of a1 2/8 steel wire. The smaller 𝐶𝑆 = 3.7
wire spring has an outside diameter of
4 1/8in, free length of 6 13/16, 6 turns
and is made of 7/8 in steel wire. 4(4.1) − 1 0.615
Compute the shearing stress in each 𝐾𝐿 = +
4(4.1) − 1 4.1
spring. 𝐾𝐿 = 1.4
 4(3.7) − 1 0.615 • Determine the maximum shearing
𝐾𝑆 = +
4(3.7) − 1 3.7 stress and elongation in a bronze
𝐾𝑆 = 1.4 helical spring composed of 20 turns of
1.0 in diameter wire on a mean radius
16𝐹𝐿 𝑅𝐿 of 4 in when the spring is supporting a
𝑆𝑆𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿
𝜋𝑑 3 load of 500lb G= 6ˣ106.
16(4927.63)(2.8125) Solution:
𝑆𝑆𝐿 = (1.4)
𝜋(1.375)3
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝑺𝑺𝑳 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + )
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚
16𝐹𝑆 𝑅𝑆 16(500)(4) 4(8) − 1 0.615
𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝐾𝑆 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + )
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋(1)3 4(8) − 4 8

16(1572.37)(1.625) Tmax= 12,060.3 psi=12.1ksi

𝑆𝑆𝑆 = (1.4)
𝜋(0.875)3 16𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑 4
𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊
16(500)(43 )(20)
𝛿=
(6 × 106 )(14 )
• Determine the maximum shearing
stress and elongation in a helical steel 𝜹 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟑 𝒊𝒏
spring composed of 20 turns of 20-mm
diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 • A helical spring is fabricated by
mm when ring is supporting a load of wrapping wire ¾ in. in diameter around
1.5 KN. G= 83 Gpa. a forming cylinder 8in in diameter.
Compute the number of turns required
Solution: to permit an elongation of 4in without
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615 exceeding a shearing stress of 18 ksi.
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + ) G= 12x106 psi.
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑚 − 4 𝑚

16(1500)(90) 4(9) − 1 0.615 Solution:

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + )
𝜋(20)3 4(9) − 4 9 16𝑃𝑅 𝑑
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 99.87 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑅
16𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛
𝛿= 16𝑃 (4) 3⁄4
𝐺𝑑 4 18000 = (1 + )
64(1500)(903 )(20) 3 4(4)
𝜋(4)3
𝛿=
83000(204 )
𝜹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟒𝒎𝒎 P= 356.07lb

64𝑃𝑅3 𝑛
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑 4
64(356.07)(43 )𝑛
4=
(12 × 106 )(3⁄4)3
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟒 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔
• A helical coil spring has a mean coil Where for S and G ends:
diameter of 1 in and a wire diameter of
1/8 in. Determine the curve correction 𝑁𝑎 = 𝑁 − 2 = 18 − 2
factor of the spring. = 16 coils

Solution: 8(50)(9.8066)(15.672)3 (16)

𝛿=
𝐾𝑤 (78910)(6.25)
𝐾𝑐 =
𝐾𝑠 𝜹 = 𝟒𝟖𝟗. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
4𝐶 − 1 0.615
+ 𝐶
𝐾𝑐 = 4𝐶 − 4
2𝐶 + 1
2𝐶
𝐷𝑚 1
𝐶= = =8
𝐷𝑤 1⁄
8
4(8) − 1 0.615
+ 8
4(8) − 4
𝐾𝑐 =
2(8) + 1
2(8)
1.184
𝐾𝑐 =
1.0625

𝑲𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒

• A helical spring has an outside diameter

of 10.42 cm and a wire diameter of
0.625cm. the spring has squared and
ground ends and a total of 18 coils. Its
material has modulus of elasticity in
shear of 78.91 GPa. Determine the
deflection in the spring due to a load of
50 kg.

Solution:

8𝐹(𝐷𝑤)3 𝑁𝑎
𝛿=
𝐺(𝑑𝑤)4
8𝐹𝐶 3 𝑁𝑎
= 𝐺𝑑𝑤
𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑜 − 𝑑𝑤
𝐶= =
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤

10.42 − 0.625
=
0.625
𝐶 = 15.672
 POWER SCREW F=T/R
159.67 𝑁. 𝑚
• The root diameter of a triple-threaded 𝐹=
0.001𝑚
square power screw is 50mm. For 120𝑚𝑚 × 𝑚𝑚
square threads, the depth (or F=1330.58N
thickness) of the thread is half of the 𝛽 > 𝜆 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
pitch. It has a pitch of 10mm. it is used 11.310>9.850
to lift a load of 15kN. Find the force When 𝛽 > 𝜆 a positive torque required
applied on the lever of the screw with a to lower the load. Under this condition
length of 120mm from the center of the the load will not turn.
screw if the coefficient of friction of the • The power screw can lift a 4-ton load. A
threads is 0.2. is it self-locking? Why? 2.75-in triple square thread with 2
threads per inch is to be used which has
Solution:
a 2.313 in root diameter. The frictional
𝑇 radius of the collar is [Link] the screw
𝐹=
𝑅 turns 180 rpm. The coefficient of friction
𝑊𝐷𝑚 is 0.10 for the threads and 0.15 for the
𝑇= tan (𝛽 + 𝜆)
2 collar. What is the efficiency of the
ℎ
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷𝑟 + (2) screw if the input is 30hp.
2
𝐷𝑚 = 50𝑚𝑚 + ℎ
1 Solution:
ℎ= 𝑃 𝐷 + 𝐷𝑟
2 𝐷𝑚 =
1 2
= 2 (10𝑚𝑚) 2.75 + 2.313
=5mm 𝐷𝑚 =
2
𝐷𝑚 = 50𝑚𝑚 + 5𝑚𝑚 Dm= 2.5315 in
= 55mm 𝑊𝐷𝑚
𝐿 𝑇𝑟 = tan (𝛽 + 𝜆)
2
𝜆 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝐿 3𝑃
𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆 = =
3𝑃 𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝜋𝐷𝑚
𝜆 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝜋(55𝑚𝑚) 3(1⁄2)
30𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆 =
𝜆 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 𝜋(2.5315)
𝜋(55𝑚𝑚) 𝜆 = 10.681051𝑜
𝜆 = 9.800
𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑓 𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.2) 𝛽 = 5.710593𝑜
𝛽 = 11.310
8000𝑙𝑏(2.5315)𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑟 = tan (5.710593 +
Torque 2
𝑊𝐷𝑚 10.681051)
𝑇= tan(𝛽 + 𝜆) 𝑇𝑟 = 2978.0398𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛
2
15000𝑁(55𝑚𝑚 × 0.001𝑚)
𝑇= tan (11.31 + 9.85) 𝑊𝑡𝑐𝐷𝑐
2 𝑡𝑐 =
𝑇 = 159.67 𝑁. 𝑚 2
8000(0.15)(2)
𝑡𝑐 = 2
Tc= 1200 lb-in
 𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 (39240)(0.065)
𝑇𝑠 = tan(6.980 + 5.710 )
= 2978.6398+1200 2
=4178.6398 ln-in 𝑇𝑠 = 287.17 𝑁. 𝑚
Efficiency of screw:
𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆 @ the collar
𝑒= =
𝑡𝑟 tan (𝛽 + 𝜆)
𝜆 𝑇𝑐 = 𝑓𝑊𝑅𝑓
=
𝛽+𝜆 𝑇𝑐 = (0.15)(39240)(0.05)
10.681051 𝑇𝑐 = 294.30 𝑁 − 𝑚
=
5.710593 + 10.681051
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑐
e=0.65 or 65%
𝑇𝑇 = 287.17 + 294.30 𝑁 − 𝑚
• A 70-mm double thread screw is used 𝑇𝑇 = 581.47 𝑁 − 𝑚
to lift a 4000kg load. The screw has 80
threads per meter and 60mm root 2𝜋𝑛𝑇
𝑃𝑜 =
diameter. The frictional radius of the 60
collar is 50mm and the screw turns 180 2𝜋(180)(581.47)
𝑃𝑜 =
rpm. The coefficients of friction are 0.10 60
per thread and 0.15 for the collar what 𝑃𝑜 = 10960.45 𝑤
𝑃𝑜 = 10.96 𝑘𝑤
is the efficiency of the screw?
Efficiency:
Solution: 𝑃𝑜
@the screw 𝑒= × 100%
𝑃𝑖
𝑊𝐷𝑚 10.96
𝑇𝑠 tan(𝛽 + 𝜆) 𝑒= × 100%
2 15
𝑊 = 4000(9.81) 𝒆 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟎𝟏%
𝑊 = 39240 𝑁
• Find the total torque necessary to raise
70 + 60 the load of 3000lb using a triple thread
𝐷𝑚 = = 65 𝑚𝑚
2 square power screw. The power screw
𝐿 2𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆 = = has a root diameter of 2in and 2 threads
𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝜋𝐷𝑚 per in. it is used in conjunction with a
1 1000 𝑚𝑚 collar with an outer diameter of 4 in. and
𝑃= 𝑚× an inner diameter of 2.5 in. the
80 1𝑚
𝑃 = 12.5𝑚𝑚 coefficient of friction is 0.2 for both
threads and collar.
2(12.5)
𝜆 = tan−1 [ Solution:
𝜋(65)
𝜆 = 6.98𝑜 1 1
𝑃𝑎 = = = 0.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑃𝐼 2
𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = 𝑓 → 𝛽 = tan−1 𝑓 𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑖 + 2ℎ = 𝐷𝑖 + 2( )
= tan−1 (0.1) 2
𝐷𝑖 + 𝑃𝑎 = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5 𝑖𝑛
𝛽 = 5.710
𝑊𝐷𝑚
𝑇𝑠 = tan(𝜆 + 𝛽)
2
 𝐷𝑖 + 𝐷𝑜 2 + 2.5 6
𝐷𝑚 = = 𝜆 = tan−1( )
2 2 33𝜋
= 2.25 in. 𝜆 = 3.31230
2 𝑟03 − 𝑟𝑖3
𝑟𝑐 = ( ) ( 2 ) For efficiency,
3 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2
2 (2)3 − (1.25)3 𝑒=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆(1−𝑓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆)(100%)
= ( )[ 2 ] 𝑓 𝐷
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆+𝑓+( 𝑐 𝑐 )(1−𝑓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆)
3 (2) − (1.25)2 𝐷𝑚

= 1.654 𝑖𝑛 (tan 3.31250 )(1 − 0.13 tan 3.31250 )(100%)

=
0.10(90)
tan 3.31250 + 0.10 + ( 33 )(1 − 0.13𝑡𝑎𝑛3.31250 )
𝜆 = 11.980
𝐿 𝑁𝑡 𝑃𝑎 𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟑%
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜆 = =
𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝜋𝐷𝑚
(3)(0.5) • A double thread ACME screw driven by
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜆 = = 0.21221
𝜋(2.25) a motor at 400 rpm raises the attached
load of 900kg at a speed of 10m/mm.
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑠 the screw has a pitch diameter of 36
𝑊𝐷𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜆 + 𝑓 mm; the coefficient of friction on threads
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑊𝑟𝑐 + ( )
2 1 − 𝑓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆 is 0.15. the friction torque on the thrust
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (0.2)(3000)(1.654) bearing of the motor is taken as 20% of
3000(2.25) 0.21221 + 0.2
+( )[ ] the total input. Determine the lead
2 1 − 0.2(0.21221)
angle.
T=2445.27 [Link]
Solution:
• A single square thread power screw is t
For lead,
o raise a load of 70kN. The screw has a
major diameter of 36mm and a pitch of 𝑉 10
6mm. the coefficient of thread friction 𝐿==
𝑛 400
and collar friction are 0.13 and 0.10 = 0.025𝑚 = 25𝑚𝑚
respectively. If the collar mean diameter
is 90mm and the screw turns at 60 rpm. For lead angle,
Find the combined efficiency of the 𝐿
𝜆 = tan−1( )
screw and collar. 𝜋𝐷𝑚
Solution: 25
= tan−1 ( )
Depth of the thread; 36𝜋
1 1
ℎ = ( ) 𝑝 = ( ) (6) = 3𝑚𝑚 𝜆 = 12.4650
2 2
mean diameter of the screw
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷𝑜 − ℎ = 36 − 3 = 33𝑚𝑚

For lead angle

𝐿
𝜆 = tan−1 ( )
𝜋𝐷𝑚
𝑃
𝜆 = tan−1 ( )
𝜋𝐷𝑚
 PME 415
BEARING
(𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍)

1. A 15cmx15cm full bearing has a 2. A 20-hp motor, running at 1000 rpm, is

diametral clearance of 0.4mm and a to drive a compressor through a 2-
lubricating oil viscosity of 440 strand RC-60 (pitch = ¾ in., roller length
centipoises. If the journal rotates at 180 = ¼ in., roller diameter = 15/32 in., link
rpm. Compute the power loss in W? plate thickness = 0.094 in., pin length =
0.978 in., & pin-diameter = 0.234 in.)
Given:
The compressor shaft has a 75-tooth
𝐿 = 15𝑐𝑚 = .15 𝑚 sprocket and rotates at nearly 350 rpm.
𝐷 = 15𝑐𝑚 = .15 𝑚 Determine the bearing stress between
𝐶𝑑 = 0.4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0004 𝑚 the roller & pin.
𝜇 = 440 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠; Given:
*1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 = 1000 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠
*𝑃𝑎 𝑁 20 − ℎ𝑝 𝜌 = .75 𝑖𝑛.
= 2
𝑚 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 𝑡𝐿𝑃 = .094 𝑖𝑛.
𝑛 = 180 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑛1 = 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐿𝑃 = .978 𝑖𝑛.
SOLUTION: 𝑛2 = 350 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐷𝑃 = .234 𝑖𝑛.
By Petroff’s Equation: 𝐿𝑅 = .25 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 = 75
𝜇𝐴𝑣𝑠 𝐷𝑅 = .46875 𝑖𝑛
𝐹= Find:
𝐶𝑟 𝐹
*𝐶 𝐶𝑑
𝑟 = ; * 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
2
Thus, 𝑃𝑏 =
𝐷𝑃 [𝐿𝑅 + 2(𝑡𝐿𝑃 )]
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(. 15)(180) 𝟗 SOLUTION:
𝑣𝑠 = = = 𝝅 𝒎/𝒔 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
60 60 𝟐𝟎
𝜋𝐷𝑛
0.001 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 𝑣=
𝜇 = 440 𝐶𝑝 × = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔 12
1 𝐶𝑝
𝜌 . 75
Hence, 𝐷=
180
=
180
= 17.91 𝑖𝑛.
sin ( 𝑁 ) sin ( 75 )
𝜇𝜋𝐷𝐿𝑣𝑠
𝐹=
𝐶𝑑 *1 𝑓𝑡. = 12 𝑖𝑛.
2 𝜋(17.91 𝑖𝑛. )(350) 4179
𝑣= = 𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑚
(0.44
𝑁 9
− 𝑠) (𝜋)(. 15 𝑚)(. 15 𝑚) ( 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠) 12 8
𝐹= 𝑚2 20
0.0004 𝑚 𝐹𝑣
2 𝐻𝑃 =
33,000
𝑭 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟖 𝑵 33,000 (20 − ℎ𝑝)
𝐹=
4179
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 8 𝜋
𝑭 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗 𝒍𝒃
9
𝑃 = (219.845438 𝑁) × ( 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠)
20 402.1719 𝑙𝑏
*
𝑊 = 𝐽/𝑠 *
𝐽 = 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑃𝑏 = 2
(. 234 𝑖𝑛. )[. 25 𝑖𝑛. +2(. 094 𝑖𝑛. )]
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝑾 − 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝒃 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
3. A 15cmx15cm full bearing has a 4. A 6in. diameter & 10 in. long journal
diametral clearance of 0.4mm. The bearings support a load of 4000 lb. The
journal rotates at 180 rpm. Compute the coefficient of friction in the bearing is
lubricating oil viscosity in centipoises if 0.01 and the shaft rotates at 500 rpm.
the power loss is 300W. The bearing radial clearance is 0.006
Given: in., Determine the viscosity of the
lubricating oil & the horsepower loss.
𝐿 = 15𝑐𝑚 = .15 𝑚
Given:
𝐷 = 15𝑐𝑚 = .15 𝑚
𝐿 = 10 𝑖𝑛.
𝐶𝑑 = 0.4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0004 𝑚
𝐷 = 6 𝑖𝑛.
𝑛 = 180 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑊 = 4000 𝑙𝑏.
𝑃 = 300 𝑊
𝑓 = 0.01
Find: 𝑛 = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜇𝐴𝑣𝑠 𝐹𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟 = 0.006 𝑖𝑛.
𝐹= ;𝜇= =? Solution:
𝐶𝑟 𝐴𝑣𝑠
Solution: 𝐹 𝑣𝑠
=𝜇
𝐴 𝐶𝑟
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(. 15 𝑚. )(.15 𝑚. ) 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑊 = 0.01 (4000𝑙𝑏)
𝟗
𝑨= 𝝅 𝒎𝟐 𝑭 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃.
𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(6 𝑖𝑛. )(10 𝑖𝑛. )
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(. 15 𝑚. )(180𝑟𝑝𝑚) 𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒊𝒏.𝟐
𝑣𝑠 = =
60 60 𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(6 𝑖𝑛. )(500 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝟗 𝑣𝑠 = =
𝒗𝒔 = 𝝅 𝒎/𝒔 60 60
𝟐𝟎 𝒗𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝝅 𝒊𝒑𝒔.
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 40 𝑙𝑏 50 𝜋 𝑖𝑛/𝑠
9 2 = 𝜇
300 𝑊 = 𝐹 ( 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠) 60 𝑖𝑛. 0.006 𝑖𝑛.
20
𝑭 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟏 𝑵 𝝁 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒓𝒆𝒚𝒏
𝝁 ≈ 𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝝁 𝒓𝒆𝒚𝒏
𝐶𝑑 0.0004
𝐶𝑟 = = = 0.0002 𝑚. 𝐹𝑣𝑚
2 2
𝑓ℎ𝑝 =
𝜇𝐴𝑣𝑠 33,000
𝐹= 60
𝐶𝑟 𝑣𝑚 = 50𝜋 𝑖𝑝𝑠. (12) = 250𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑚
9 9 (40 𝑙𝑏 )(250𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑚)
𝜇 (400 𝜋 𝑚2 ) (20 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑓ℎ𝑝 =
212.21𝑁 = 33,000 𝑙𝑏𝑓. 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛.
(0.0002 𝑚)
1000 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝒇𝒉𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟐
𝜇 = 0.4247183878 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 ( )
1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝝁 = 𝟒𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒔
5. A 20-hp motor, running at 1000 rpm, is 6. A 6x6 in. full bearing has a frictional loss
to drive a compressor through a 3- of 10 hp when the load is 68 kips. The
strand RC-60 (pitch = ¾ in., roller journal rotates at 1600 rpm. It has a
length = ¼ in., roller diameter = 15/32 diametral clearance of 3x10-3 in.
in., link plate thickness = 0.094 in., pin Compute the required viscosity of the
length = 0.978 in., & pin-diameter = oil.
0.234 in.) The compressor shaft has a Given:
75-tooth sprocket and rotates at nearly 𝐿 = 6 𝑖𝑛.
350 rpm. Determine the bearing stress 𝐷 = 6 𝑖𝑛.
between the roller & pin. 𝑓ℎ𝑝 = 10 ℎ𝑝
Given: 𝑊 = 68 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 68,000 𝑙𝑏.
20 − ℎ𝑝 𝜌 = .75 𝑖𝑛. 𝑛 = 1600 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 𝑡𝐿𝑃 = .094 𝑖𝑛. 3 × 10−3
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛.
𝑛1 = 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐿𝑃 = .978 𝑖𝑛. 2
𝑛2 = 350 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐷𝑃 = .234 𝑖𝑛. Solution:
𝐿𝑅 = .25 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 = 75 𝐹 𝑣𝑠
𝐷𝑅 = .46875 𝑖𝑛 =𝜇
𝐴 𝐶𝑟
Find:
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(6 𝑖𝑛. )(1600 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝐹 𝑣𝑠 = =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 60 60
𝑃𝑏 = 𝒗𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎𝝅 𝒊𝒑𝒔.
𝐷𝑃 [𝐿𝑅 + 2(𝑡𝐿𝑃 )]
Solution:
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑊 = 0.01 (4000𝑙𝑏)
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 𝑭 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃.
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(6 𝑖𝑛. )(6 𝑖𝑛. )
𝑣=
12 𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒊𝒏.𝟐
𝜌 . 75
𝐷= = = 17.91 𝑖𝑛.
180 180
sin ( 𝑁 ) sin ( 75 ) 40 𝑙𝑏 50 𝜋 𝑖𝑛/𝑠
2 = 𝜇
𝜋(1.4925 𝑓𝑡)(350) 4179 60 𝑖𝑛. 0.006 𝑖𝑛.
𝑣= = 𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑚
12 8
𝝁 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒓𝒆𝒚𝒏
𝐹𝑣 𝝁 ≈ 𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝝁 𝒓𝒆𝒚𝒏
𝐻𝑃 =
33,000
33,000 (20 − ℎ𝑝)
𝐹=
4179
8 𝜋
𝑭 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗 𝒍𝒃
402.1719 𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 2
(. 234 𝑖𝑛. )[. 25 𝑖𝑛. +2(. 094 𝑖𝑛. )]

𝑷𝒃 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊

7. The load on a 10-cm full bearing is 9 𝑃 = 𝑓𝑊
Kn, n=320 rpm; L/D = 1; Cd/D= 0.0011;
223.95 𝑁
operating oil viscosity is 234 𝑓=
centipoises. Determine the frictional 9000 𝑁
power loss, bearing pressure and 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟑
coefficient of friction in the bearing.
Given:
𝐿 10 𝑐𝑚 8. A bearing sustains a load of 4,450 N.
= =1
𝐷 10 𝑐𝑚 The shaft diameter is 100 mm., the
𝐶𝑑 /𝐷 = 0.0011 coefficient of friction is 0.01, and the
𝜇 = 234 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠; shaft speed is 400 rpm. Find the
*1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠 = 1000 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 horsepower lost in the bearing?
*𝑃𝑎 𝑁
= 2
𝑚 Solution:
𝑛 = 320 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑇𝑁 𝐷
𝑊 = 9 𝑘𝑁 = 9000 𝑁 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ; where 𝑇 = 𝑓𝐹 ( 2 )
SOLUTION: 100𝑚𝑚
(0.01)(4450 𝑁) ( ( )
𝜇𝐴𝑣𝑠 2 ) 400
𝑃=
𝐹= 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚. 𝑟𝑝𝑚 1 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑟 (9.549 × 106 ) (1000 𝑊 )
0.001 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑘𝑊
𝜇 = 234 𝐶𝑝 × = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔
1 𝐶𝑝 𝑷 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐 𝑾
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(0.1)(0.1 𝑖𝑛. )
𝝅 9. Calculate the bearing pressure on a
𝑨= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒊𝒏.𝟐 sleeve bearing that is subjected to a
𝟏𝟎𝟎
radial load of 450 lb. with a diameter of
1.5 in. and a length of 2 inches, if the
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(. 1)(320) 𝟖𝝅 𝒎 wall thickness is 3/16 in.
𝑣𝑠 = = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖
60 60 𝟏𝟓 𝒔 Solution:
𝐶𝑑 0.0011 𝐷 0.0011 (0.1) 𝐹 𝐹
𝐶𝑟 = = = 𝑃= =
2 2 2 𝐿𝐷 𝐿(𝐷 − 2𝑡)
−5
𝐶𝑟 = 5.5 × 10 𝑚.
450 𝑙𝑏
𝜋 8𝜋 𝑃=
0.234 (100) ( ) 3
15 (2 𝑖𝑛. ) (1.5 − 2 ( ) 𝑖𝑛. )
𝐹= 16
5.5 × 10−5

𝑭 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟓 𝑵 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

10. A 2.5” diameter by 2 in. long journal

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
bearing is to carry a 5500-lb load at
8𝜋 3600 rpm using SAE 40 lube oil at
𝑃 = (223.95 𝑁) × ( 𝑚/𝑠)
15 200oF through a single hole at 25 psi.
*
𝑊 = 𝐽/𝑠 *
𝐽 = 𝑁. 𝑚 Compute the bearing pressure.
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝑾 − 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 Solution:
𝐹 5500 𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝐵 = =
𝑊 9,000 𝑁 𝐿𝐷 (2 𝑖𝑛. )(2.5 𝑖𝑛. )
𝑃= =
𝐷𝐿 (0.1 𝑚)(0.1 𝑚)
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.
𝑷 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
 (𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏)
1. The smooth loading on a bearing is 500-lb radial, 100 lb. thrust; n=300 rpm. An Electric
motor drives through gears; continuous, 24 hr./day. (a) Considering deep-grove ball
bearings that may serve, choose one and specify its bore. For the bearing chosen,
determine (b) the rated 90% life and (c) the probability of survival for design life.
SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑋 = 500 𝑙𝑏 ; 𝐹𝑍 = 100 𝑙𝑏,
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 24 ℎ𝑟./𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 90% 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 50,000 ℎ𝑟𝑠
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠. 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑚𝑟
𝐵10 = 50,000 ℎ𝑟𝑠 × × 300 × 6 = 900 𝑚𝑟
ℎ𝑟 min 10 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝐹𝑍 𝐹𝑍
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥 ( ≤ 𝑄) 𝐹𝑒 = 0.56𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐶𝑡 𝐹𝑧 ( > 𝑄)
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥 𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥
𝐶𝑟 = 1 (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦)
𝑎. 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
(𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟, 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑜. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑟, )
Computed
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.3,
Bearing 𝐹𝑍
𝐹𝑠, 𝑙𝑏 𝐹𝑟, 𝑙𝑏 𝐶𝑡 Q Remarks 𝐹𝑒, 𝑙𝑏 𝐹𝑟, 𝑙𝑏
No. 𝐹𝑠
𝐹𝑍
210 4,450 6,070 0.022 2.11 0.21 <𝑄 500 4,827.45
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑍
207 3,070 4,440 0.033 1.94 0.23 <𝑄 500 4,827.45
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑍
208 3,520 5,040 0.028 1.99 0.22 <𝑄 500 4,827.45
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑍
306 3,340 4,850 0.030 1.97 0.22 <𝑄 500 4,827.45
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥
Use Bearing No. 306 with 1.1811 in. bore
𝑏. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 90 % 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒
1
𝐵10 3 1
𝐹𝑟 = ( ) 𝐹𝑒 = 4,850 = (𝐵10 )3 (500)
𝐵𝑟
𝐵10 = 912.673 𝑚𝑟
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠. 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑚𝑟
𝐵10 = 𝐻𝑅 ℎ𝑟𝑠 × × 300 × 6 = 912.673 𝑚𝑟
ℎ𝑟 min 10 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑯𝑹 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟕𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝒉𝒓𝒔.
𝑐. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙
1/1.125
1 1 1/1.125
𝐵 ln ( ) 900 ln ( )
𝑃 ] 𝑃 ]
=[ = =[
𝐵10 1 912.673 1
ln ( ) ln ( )
𝑃10 0.9
𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟓
2. A deep-groove ball bearing No.216 is to operate 30% of the time at 500 rpm with F x =
1200 lb. and Fz = 600 lb., 55% of the time at 800 rpm with Fx = 1000 lb and Fz = 500
lb., 15% of the time at 1200 rpm with F x = 800 lb and Fz = 400 lb. Determine (a) the
cubic mean load; (b) the 90% life of this bearing in hours, (c) the average life in hours.
SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑍3 400
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.3, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑜. 216: = = 0.5 > 𝑄
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥3 800
𝐹𝑟 = 12,600 𝑙𝑏 ; 𝐹𝑠 = 10,000 𝑙𝑏, 𝑆𝑜, 𝐹𝑒3 = 0.56𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥3 + 𝐶𝑡 𝐹𝑍3
− 𝐴𝑡 30% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑛1 = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 0.56(800) + 1.87(400)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ = 1,196 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑍1 𝑎. 𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 600/10,000 = 0.06 1/3
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑒1 3 𝑛1 + 𝐹𝑒2 3 𝑛2 + 𝐹𝑒3 3 𝑛3
𝐹𝑚 = [ ]
𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡: 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3
𝐶𝑡 = 1.687, 𝑄 = 0.263 𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒:
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑛1 = 0.3 (500) = 150 𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝐶𝑟 = 1 𝑛2 = 0.55 (800) = 440 𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝑛3 = 0.15 (1200) = 180 𝑟𝑒𝑣.
𝐹𝑍1 600 1/3
= = 0.5 > 𝑄 (1,684.2)3 (150)
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥1 1,200
+(1445)3 (440)
+(1196)3 (180)
𝑆𝑜, 𝐹𝑒1 = 0.56𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥1 + 𝐶𝑡 𝐹𝑍1 𝐹𝑚 =
150 + 440 + 180
= 0.56(1,200) + 1.687(600)
= 1,684.20 𝑙𝑏
[ ]
− At 55% of the time, 𝑛2 = 800 rpm 𝑭𝒎 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝒍𝒃
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑏. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 90% 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒
𝐹𝑍2 500
= = 0.05 𝐵 1/3
𝐹𝑠 10,000 𝐹𝑟 = [ B10 ] 𝐹𝑒 Note: 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑚
𝑟
𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡: 𝐵10 1/3
12,600 = [ ] 1,450.96
𝐶𝑡 = 1.77, 𝑄 = 0.25 1
𝐹𝑍2 500 𝐵10 = 654.86 𝑚𝑟
= = 0.5 > 𝑄
𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥2 1,000 𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒:
𝑆𝑜, 𝐹𝑒2 = 0.56𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐶𝑡 𝐹𝑍2 𝑛 = 150 + 440 + 180 = 770 𝑟𝑒𝑣.
= 0.56(1,000) + 1.77(500)
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑚𝑟
= 1,445 𝑙𝑏 𝐵10 = 𝐻𝑅 (60 ) (770 ) ( −6 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 10 𝑟𝑒𝑣
− At 15% of the time, 𝑛3 = 1,200 rpm
𝐻𝑹 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟔 𝒉𝒓.
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 12.2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝐹𝑍3 400 𝑐. 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒
= = 0.04 𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 5(90% 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒)
𝐹𝑠 10,000
𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡: 𝑨𝒗𝒆. 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒆 = 𝟕𝟎, 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟎 𝒉𝒓.
𝐶𝑡 = 1.87, 𝑄 = 0.237
 BELT
(𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍)

1. An air compressor is driven by a 7.5 HP 2. An 18kW, 1800 rpm induction motor is

electric motor with a speed of 1750 rpm used to drive a ventilating fan. The
with a flat belt of length 40 in. The pitch speed ratio is 4.5 is to 1. The fan pulley
diameter of the small sheave is 4 ½ in. is 460 mm. in diameter and the center
and the larger sheave is 8 in. The distance is 1524 mm. The density of the
contact coefficient friction is 0.4. The belt is 970 kg/m3 and coefficient friction
belt is made of leather with density and between belt & pulley is 0.3. If the belt
design stress of 0.035 lb/in.3 and 400 width is 6 times its thickness and the
psi, respectively. If the belt thickness is allowable belt stress is 20 MPa,
15/64 in., compute its minimum width. determine the minimum width and
SOLUTION: thickness of the belt.
SOLUTION:
12𝜌𝑣𝑠 2 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1
𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 𝑏𝑡 (𝑠 − ) ( 𝑓𝜃 ) 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1
32.2 𝑒
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹𝑐 )
𝑒 𝑓𝜃
(𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )𝑣𝑚
ℎ𝑝 = 𝐷1 460 920
33,000 𝑫𝟏 = = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎
4.5 4.5 9
𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 𝜋(4.5)(1,750)
𝑣𝑚 = = 𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 𝜋(0.10222)(1,800)
12 12 𝑣𝑠 = =
2625𝜋 60 60
𝑣𝑚 = = 2061.67 𝑓𝑝𝑚 𝟒𝟔𝝅
4 𝒗𝒔 = = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝑣𝑚 175𝜋 𝟏𝟓
𝑣𝑠 = = = 34.6 𝑓𝑝𝑠
60 60 𝑃 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )𝑣𝑠
33,000(7.5) 18,000
𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 =
2625𝜋 46𝜋
4 15
𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 120.05 𝑙𝑏 𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟒 𝑵

𝐷2 − 𝐷1 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑠𝑏𝑡 = 20 (6𝑡) 𝑡 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒕𝟐 𝑵 Note: t & b

𝜃=𝜋− are in mm.
𝐶 𝐹𝑐 = 𝜌𝑏𝑡𝑣𝑠 2
𝜋 (𝐷 − 𝐷2 )2 6𝑡 𝑡 46𝜋 2
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + (𝐷1 + 𝐷2 ) + 1 𝐹𝑐 = (970) ( )( )( )
2 4𝐶 1000 1000 15
𝜋 (8 − 4.5)2 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝒕𝟐 𝑵
40 = 2𝐶 + (4.5 + 8) +
2 4𝐶 920
𝐷2 − 𝐷1 460 − 9
𝐶 = 10.03 𝑖𝑛. 𝜃=𝜋− =𝜋−
8 − 4.5 𝐶 1524
𝜃=𝜋− 𝜽 = 𝟐. 𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅
10.03
𝜃 = 2.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑒 (.3)(2.9) − 1
1,868.34 𝑁 = (120𝑡 2 𝑁 − 0.54𝑡 2 𝑁)
𝑒 (.3)(2.9)
175𝜋 2
15 12(. 35) ( ) 𝑒 (.4)(2.8) − 1
120.05 = 𝑏 ( ) (400 − 16 ) ( (.4)(2.8) ) 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎
64 32.2 𝑒
𝑏 = 6𝑡
𝑴𝒊𝒏. 𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝒊𝒏. 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒎.
3. A flat belt (specific mass = 60 lb./ft3) will 4. A traction elevator carries maximum
be used to transmit 10 hp at 1,800 rpm. weight of 50 Kn has an acceleration of
The pitch diameter of the driver sheave 1m/sec2; the 4 cables pass over the
and driven sheave are 4 in. and 8 in., upper sheave four times and the lower
respectively. The center distance is 30 sheave twice, as shown. Compute the
in. The coefficient of friction between minimum weight of counterweight to
the belt and the sheave is 0.3. prevent slipping on the driving sheave if
Determine the minimum cross- it is iron with a greasy rope, f=0.07.
sectional area of the belt so that the
stress of the belt will not succeed 435
psi.
SOLUTION:
𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹𝑐 )
𝑒 𝑓𝜃
𝐷2 − 𝐷1 8−4
𝜃=𝜋− =𝜋− SOLUTION:
𝐶 30
𝜽 = 𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑤
𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 𝜋(4 𝑖𝑛. )(1,800) ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑣𝑚 = = 𝑔
12 12 𝑎
𝒗𝒎 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 𝒇/𝒎 𝐹1 − 𝑊𝐸 = 𝑊𝐸
𝑔
𝑣𝑚 600𝜋 𝑎 1
𝑣𝑠 = = = 10𝜋 = 31.42 𝑓𝑝𝑠 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑊𝐸 (1 + ) = 50 (1 + ) = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟎 𝑵
60 60 𝑔 9.81
𝑤
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏 ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑔
𝜌 = 60 3 ( ) = 0.0347 3
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎
𝑊𝑐𝑤 − 𝐹2 = 𝑊𝑐𝑤
𝐹𝑐 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑠 2 𝑔
𝑎
𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑐𝑤 (1 + ) = 𝐹2
𝐹𝑐 = (0.0347 3
) 𝐴(10𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑠)2 ( ) 𝑔
𝑖𝑛 32.2 𝑓𝑝𝑠
𝐹2
𝑭𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟏 𝑨 𝑊𝑐𝑤 = 𝑎
1+𝑔
𝑭𝟏 = 𝑠𝐴 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝑨
𝐹1
33,000 (ℎ𝑝) 33,000 (10) = 𝑒𝑓𝜃
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = = 𝐹2
𝑣𝑚 600𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = (2 + 3) 180° = 900° × = 5𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟕 𝒍𝒃. 180°
55.10 𝑁
𝑒 (.3)(3) − 1 𝑭𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟓 𝑵
(
175.07 = 435 𝐴 − 12.7631 𝐴 ) 𝑒(0.07)(5𝜋)
𝑒 (.3)(3) 18.35
𝑊𝑐𝑤 =
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟕 𝒊𝒏. 𝟐 1
1 + 9.81

𝑾𝒄𝒘 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝑵
5. A traction elevator with a total weight of 6. Determine the maximum power that
36 kN has an acceleration of 1 m/sec2; can be transmitted by 5mm x 100mm
the 4 cables pass over the upper flat leather belt (density = 968 kg/m3), at
sheave thrice and the lower one twice, a driver speed of 1800 rpm, so that the
as shown below. Compute the stress of the belt will not exceed 3 MPa.
minimum weight of counterweight to The pitch dimeter of the driver sheave
prevent slipping on the driving sheave if and driven sheave are 110mm and
it is iron with a greasy rope, f = 0.07.
200mm, respectively. The center
distance is 800 mm. The coefficient of
friction between the belt and the sheave
is 0.3.
Given:
𝜌 = 968 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑛 = 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁 1000 𝑚𝑚 2
𝑠 = 3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3 × ( )
𝑚𝑚2 1𝑚
𝑠 = 3 × 106 𝑁/𝑚2
SOLUTION:
𝐷1 = 110 = .11 𝑚
𝑤 𝐷2 = 200 = .2 𝑚
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑔 𝐶 = 800 𝑚. = .8 𝑚
1 𝑏 = 5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 𝑚
𝐹1 − 36 = 36 ( ) 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚
9.81
1 𝑓 = 0.3
𝑭𝟏 = 36 (1 + ) = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵
9.81 SOLUTION:
𝐹1
= 𝑒𝑓𝜃 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 ) 𝑣𝑠
𝐹2
𝜋 𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 𝜋(0.11)(1,800) 𝟑𝟑
𝜃 = (3 + 2) 180° = 900° × = 5𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180° 𝒗𝒔 = = = 𝝅 𝒎/𝒔
39.67 𝑘𝑁 60 60 𝟏𝟎
𝑭𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟏 𝑵 𝐷2 − 𝐷1 . 2 − .11
𝑒(0.07)(5𝜋) 𝜽=𝜋− =𝜋− = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝐶 .8
𝑤 𝑎
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑎 = 𝑊𝑐𝑤 ( ) 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑔 𝑔
𝑎 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1
𝑊𝑐𝑤 − 𝐹2 = 𝑊𝑐𝑤 ( ) 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 𝑏𝑡[𝑠 − 𝜌(𝑣𝑠 )2 ]
𝑔 𝑒 𝑓𝜃
𝑎
𝐹2 = 𝑊𝑐𝑤 (1 + ) 33 2
𝑒(.3)(3.03) − 1
𝑔 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = (. 005) (. 1) [3 × 106 − (968) ( 𝜋) ]
10 𝑒(.3)(3.03)
13.21
𝑊𝑐𝑤 = 𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝑵
1
1 + 9.81
𝑃 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )𝑣𝑠
𝑴𝒊𝒏. 𝑾𝒄𝒘 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝑵 33
𝑃 = (864.55 𝑁) ( 𝜋 𝑚/𝑠)
10

𝑷 = 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟗 𝑾 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑾
7. What horsepower is to be taken oof the
SOLUTION:
driven shaft of an open-belt drive
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 :
operated under the following 𝐷
conditions: driving pulley 84 in. in 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ( 2 ) (𝑁)
diameter, driven pulley 48 in. in 𝑃=
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
diameter, speed of driving pulley 150
rpm, total tension on tight side of belt 12 − 𝑖𝑛.
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ( 2 ) (800 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
300 lb., total tension on slack side of 70 ℎ𝑝 =
belt 50 lb.? 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
63025 𝐻𝑝 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑣 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 919.1 𝑙𝑏.
𝐻𝑃 = 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
33,000
84 919.1 𝑙𝑏
(300 − 50) [𝜋 (12) (150)] 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
𝑙𝑏
𝐻𝑃 = 78 𝑖𝑛
33,000
𝑯𝑷 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒉𝒑 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖 𝒊𝒏.
8. A 1/4 -in belt transmit 30 hp while 10. Find the angle of contact on the small
running on a 2-ft pulley rotating at 600 pulley for a belt drive with a 72-in center
rpm. The allowable belt stress is 500 distance if the pulley diameters are 6”
psi; the angle of contact is 150 deg. and 12” respectively.
Compute the belt width required,
SOLUTION:
assuming the coefficient of friction is
𝐷2 − 𝐷1 180
0.40 and the specific weight of belt 𝜃 = (𝜋 − )( )
material is 0.035 lb./in3. 𝐶 𝜋
12 − 6 180
SOLUTION: 𝜃 = (𝜋 − )( )
150𝜋 72 𝜋
( )
𝑒 𝑓𝜃 = 𝑒 0.4 ( 180 ) = 2.85
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟐°
𝑣𝑠 = = 62.8
60 𝑠 11. An open belt drive connects a 450 mm
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝑏): driving pulley to another driven pulley
𝑃 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 − 1 1400 mm. in diameter. The belt is 300
𝑏= ( )
𝜌𝑣𝑠 2 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 mm. wide and 10 mm. thick. Determine
𝑣𝑠 𝑡 (𝑆𝑎 − 𝑔 )
the arc of contact between the belt and
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑏=
(550 𝐻𝑝 − 𝑠 ) 2.85 − 1 the pulley considering that the center
( )
𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡 2 2.85 distance is 4 m.
𝑓𝑡 1 𝑙𝑏 (. 035 𝑖𝑛3 ) (62.8 𝑠 )
(62.8 𝑠 ) (4 𝑖𝑛) (500 2 − )
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
(32.2 2 ) (12 𝑖𝑛.)
𝑠 SOLUTION:
𝐷−𝑑 𝐷2 − 𝐷1
𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 𝒊𝒏. 𝜃 = (𝜋 − )= 𝜋−( )
𝐶 𝐶
9. Determine the width of a 6-ply rubber
belt required for a ventilating fan 𝜽 = 𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
running at 150 rpm driven from a 12”
pulley on a 70 Hp at 800 rpm. The
center distance between pulley is 12 ft.
and the rated belt tension is 78.0 lb/in
width.
 (𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏)
1. A 30-hp, 880-rpm, squirrel-cage, compensator starting electric motor is used to drive
an exhaust fan at 230 rpm; using a medium double leather belt; cemented joints; C
=54 in, jerky loads, wet environment. (a) What driving and driven pulley sizes are
needed for a speed recommended as about economical in the Text? (b) Determine the
belt width by the ALBA tables.
a.)
𝑣𝑚 = 4,250 𝑓𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 𝜋𝐷1 (880)
𝑣𝑚 = = 4,250 =
12 12
𝐷1 = 18.45 𝑖𝑛., Say 𝑫𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏.
𝑛1 𝐷1 = 𝑛2 𝐷2
𝑛 880
𝐷2 = 𝑛1 𝐷1 = 230 (18) = 68.90 𝑖𝑛., Say 𝑫𝟐 = 𝟔𝟗 𝒊𝒏.
2
20
b.) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡, 𝑡 = 64 𝑖𝑛.
ℎ𝑝
𝐷𝐻𝑃 = ( ) 𝑏 𝐶𝑚 𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑓1 𝐶𝑓2 …
𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 17.7, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙
− 𝑐𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.
𝑁𝑠𝑓 = 1.6 + 0.2 = 1.8
𝐷𝐻𝑃 = 𝑁𝑠𝑓 (𝑇𝐻𝑃) = 1.8 (30) = 54 ℎ𝑝
𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 𝜋(18)(880)
𝑣𝑚 = = = 4147 𝑓𝑝𝑚
12 12
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 17.1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑣𝑚 = 4147 𝑓𝑝𝑚
ℎ𝑝
= 11.194
𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 17.2,
𝐶𝑚 = 0.67 (𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙 − 𝑐𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐶𝑝 = 0.9 (𝐷1 = 18 𝑖𝑛. )

𝐶𝑓1 = 0.83 (𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠)

𝐶𝑓2 = 0.74 (𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)

54 = (11.194)𝑏(0.67)(0.9)(0.83)(0.74)
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑 𝒊𝒏.
 CHAIN
(𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍)

1. A roller chain 50 (pitch = 16mm, pin 2. A conveyor is driven by an electric

diameter = 5mm, pin length = 20mm, motor through a flexible coupling to
roller diameter = 10mm, roller length = worm-gear speed reducer, whose mw ≈
9.5mm, link plate thickness = 2mm) is 35, and then via a roller chain to the
to transmit 16kW from a split-phase conveyor shaft that is to turn about 12
motor, turning 570 rpm, to a rpm; motor rpm is 1750. RC 60 is used
reciprocating pump, turning at 200 rpm; which has ¾-in. pitch, 0.234-in. pin
24 hr./day service (service factor = 1.4). diameter, ½-in. roller length and 0.094-
The tooth numbers of the sprockets are in link-plate thickness. The conveyor
21 and 60. shaft sprocket has 50 teeth. Center to
(a) Determine the number of strand if center distance is 18 in. What is the
the chain rated power is 8 kW. maximum horsepower that can be
(b) Compute the bearing pressure of transmitted of the roller chain if the
the chain. allowable bearing stress is 5 ksi? How
many links are required?
SOLUTION:
𝐷𝑃𝐻 SOLUTION:
a) 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑅𝐻𝑃
𝐹
𝐷𝑃 = 𝑁𝑠𝑓 (𝑇𝑃) = (1.4)(16 𝑘𝑊 ) 𝑃𝑏 =
𝐷𝑝 (𝐿𝑅 + 2𝑡𝐿𝑃 )
𝐷𝑃 = 22.4 𝑘𝑊
22.4 𝑘𝑊 𝐹
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 2.8 5,000 =
8 𝑘𝑊 0.234[0.5 + 2(0.094)]
𝐹 = 804.96 𝑙𝑏
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟑
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜌𝑁𝑛 . 75 (50)(12)
𝐹
𝑣𝑚 = = =
b) 𝑃𝑏 =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 12 12 12
𝐷𝑝 (𝐿𝑅 +2𝑡𝐿𝑃 )
𝐷𝑃 𝑣𝑚 = 37.5 𝑓𝑝𝑚
𝐹= 𝐹𝑣𝑚 (804.96)(37.5)
𝑣𝑠 ℎ𝑝 = =
𝜋𝐷1 𝑛1 33,000 33,000
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒉𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟒
60
𝜌 16
𝐷1 = = 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 (𝑁1 − 𝑁2 )2
180 180 𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
sin ( 𝑁 ) sin ( 21 ) 2 40𝐶
𝐷1 = 107.352 𝑚𝑚. 18
𝜋(0.107352)(570) 𝐶= = 24 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠
𝑣𝑠 = = 3.2039 𝑚/𝑠 . 75
60
22.4 𝑘𝑊 𝑛𝑚 1750
𝐹= = 6.99 𝑁 𝑚𝑤 = = 35 =
3.2039 𝑚/𝑠 𝑛1 𝑛1
6.99 𝑁
3 𝑛1 = 50 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃𝑏 =
5 𝑚𝑚. [9.5 𝑚𝑚. +2(2 𝑚𝑚. )] 𝑛2 12
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = (50) = 12 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝑛1 50
𝑷𝒃 = 𝑴𝑷𝒂 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟐 𝑷𝒂
𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟎 12 + 50 (50 − 12)2
𝐿 = 2(24) + +
2 40(24)
𝑳 = 𝟖𝟐 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒔
3. A 10-hp split-phase motor running at 4. A roller chain is to transmit 20-hp from
1,150 rpm is to drive a compressor a split-phase motor, turning 570 rpm, to
through a 1-strand RC-50 (pitch = 5/8 a reciprocating pump through a 3-
in.) and through the medium of a rollers strands RC 60 (P=3/4 in.), turning at
chain, 88 hrs. per day service. The 200 rpm; 12 hr./day service; C≈30 in.
compressor runs at approximately 300 Determine the length of chain with 𝑁1 =
rpm and is to be located 20 in. from the 17-teeth, and the linear chain speed.
motor shaft. The tooth numbers of the
SOLUTION:
driving sprocket is 21-teeth.
(a) Determine the no. of links. 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 (𝑁1 − 𝑁2 )2
(b) Compute the pitch diameters of 𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
2 40𝐶
sprocket.
30
SOLUTION: 𝐶= = 40 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠/𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠
3
4
𝑎. 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑛1 570
𝑁2 = 𝑁1 = (17) = 48.45
𝑁1 + 𝑁2 (𝑁1 − 𝑁2 )2 𝑛2 200
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + + 𝑁2 = 49 − 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
2 40𝐶
17 + 49 (17 + 49)2
20 𝐿 = 2(40) + +
𝐶= = 32 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠/𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 2 40(40)
5 = 113.64
8 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒔
𝑛2 1150
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = (21) = 80.5
𝑛1 300 𝑃𝑁1 𝑛1 (.75)(17)(570)
𝑣𝑚 = =
12 12
𝑵𝟏 = 𝟖𝟏 𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒉 𝒗𝒎 = 𝟔𝟎𝟓. 𝟔 𝒇𝒑𝒎.
81 + 21 (81 + 21)2
𝐿 = 2(32) + + = 117.81
2 40(32)
5. A 20-tooth motor sprocket, running at
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒔
1200 rpm, drives a blower at speed
ration of 4:1. Compute the length of
𝑏. 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
chain in pitches is required to connect
5 the sprockets by using the largest
𝜌 8
𝐷1 = = permissible chain size with the largest
180 180 permissible center distance of 80
sin ( 𝑁 ) sin ( 21 )
1 pitches.
𝑫𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝒊𝒏 SOLUTION:
5
𝜌 8 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 (𝑁1 − 𝑁2 )2
𝐷2 = = 𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
180 180 2 40𝐶
sin ( 𝑁 ) sin ( 81 )
2
𝑁1 = 𝑚𝑤 𝑁2 = 4(20)
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏
𝑵𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒉
80 + 20 (80 + 20)2
𝐿 = 2(80) + + = 211.13
2 40(80)
𝑳 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒔
6. A roller chain and sprocket are to drive 9. A chain and sprocket have a pitch
vertical centrifugal discharge bucket diameter of 28.654 in. and there are 90
elevator. The pitch of chain connecting teeth available. Find the pitch of the
sprockets is 1.75”. The driving sprocket chain.
is rotating at 120 rpm and has 11 teeth
while the driven sprocket is rotating at SOLUTION:
38 rpm. Determine the number of teeth 𝑃
𝐷=
of driven sprocket. 180
sin ( 𝑁 )
𝑡
SOLUTION: 180
𝑃 = sin ( )𝐷
𝑛1 120 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑁𝑡
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ( ) = 11 = 34.74 180
𝑛2 38 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑃 = sin ( ) (28.625 𝑖𝑛. )
90
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒉 𝑷 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒏.

7. A 20-tooth motor sprocket, running at 10. A fan requires at least 4.5 hp to deliver
1200 rpm, drives a blower at a speed 18,000 CFM of air running at 320 rpm.
ratio of 4:1. Using the For a service factor of 1.15, find the
largest permissible chain size and the designed horsepower of the sprocket.
largest permissible center distance
of 80 pitches, what length of chain in SOLUTION:
pitches is required to connect the 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑃 × 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
sprockets? 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑃 = 4.5 𝐻𝑃 × 1.15

SOLUTION: 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝑯𝑷

𝑁𝑡1 + 𝑁𝑡2 (𝑁𝑡2 − 𝑁𝑡1 )2
𝐿𝑐 = + 2𝐶𝑝 11. A 20-tooth driving sprocket that rotates
2 40 𝐶𝑝
at 600 rpm and a pitch chain of ½ in
𝑳𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔 drives a driven sprocket with a speed of
200 rpm. Find the diameter of the
8. A chain and sprocket have 24 teeth driven sprocket.
with a chain pitch of ½ in. If the sprocket
turns at 600 rpm, find the speed of the SOLUTION:
chain. 𝑣 = 𝑝(𝑡)(𝑁1 ) = 𝜋(𝑁2 )𝐷
𝑝(𝑡)(𝑁1 )
SOLUTION: 𝐷=
𝜋 (𝑁2 )
1 (0.5 𝑖𝑛)(20)(600 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑃 𝑖𝑛.
𝐷= = 2 𝐷=
𝜋 (200 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
180 180
sin ( 𝑁 ) sin ( 24 )
𝑡 𝑫 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝒊𝒏.
𝐷 = 3.83064 𝑖𝑛.
𝜋𝐷𝑛
𝑣=
12
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 𝜋 (600 ) (3.83064 𝑖𝑛. ) ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
𝒗 = 𝟔𝟎𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝒇𝒑𝒎
 WIRE ROPES

Find the total tensile load when a 1” – 6 Find the fatigue approach factor of
x 19 MPS wire rope carrying a load of 3 safety of the wire rope in the above
metric tons is bent around an 1140 mm problem if its ultimate strength is 200
diameter sheave. The rope weighs 300 ksi.
lb. Acceleration of the load is about 2 SOLUTION:
fps^2.
𝑃
SOLUTION: (𝑆𝑢) (𝐷𝑟)(𝐷𝑠)(𝑆𝑛)
𝑎
𝑁=
𝐹𝑇 = ( 𝑊𝐿 + 𝑊𝑅 )( 1 + 𝑔 ) 2𝐹𝑡
(0.0015)(30 × 1)(1)(200000)
𝑁=
2205 2(7329)
𝑊𝐿 = 3 ( ) = 6615 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1 𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏

𝐹𝑇 = ( 6615 + 300) ( 1 + ) For a mine hoist cage weigh 5900 lb,

the car is 2100 lb and the load of coal in
𝑭𝑻 = 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟗. 𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒔 the car is 2800 lb one car loaded at a
time on the hoist. The maximum depth
Calculate the equivalent bending load is 1500 ft. It takes 6 seconds to
of rope from the above problem. Use accelerate the cage to 3285 fpm.
the following proportions: Dw = 0.067 Decide on a grade of wire, kind, and
Dr; Ds = 30Dr; Am = 0.4Dr2 where Dr = size of rope on the basis of life 2×10 ^5
rope diameter, Dw = wire diameter, Ds = cycles and N =1.3 against fatigue
sheave diameter, and Am = metallic failure.
cross-section area.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝑊𝐻 = 5900 + 2100 + 2800
𝐷𝑊
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐷 𝑊𝐻 = 10 800 𝑙𝑏
𝐷𝑆 𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.067 𝑉 3285 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) (60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
(30 𝑥 104 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) ( ) (0.4 D𝑟 4 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) 𝐴 = =
𝐷𝑊 𝑡 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡
𝑭𝑩 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝐴 = 9.125
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Find the static factor of safety of the 𝑤𝐿 + 𝑤𝐻
wire rope in the above problem if its 𝐹𝑡 = (𝑤𝐿 − 𝑤𝐻 ) = (𝑎)
32.2
breaking strength is 31.6 tons. 𝑎
𝐹𝑡 = (𝑤𝐿 − 𝑤𝐻 ) = ( + 1)
SOLUTION: 𝑔
𝐹𝑈 −𝐹𝐵
𝑁= Using 6 x 19 wire rope for general
𝐹𝑇
purpose; From table AT 28
𝑙𝑏
𝑁= 𝑊 = 1.6 𝐷𝑟 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑵 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝟕 𝐷𝑠 = 45 𝐷𝑟 𝑖𝑛.
𝐹𝑡 = (1.6 𝐷𝑟 2( 1500)
9.125
+ ( 10800)) ( + 1)
32.2
𝐹𝑡 = 3080 𝐷𝑟 2 + 13860.56 𝑙𝑏
 2 𝑁𝐹𝑡 A wire rope lifts a load of 10 kips at a
𝐷𝑟𝐷𝑠 = 𝜌
(𝑆𝑢) 𝑆𝑢 maximum speed of 1200 fpm attained
in 10 seconds starting from rest. The
From Figure 17, 30 for 6 x 19 wire rope rope has a metallic cross-sectional area
with 2 x 105 cycles of 0.4 in². Wire diameter of 0.067 in
𝑃 modulus elasticity of 12 × 10⁶ psi and
= 0.0028 ultimate load of 76 kips. The sheave
𝑆𝑢
2(1.4)(3080 + 13860 ) has a diameter of 3 ft. Neglecting the
𝐷𝑟(45𝐷𝑟) = weight of the rope and determine the
0.0028 𝑆𝑢
36037 factor of safety.
𝐷𝑟 2 = SOLUTION:
0.126𝑆𝑢 − 8008.312
For PLOW steel 𝐹𝑢 − 𝐹𝑏
36037 𝑁=
𝐷𝑟 2 = 𝐹𝑡
0.126(22500) − 8008.312
𝐸𝐷𝑤
𝑫𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒊𝒏. 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑏 𝐴𝑚 = 𝐴𝑚
𝐷𝑠
The wire rope of mine hoist handles a 𝐹𝑏 = 8933 𝑙𝑏
total load of 12 kips. It lifts coal at a 1200
maximum depth of 1500 ft and takes 6 −0
𝑎 = 60 = 2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
seconds to accelerate the load cage to 10
200 fpm. The diameter of the drum if 5 𝑎
ft. Determine the Su. 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑊 (1 + )
𝑔
SOLUTION: 𝑎
𝐹𝑡 = 10000 (1 + )
𝑔
𝐷𝑠 = 60 𝑖𝑛. 𝐹𝑡 = 10 621 𝑙𝑏
𝑃 3600 − 8933
= 0.0028 𝑁=
𝑆𝑢 10621
𝐷𝑠 = 450𝑟 𝑵 = 𝟖. 𝟐
𝐷𝑟 = 1.33𝑖𝑛
5.56
𝐹𝑡 = (2.4 (1.25)2 + 12) ( + 1)
32.2
𝐹𝑡 = 18.477 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2 𝑁𝐹𝑡
𝑆𝑢 =
𝑃
𝐷𝑟𝐷𝑠 (𝑆𝑢)

𝑺𝒖 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒔𝒊
 FLYWHEEL
A cast iron flywheel is rotated at a The shear strength of a plate is 300
speed of 1,200 rpm and has a mean MPa. Calculate the energy in kN – m
rim radius of 1 foot. If the weight of the required to punch a 40 mm diameter
rim is 30 lbs., what is the centrifugal hole in a plate 7 mm thick.
force? SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: 1
𝐸 = F tp
𝑟2 2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚 ( )
𝑟 𝐹 = 𝐴. 𝑆
1200
𝑟 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 = 𝜋(2) ( ) 𝐹 = 300 × 𝜋(40 × 7) = 263 893 𝑁
60
𝑟 = 125.66 𝑓/𝑠 1 1 1
𝐸 = (263 893 ) ( )( )
2 1000 1000
(30)(125.66)2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐 𝐊𝐍 𝐦
(32.2)(1)
𝑭𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒 𝟕𝟏𝟐, 𝟒𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐬 A flywheel weighing 910 kg has a radius
of gyration of 1524 mm. The shaft
What pressure is required to punch a journals are 304.8 mm in diameter and
hole 2 inches diameter through a ¼” have a coefficient of friction of 0.06.
steel plate? After the wheel reaches 120 rpm, the
SOLUTION: driving force is withdrawn and the
wheel slows to 60 rpm. How much
𝐹 = 𝑑 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 80
energy thus the wheel loss?
𝐹 = 2 𝑥 1/4 𝑥 80
SOLUTION:
𝑭 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑘 2 (𝑤 2 − 𝑤 2 )
Determine the minimum operating 2
speed if the coefficient of fluctuation is 1
𝐾𝐸 = (910 × 1.52)2 (12.572 − 6.282 )
0.12 and the maximum operating speed 2
is 280 rpm. 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟑 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
SOLUTION:
𝑣1 − 𝑣2
𝐶𝑓 = 𝑣 + 𝑣
1 2
2
2 − 𝐶𝑓
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 ( )
2 + 𝐶𝑓
2 − 0.12
𝑣2 = 280 ( )
2 + 0.12

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖. 𝟓 𝐫𝐩𝐦
A shearing machine is used to punch 8 𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(. 8)(1200) 𝑚
𝑉= = = 16𝜋
holes per minute on a 1-inch-thick 60 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
plate. The hole is 3/4 inch in diameter 25,200
𝑚=
and plate has an ultimate strength in (0.12) (16𝜋)2
shear of 60 ksi. The normal operating 𝒎 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒈.
speed is 200 rpm and it slows down 180
rpm during the punching. The flywheel A flywheel of an engine has a moment
has an outside diameter of 3ft, a rim 9 of inertia 2.50 kg.m² about its rotational
in, rim thickness of 3in. Assume that the axis. What constant torque is required
arm and hub account for 10 percent of to bring it up to angular speed of 400
the rim weight considering the mean rpm in 8 sec, starting at rest?
diameter and density of the rim 450 𝑤
lb./ft³, determine the horsepower to 𝑇 = 𝐼( )
𝑡
punch a hole. Nu= 4 40𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1
𝑇 = (2.5) ( )( )
SOLUTION: 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏 𝑵 − 𝒎.
𝐸 = F tp
2
1 3
𝐸 = (4 × 60 ) (𝜋 × × 1) (1)
2 4
ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ( 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
𝐻𝑃 =
33,000
1
90𝜋 × 1000 (12) (8)
𝐻𝑃 =
33,000
𝑯𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟏

A machine is to be use in cutting 1,200

mm wide and 10mm thick plate having
ultimate strength of 420Mpa. The
flywheel has a mean diameter of
800mm a coefficient of fluctuation of
0.12 and an average of angular speed
of 1200 rpm. Find the mass of the
flywheel in kg.
SOLUTION:
𝐸
𝑚=
𝐶𝑓 𝑣 2
1
𝐸 = (𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡) 𝑡
2
1
𝐸 = (420)(1200)(10)2
2
𝐸 = 25.2 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚.
 SPUR GEAR
2(2050)
A machinist made two 8-diametrical 𝐹𝑡 = 4
pitch spur gears to be mounted at a
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝒍𝒃𝒔
center distance of 10 inches with an SR
of 7:9. Determine the number of teeth in Find the tooth thickness of a gear if it
each gear. has a diametral pitch of 4.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
7 𝐷𝐴 𝜋
𝑆𝑅 = = 𝑡=
9 𝐷𝐵 2 𝑃𝑑
9 1.5708
𝐷= 𝐷𝑎 𝑡=
7 𝑃𝑑
𝑃𝑑 = 8 = 𝑃𝑑𝑎 = 𝑃𝑑𝑏 1.5708
𝑡=
𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑎 4 in
=
8.75 0.25 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟕 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑻𝒂 = 𝟕𝟎
A pair of Spur gears with 20° full-depth
𝑻𝒃 = 𝟗𝟎 teeth (a=1/pd, d= 1.25/pd, BL=
0.035/Pd) has a tooth thickness of 0.31
An internal gear is set up with a 5”
in. The pinion has 22 teeth and the gear
diameter pinion at a center distance of
has 45 teeth. Determine the whole
18”. Find the diameter of the annular
depth working depth, clearance, and
gear.
center distance.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝐷𝑏 − 𝐷𝑎
𝐶= 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑇𝑇 + 𝑇𝑆
𝑎
𝐷𝑏 − 5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑇𝑇 + 𝑇𝑆 + 𝐵𝐿
18 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜋 0.035
𝑎2 = 2𝑇𝑇 +
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝑫𝒃 = 𝟒𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 𝜋 − 0.035
𝑃𝑑 = =5
2(0.31)
A spur pinion rotates at 1800 rpm and
𝑊ℎ𝐷 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
transmits to a mating gear of 30 hp. The
1 1.25 2.25
pitch diameter is 4” and the angle of 𝑊ℎ𝐷 = + =
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 5
obliquity is 14 1/2. Determine the
tangential force on the gear in lbs. 𝑾𝒉𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏

SOLUTION: 1
𝑊𝑜𝐷 = 2𝑎 = 2 ( )
2𝑇 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛 5
𝐹𝑡 = ( )
𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑾𝒐𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒊𝒏
𝑇𝑛
𝑃=
63,000 𝐷 = 𝑊ℎ𝐷 − 𝑊𝑜𝐷 = 0.45 − 0.4
𝑇 (1800)
30 ℎ𝑝 = 𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒊𝒏
63000
𝑇 = 1050 𝑙𝑏 𝑖𝑛
 𝐷𝑝 + 𝐷𝑔 SOLUTION:
𝐶=
2 𝐷𝑔
𝑁𝑝 + 𝑁𝑔 𝑀𝑤 =
2𝐶 = 𝐷𝑝
𝑃𝑑
𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑔
𝑪 = 𝟔. 𝟕 𝒊𝒏. + =𝐶
2 2
𝐷𝑝 + 3𝐷𝑝
A machinist made two 9 diametral pitch 90 𝑚𝑚 =
2
spurs gear to be mounted at a center 𝐷𝑝 = 45 𝑚𝑚.
distance 18 inches with a speed ratio of 𝐷𝑔 = 3(45) = 135 𝑚𝑚.
4 to 5. Compute the diameter of each 1
gear No. Of teeth of each gear, and the 2.5 = =
𝑃𝑑
outside diameter of each gear.
𝑷𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟒
SOLUTION:
𝑁𝑝 = (𝐷𝑝)(𝑃𝑑 ) = 45(0.4)
𝐷𝑔
𝑀𝑤 =
𝐷𝑝 𝑵𝒑 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒉
𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑔
+ =𝐶 𝑁𝑔 = (𝐷𝑔)(𝑃𝑑 ) = 135(0.4)
2 2
5 𝑵𝒈 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒉
𝐷𝑝 + 𝐷𝑝 = 2(18)
4
𝐷𝑝 = 16 𝑖𝑛. A Bohol machine shop fabricated a pair
5 of spur gear with a 1/9 module to be
𝐷𝑔 = (16) = 20 𝑖𝑛. mounted to a shaft with a center
4
𝑁𝑝 = 𝑃𝑑 𝐷 distance of 18 in. The required speed
𝑁𝑝 = 9(16) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 ratio is 1.25. Determine the pitch
𝑁𝑔 = 20(9) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 diameter of the gear and pinion.
SOLUTION:
1
𝑂𝐷 = 𝐷 2𝑎 = 𝐷 + 2 ( ) 1 1
𝑃𝑑 𝑀 = =
146 𝑃𝑑 𝑔
𝑂𝐷𝑝 = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 𝒊𝒏.
9 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑔
2 + =𝐶
𝑂𝐷𝑔 = 20 + = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝒊𝒏. 2 2
9 𝐶 = 18
𝐷𝑝 + 𝐷𝑔 = 36
A machine shop fabricates a spur gear 𝐷𝑔
2.5 module to be mounted to a shop 𝑀𝑤 =
𝐷𝑝
with a center line of 90mm it will be
made based on a 20° full-depth involute 𝑴𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
tooth (a=1/Pd, d=1.25/Pd, TT=
𝐷𝑔 = 1.25(𝐷𝑝) = 36
1.57/Pd). The speed ratio is 3:1.
Determine the pitch diameter and 𝑫𝒑 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏
number of teeth.
𝑫𝒈 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒊𝒏
 HELICAL GEAR
2 helical gears having a 20° normal 𝐹 = √2245.572 + 15002 + 2761.066
pressure angle, 20.5° transverse 𝑭 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 𝒍𝒃
pressure angle, and 6 per inch. The
diametral pitch is to transmit 100 hp at A helical gear with tangential pitch of 1
1200 rpm. The gear has 66 teeth ant inch carries on axial force of 1200 lb
the velocity ratio is 3. Compute the and tangential force of 1800 lb.
normal circular pitch, normal diametral Compute the normal circular pitch.
pitch, axial pitch, and total load.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜑
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 1200 = 1800 tan 𝜑
tan 20 𝜑 = 33.69 °
𝜑 = cos−1 ( ) = 13.224°
tan 20.5 𝑃𝑐𝑛 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋 𝜋
𝑃𝑐 = = 𝑖𝑛. 𝑃𝑐𝑛 = (1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 33.69)
𝑃𝑑 6
𝑃𝑐𝑛 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 𝑷𝒄𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒊𝒏.
𝜋
𝑃𝑐𝑛 = (cos 13.224°)
6 80hp, 460 rpm motor is geared to a
𝑷𝒄𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 𝒊𝒏. pump by mean helical gear having a
pinion diameter of 9 in. If the helix angle
𝜋 𝜋
𝑃𝑑𝑛 = = if 22° and the pressure angle is 20°.
𝑃𝑐𝑛 0.51
Compute the tangential load, radial,
𝑷𝒅𝒏 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟔 / 𝒊𝒏 and axial load of a gear.
𝜋
𝑃𝑐 SOLUTION:
𝑃𝑑 = = 6
tan 𝜑 tan 13.224° 𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(9)(480)
𝑉𝑚 = =
= 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒊𝒏 12 12
𝑣𝑚 = 345𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑚
The helical gear has a tangential 33000 ℎ𝑝 33000 ℎ𝑝
𝐹𝑡 = =
pressure angular of 22.5° and a normal 𝑣𝑚 345𝜋
pressure of 20°. The gear is exposed to 𝑭𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟕 𝒍𝒃.
an axial force of 1500 lb. Compute the
total force of the gear. 𝐹𝑟
tan 𝜃 =
SOLUTION: 𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑟 = 2435.7 tan 20°
𝜑 = 28.513°
𝑭𝒓 = 𝟖𝟖𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 𝒍𝒃
1500 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑡 =
tan(28.513) 𝐹𝑎
𝐹𝑡 = 2761.06 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 =
𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜃
𝑭𝒂 = 𝟗𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝒃
𝐹𝑟 = 2761.06 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛 22.5°
𝐹𝑟 = 1145.67 𝑙𝑏
A helical gear with a circular pitch of 1
in and a normal pitch angle of 20°
Carries an axial force of 1200 lb. and a
tangential force of 1800 lb. Compute
the axial pitch and normal circular pitch.
SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜑
1200 = 1800 tan 𝜑
𝜑 = 33.69 °
𝑃𝑐𝑛 = 𝑃𝑐 cos 𝜑
𝑃𝑐𝑛 = (1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 33.69)
𝑷𝒄𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒊𝒏

The Helical Gear motor input 100 hp at

1200 rpm the pinion and gear have 22
and 68 teeth respectively. The
diametral pitch is 5, the normal angle is
20° and the helix angle is 20. Determine
the tangential force.
SOLUTION:
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(4.4)(1200)
𝑉𝑚 = =
12 12
𝑣𝑚 = 440𝜋 𝑓𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑝 22
𝐷𝑝 = = = 4.4 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑑 5
68
𝐷𝑔 = = 13.6
5
33000 ℎ𝑝 33000 (100)𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑡 = =
𝑣𝑚 440𝜋
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝒍𝒃.
 WORMGEAR
A worm gear consists of a worm with a Determine the standard circular pitch
triple thread driving a worm wheel with and face width for a worm gear drive
with an input of 4 hp at 1200 rpm of the
48 teeth which is attached to a 24-inch
triple-threaded worm the 1.58 inches
pulley. The worm is driven at 900 rpm.
Dw, is still with the minimum BHN 300,
Find the speed of the worm wheel.
and gear is manganese bronze, Mw =
SOLUTION: 12. Determine the Ng and Dg.
𝑁𝑤 𝑇𝑔 SOLUTION:
𝑆𝑅 = =
𝑁𝑔 𝑇𝑤
𝑁𝑤
𝑇𝑤 = 5 𝑁𝑔 =
𝑀𝑤
𝑁𝑤 = 900 𝑟𝑝𝑚 1200
𝑇𝑔 = 48 𝑁𝑔 =
12
900 𝑟𝑝𝑚 48
= 𝑵𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝑁𝑔 3
𝑵𝒈 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒑𝒎 𝑀𝑤𝑁𝑡𝑃𝑐
𝐷𝑔 =
𝜋
A triple-threaded worm has a pitch 12(3)(𝑃𝑐 )
𝐷𝑔 =
diameter of 4 inches. The wheel has 36 𝜋
teeth and a pitch diameter of 10 inches. 𝑫𝒈 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝑷𝒄
Compute the lead angle.
SOLUTION: The input to a 4 threaded worm is 21 hp
at 1750 rpm, f= 0.04. worm diameter is
𝑇𝑔 = 36 2.25 in gear diameter is 14 in. Teeth is
𝐷𝑔 = 10 𝑖𝑛 44 and normal pressure angle is 25°.
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(18)
𝑃𝑐 = = = 0.8727 in. Compute the tangential force of worm
𝑇𝑔 36 and gear.
3(0,8727)
tan 𝛾 = SOLUTION:
𝜋 (4)
𝑁𝑔 𝐷𝑔
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 ° 𝑀𝑤 = =
𝑁𝑡 𝐷𝑤 tan 𝛾
The input 3 threaded worm is 15 kw at 44 14
𝑀𝑤 = =
580 rpm e = 85%, Dw= 8cm, Dg= 32 4 (2.25) tan 𝛾
cm, Ng= 36, angle is 25°. Compute the 𝛾 = 29.50 °
heat loss in KJ/min. cos 25 − 0.04 tan 29.5
𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛29.5° ( )
cos 25 tan 29.5 + 0.04
SOLUTION:
𝑒 = 0.90 𝑜𝑟 90 %
𝑄 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ( 1 − 𝑒 ) 𝐻𝑃 = 21 𝑥 .90
𝑄 = 15 ( 1 − 0 .85) = 2.25 𝐾𝑊 𝐻𝑃 = 18.9 ℎ𝑝
𝑄 = 2.25 𝐾𝐽/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (60 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝑛𝑁𝑔𝐷𝑔
𝑉𝑚𝑔 =
𝑲𝑱 12
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝑁𝑔 𝑁𝑡
𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝑁𝑡 𝑁𝑔
 𝑁𝑔 4
=
1750 44
𝑁𝑔 = 159 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋(14)(159)
𝑉𝑚𝑔 =
12
𝑽𝒎𝒈 = 𝟓𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝒇𝒑𝒎

33000 (18.9)
𝐹𝑡 =
582.77
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝒍𝒃

The triple-threaded worm gear has a

pitch of 3/4 in and a pitch diameter of
3in. The normal pressure angle is 14.5°
and the coefficient friction is 0.12. Find
the worm efficiency.
SOLUTION:
cos 𝜃𝑛 − 𝑓 tan 𝛾
𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 ( )
cos 𝜃𝑛 tan 𝛾 + 𝑓
cos 14.5 − 0.12 tan(0.24)
𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾 ( )
cos 14.5 tan(0.24) + 0.12
𝑒 = 0.6388
𝒆 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟖%

Input to 3 threaded worms is 20 hp at

580 rpm e= 85%, Dw 3 1/8 i, Dg= 13 1/4
in, Ng= 36 in with 25°. Compute the
heat loss in BTU/min.
SOLUTION:
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ( 20 ℎ𝑝)(1 − 𝑒)
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ( 20 ℎ𝑝)(1 − 0.85)
746𝑊
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ( 3 ℎ𝑝) ( ) = 2238 𝑊
1ℎ𝑝
𝐽 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 2238 ( )( )
𝑠 1055 𝐽 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟐𝟖 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒎𝒊𝒏
 BEVEL GEAR
A pair of straight–tooth bevel gears are A pair of bevel gear with pressure angle
of 14.5° is to transmit 25hp at 600 rpm
mounted on shafts that intersect each
is the pitch radius of pinion is 3.33 in
other at an angle of 70o. The velocity
and the gear ratio is 3. Compute the
ratio is ½. Determine the pitch angle of
the pinion. radial and axial load on the gear and
pinion.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
sin 𝜃 2𝜋𝑅𝑛 2𝜋 (3.33)(600)
𝜗𝑝 = tan−1 ( ) 𝑉𝑚 = =
𝑁𝑝 12 12
𝑁𝑔 + cos 𝜃 𝑉𝑚 = 1046.15 𝑟𝑝𝑚
33000 (25)
sin 70 𝐹𝑡 = = 766.61 𝑙𝑏
𝜗𝑝 = tan−1 ( ) 333𝜋
2 1
1 + cos 70 tan 𝛿𝑝 = tan−1 ( ) = 18.435°
3
𝝑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖 ° 𝐹𝑟𝑝 = 𝐹𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ cos 𝛿𝑝
𝐹𝑟𝑝 = 7888.61(𝑡𝑎𝑛 14.5°) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 18.435°)
A pair of straight – tooth bevel gears a 𝐹𝑟𝑝 = 193.48 𝑙𝑏.
velocity ratio of 4:3. The pitch diameter 𝐹𝑎𝑝 = 𝐹𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛 sin 𝛿𝑝
of the pinion is 150 mm. Face width is 𝐹𝑎𝑝 = 788.61(𝑡𝑎𝑛 14.5°) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 18.435°)
50 mm. The pinion rotates at 240 rpm.
𝑭𝒂𝒑 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃.
The pressure angle is 14o. If 6 kW is
transmitted, determine the tangential A pair of bevel gears having a speed
force on the pinion. ratio of 2 has a 4 pitch, 14° involute (a=
SOLUTION: 0.65/ pd in, Whd = 2.188 Pd + 0.002 in).
The pitch diameter of the Pinion is 8 in.
𝑇 (𝑛 )
𝑃 = Addendum and dedendum angles of
9.549 × 106 the gear.
𝑇(240)
6 𝑘𝑊 = SOLUTION:
9.549 × 106
𝑇 = 238 725 𝑁 𝑚𝑚 𝑎
2(238 725) 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝛿 =
𝐹𝑡 = 𝐿
150 𝑑
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝛿 =
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝑵 𝐿
0.65 0.65
𝑎= =
𝑃𝑑 4
13
𝑎= = 0.1625
80
2.188
𝑊ℎ𝐷 = + 0.002
𝑃𝑑
2.188
𝑊ℎ𝐷 = + 0.002
4
𝑊ℎ𝐷 = 0.549 𝑖𝑛
𝐿 = √(4)2 + (8)2
𝐿 = 8.9 𝑖𝑛
0.3865
𝛿 = tan−1 ( )
8.9
𝜹 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟕°
 0.1625
𝛿 = tan−1 ( )
8.9
𝜹 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒°

A pair of straight bevel gears connect

the shaft at a right angle with a speed
ratio of 1:5. The larger gears have 30
teeth with 4 tooth/ in diametral pitch.
Find the number of teeth of the pinion
and angles of the addendum and
dedendum.
SOLUTION:
𝑁𝑔
𝑀𝑤 =
𝑁𝑝
30
𝑁𝑝 = = 𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒉
1.5
𝑁𝑔 30
𝛿𝑔 = tan−1 =
𝑁𝑝 20
𝜹𝒈 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟏°

𝑁𝑝 20
𝛿𝑝 = tan−1 =
𝑁𝑔 30
𝜹𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟗°
 BRAKE
1. A simple band brake has a 76 cm drum 1
𝐹1 = 6,350.68 [1 − ]
fitted with a steel band 4 mm thick lined 𝑒 .25(245𝜋/180)
with a brake lining having a coefficient 𝐹1 = 4,170.20 𝑁
of friction of 0.25. The angle of contact 0.12
𝑃= (4,170.20)
is 245°. The drum is attached to a 60- 1.5
cm hoisting drum that sustain a rope 𝑴𝒊𝒏. 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟐 𝑵
load of 820 kg as shown. The operating
𝐹
force has a moment arm of 1.5 m and c. 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑆 = 𝑏𝑡1
the band is attached 12 cm from the 4,170.2
pivot point. (a) Find the torque required 𝑏=
(4)(55)
to support the load. (b) What minimum
force P is required to stop the load 𝑴𝒊𝒏. 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝒎.
moving down? (c) Compute the 2. A single block brake, as shown, has a drum
minimum width of the steel band if its diameter of 720 mm. If the brake sustains
tensile stress must not exceed 55 MPa. 225 N-m torque at 500 rpm, find: (a) the
required force P to apply the brake for
clockwise rotation of the drum; (b) the
required force P to apply the brake for
counter clockwise rotation of the drum; and
(c) the location of the fulcrum above the
drum to make the brake self-locking. The
coefficient of friction is 0.3.

SOLUTION:
𝑑
a. 𝑇 = 𝐹 2
0.6 𝑚.
𝑇 = (820 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑁) ( )
2
𝑻 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎.

*All dimensions are in mm.

SOLUTION:
a. Clockwise Rotation
b. ∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↻ +
−0.12𝐹1 + 1.5𝑃 = 0
0.12
𝑃= 𝐹
1.5 1
𝐷
(𝐹1 − 𝐹2 ) = 𝑇 = 2,413.26
2
2(2,413.26)
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = ∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↻ +
0.76
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 6,350.68 𝑁 −40𝐹 − 360𝑁 + 900𝑃 = 0
𝐹1 𝐹1 𝐹
= 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 , 𝐹2 = 𝑓𝜃 40𝐹 + 360 = 900𝑃
𝐹2 𝑒 𝑓
𝐹1 360
𝐹1 = 𝑓𝜃 = 6,350.68 (40 + )𝐹
𝑒 𝑓
𝑃=
900
 𝑑 360
𝑇=𝐹 𝑦=
2 0.3
2(225)
𝐹= = 625 𝑁 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎.
0,72
360 3. A simple band brake has a 76 cm drum
(40 + . 3 ) 625 and fitted with a steel band 2/5 cm thick
𝑃=
900 linear with a brake lining having a
𝑷 = 𝟖𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑵 coefficient of friction of 0.25. The arc of
contact is 245 deg and the drum is
b. Conter-clockwise Rotation attached to 60-cm. hoisting drum, that
retains a rope load of 820 kg. The
operating force has a moment arm of
1.50m and a band is attached 12 cm
from the pivot point. Compute the force
required considering that the direction
of rotation is reversed.
SOLUTION:
𝑑
∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↻ + 𝑇=𝐹
2
0.6 𝑚.
40𝐹 − 360𝑁 + 900𝑃 = 0 𝑇 = (820 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑁) ( )
2
𝐹 𝑇 = 2,413.26 𝑁 − 𝑚.
−40𝐹 + 360 = 900𝑃
𝑓
360 ∑ 𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0 ↻ +
( − 40) 𝐹
𝑓 𝑎𝐹𝑎 − 𝐶𝐹1 = 0
𝑃= 𝐶 0.12
900
360 𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹1 = 𝐹
( − 40) 625 𝑎 1.5 1
𝑃 = .3 𝐹𝑎 = 0.08𝐹1
900 𝐷
𝑷 = 𝟖𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝑵 (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 ) = 𝑇
2
2𝑇
c. Brake Self-Locking (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 ) =
𝐷
2(2414.36 𝑁. 𝑚)
(𝐹1 − 𝐹2 ) =
. 76 𝑚
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 6350.68 𝑁
𝐹1 = 6350.68 𝑁 𝐹2 − 𝐸𝑞. 2

𝐹1
= 𝑒 𝑓𝜃
𝐹2
∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↻ + 6,350.68 + 𝐹2 245𝜋
= 𝑒 .25( 180 )
𝐹2
𝑦𝐹 − 360 𝑁 = 0 𝐹2 = 3320.61 𝑁
𝐹 𝐹1 = (6350.68 + 3320.61)𝑁
𝑦𝐹 − 360 = 0
𝑓 𝐹1 = 9671.29 𝑁
360 𝐹𝑎 = 0.08𝐹1
(𝑦 − )𝐹 = 0
𝑓 𝐹𝑎 = 0.08(9671.29𝑁)
360 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟎 𝑵 ≈. 𝟕𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑦− =0
𝑓
4. For a single-block brake, as shown, 𝑣𝑚 = 750𝜋 = 2356.19 𝑓𝑝𝑚.
drum contact math is 3.5in. the molded - Considering Clockwise Rotation
asbestos lining subtend 𝜃 = 60 deg.,
symmetrical about the vertical axis; D =
15m, force W = 400lb; and m = 600
rpm. The coefficient of friction between
the drum and the block is 0-35.
Compute the frictional horsepower loss
if the drum rotates clockwise. ∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↻ +
26(300) − 7.5𝑁 − 3.75𝐹 = 0
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑁, 𝑁 = 𝐹𝑓
𝐹
7.5 ( ) + 3.75𝐹 = 7,800
SOLUTION: 0.35
𝐹 = 309.79 𝑙𝑏.
∑ 𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0 ↻ + 𝑁 = 885.11 𝑙𝑏.
𝐹𝑣𝑚 𝜋𝐷𝑛
26(400) − 3.75𝐹 − 7.5𝑁 = 0 a. 𝑓ℎ𝑝 = 33,000 ; 𝑣𝑚 = 12
𝐹 309.79(750𝜋)
Where: 𝑁 = 𝑓
𝑓ℎ𝑝 =
𝐹 33,000
3.75 + 7.5 ( ) = 10,400
. 35 𝒇𝒉𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟐
𝐹 = 413.05 𝑙𝑏. 𝑁 𝑁 885.11
𝐹𝑣𝑚 𝜋𝐷𝑛 b. 𝑃 = = 𝑟𝜃𝑏 = 60𝜋
𝐴 (7.5)( )(2.5)
𝐹ℎ𝑝 = ; 𝑣𝑚 = 180
33,000 12
𝜋(15)600 𝑷 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟎𝟖 𝒑𝒔𝒊
413.05 [ ]
12
𝐹ℎ𝑝 = Considering Counter-Clockwise Rotation
33,000
𝑭𝒉𝒑 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓
5. A single-block brake, as shown below,
has cast iron wheel (density = 0.253
lb/in.3 and specific heat = 101 ft-lb/lb.-
oF) and contact width of 2.5 in. The

molded asbestos lining subtends θ = ∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0 ↻ +

60o, symmetrical about the vertical axis;
n = 600 rpm. Compute the (a) frictional 26(300) + 3.75𝐹 − 7.5𝑁 = 0
horsepower with asbestos lining on 𝐹
𝑁=
metal, having a coefficient friction of 𝑓
0.35, (b) average pressure between the 𝐹
7.5 ( ) − 3.75𝐹 = 7,800
block and drum. 0.35
𝐹 = 441.21 𝑙𝑏.
𝑁 = 1,260.61 𝑙𝑏.
𝐹𝑣
a. 𝑓ℎ𝑝 = 33,000
𝑚

441.21(750𝜋)
𝑓ℎ𝑝 =
SOLUTION: 33,000
𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝜋(15)(600)
𝑣𝑚 = = 𝒇𝒉𝒑 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟎
12 12
 𝑁 𝑁 1,260.61
b. 𝑃 = 𝐴
= 𝑟𝜃𝑏 = 60𝜋
(7.5)( )(2.5)
180
7. The single block brake shown (all
𝑷 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 dimensions in inches) subtends 𝜃 =
6. A differential band brake band has an 80° and symmetrical about the vertical
operating lever 230 mm. long. The end axis. The force W=1500 lb. and the
drum rotate n=60 rpm. Coefficient of
of the brake bands is attached so that
friction between the drum and the block
their operating arms are 28 mm. and
is 0.35. Compute the frictional horse
152 mm. long. The brake-drum power loss.
diameter is 61 cm, the arc of contact is
𝜃 = 300°, the coefficient of friction is
0.22 and the brake band is
3mmx102mm. Compute the frictional
torque if the applied force F=15kN.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
𝑎 = 12.5 + 12.5 = 25 𝑖𝑛.
𝑏 = 12.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑐=0
20
∑ 𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0 ↻ + 𝐷𝑓 = 20 𝑖𝑛. ; 𝑅𝑓 = = 10𝑖𝑛
2
28𝐹1 − 152𝐹2 − 230(1500) = 0 𝑛𝑇
𝑃= ; 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑁𝑅𝑓
𝐹1 300𝜋 63000
= 𝑒 𝑓𝜃 = 𝑒 .22( 180 ) Considering Clockwise Rotation:
𝐹2
𝐹1 = 3.164𝐹2
28(3.164𝐹2 ) − 152𝐹2 = −3,450,000
−63.408 𝐹2 −3,450,000 (𝐹)𝐶𝐿
= 0 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚 {
(𝐹)𝐶𝐶
−63.408 −63.408
𝐹2 = 54,409.54 𝑁 −12.5𝑁 − 0(𝐹 )𝐶𝐿 + 25𝑊 = 0
−12.5𝑁 + (25)(1500) = 0
𝐹1 = 3.164𝐹2 −25(1500)
𝐹1 = 3.164(54,409.54) 𝑁= = 3,000 𝑙𝑏.
𝐹1 = 172,151.78 𝑁 −12.5

𝐷 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑁𝑅𝑓
𝑇𝐹 = (𝐹1 − 𝐹2 )
2 𝑇 = (0.35)(3,000)(10)
0.61 𝑇 = 10,500 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝐹 = (172,151.78 − 54,409.54)
2
𝑻𝑭 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟗𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑛𝑇
𝑃=
63000
(60)(10,500)
𝑃=
63000
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒉𝒑
 CLUTCHES

1. A cone clutch is to transmit 10 kW at wire. The outside diameter is 80 mm.

360 rpm. The mean diameter of the The free length of the spring is 185 mm,
clutch is 254 mm and the face angle is but when the clutch is engaged its
equal to 12o. The coefficient of friction length is 130 mm. If there are 10 pairs
is 0.3 and the permissible contact of contact surface, with 0.15 coefficient
pressure is 240 kPa. Determine the of friction, and the motor runs at 1,200
face width and the minimum axial force rpm, compute the maximum power of
for engagement under load. the clutch can transmit.
SOLUTION:
2𝜋𝑇𝑛
𝑃= ; 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑁𝑅𝑓 𝑛𝑓
60
𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔:
𝑛𝑐 = 9.5
𝑑 = 10 𝑚𝑚
SOLUTION: 𝐺 = 80𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐷 = 80 − 10 = 70 𝑚𝑚
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 ⟶ + 𝐹𝐿 = 185 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑎 − 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ −𝐹 ′ cos ∝ = 0 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 130 𝑚𝑚
𝐹 ′ = 𝑓𝑁 𝛿 = 185 − 130 = 55 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ +𝐹 ′ cos ∝ 8𝑁𝐷 3 𝑛𝑐
𝛿=
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑁(𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ +𝑓 cos ∝) 𝑑4𝐺
2𝜋𝑇𝑓 𝑛 55 × (10)4 × 80,000
𝑃𝑓 = 𝑁=
60 8 × 703 × 9.5
60 (10,000) 𝑁 = 1,687.89 𝑁
𝑇𝑓 = = 265.26 𝑁 − 𝑚.
2𝜋(360) 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐹𝐷𝑚 𝑓𝑁𝐷𝑚
𝑇𝑓 = = 2 𝑅𝑜 3 − 𝑅𝑖 3
2 2 𝑅𝑓 = [ 2 ]
2𝑇 3 𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖 2
𝑁 𝑓𝐷𝑚 2𝑇 2 (125)3 − (100)3
𝑃= = = 𝑅𝑓 = [ ]
𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑏 𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑏 𝑓𝜋𝐷𝑚 2 𝑏 3 (125)2 − (100)2
2(265.26 × 103 ) 3,050
𝐵= 𝑅𝑓 = = 112.96 𝑚𝑚.
(0.3)𝜋(254)2 (0.240) 27
61
𝒃 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝒎. 𝑅𝑓 = = 0.11296 𝑚𝑚.
540
2(265.26 × 103 ) 61
𝑁= 𝑇 = (0.15)(1,687.89) ( ) (10)
(0.3)(254) 540
𝑁 = 6,962.16 𝑁 𝑇 = 286 𝑁 − 𝑚.
𝐹𝑎 = 6,962.16 [𝑠𝑖𝑛12° + 0.3(cos 12°)] 2𝜋(286)(1,200)
𝑃=
𝑴𝒊𝒏. 𝑭𝒂 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝑵 60
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟗𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝑾
2. The outside and inside diameters of the
disk of a multiple disk clutch are 250 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟
mm and 200 mm, respectively. The 𝑅𝑜 + 𝑅𝑖 125 + 100
helical compression spring used to 𝑅𝑓 = = = 112.5 𝑚𝑚.
2 2
engage the clutch has 9.5 active coils 𝑅𝑓 = 0.1125 𝑚.
of 10 mm diameter steel (G = 80 GPa)
 𝑇 = (0.15)(1,687.89)(. 1125)(10) Note: the coefficient of friction between
𝑇 = 284.83 𝑁 − 𝑚. the clutch elements is 0.45.
2𝜋(284.83)(1,200)
𝑃= SOLUTION:
60 𝐹𝑎
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟗𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝑾 𝑇=𝜇 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑚
3. A cone clutch is to transmit 30 kW at 550 200
𝑇 = (0.45) ( )
1,250 rpm. The face angle of the cone 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 2
clutch is 12º, mean diameter is to be 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 𝑵 − 𝒎.
355 mm, and coefficient of friction
5. A cone clutch has an angle of 10° and
between the contacting surfaces is 0.2.
coefficient of friction of 0.42. the axial
(a) Determine the axial force to transmit
the power. (b) Compute the minimum force required if the capacity of the
width of the contact surface so that the clutch is 7 kW at 500 rpm. Note: the
pressure will not exceed 83 kPa. mean diameter of the active conical
section is 300 mm.
SOLUTION:
2𝜋𝑇𝑛 SOLUTION:
𝑃=
60 𝑇𝑁
(60)(30,000) 𝑃=
𝑇= 2𝜋(1,250)
9,549,000
𝑇 = 229.18 𝑁 − 𝑚. 𝑇(500 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
7𝑘𝑊 =
9,549,000 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚. 𝑟𝑝𝑚/𝑘𝑊
a. Axial Force, R 𝑇 = 133686 N − mm.
𝑅 = 𝑁 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ +𝑓 cos ∝)
𝐹𝑎
𝑅 𝑇=𝜇 𝑟
𝑁= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ +𝑓 cos ∝ 𝐹𝑎 300
133686 = (0.42) ( )
𝑓𝑁𝐷𝑚 𝑓𝐷𝑚 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 2
𝑇= = 𝑭𝒂 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 𝑵
2 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ +𝑓 cos ∝)
6. A disc clutch has 6 pairs of contacting
2(𝑠𝑖𝑛12° + 0.2 cos 12°)(229.18)
𝑅= friction. surfaces with an outside
(0.2)(0.355) diameter of 200 mm and an inside
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝑵 diameter of 100 mm. the coefficient of
friction between the clutch materials is
b. Contact Surface Width 0.4 and the axial force is 1500 N. the
𝑁
𝑃𝑟 = shaft speed is 1200 rpm. Find the Hp
𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝑏 that can be transmitted by the clutch
2,605.21
𝑁= assuming uniform pressure.
𝑠𝑖𝑛12° + 0.2(cos 12°)
𝑁 = 6,455.86 𝑁 SOLUTION:
6,455.86 𝑇 = 𝜇𝐹𝑎 𝑟𝑚 𝑛𝑝
𝑏=
𝜋(355)(0.083) 1 2003 − 1003
𝒃 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎. 𝑇 = (0.4)(1500) [ ( )] (6)
3 2002 − 1002
4. How much torque can a cone clutch 𝑇 = 280,000 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
transmit if the angle of conical elements 𝑇𝑁
is 10 degrees, the mean diameter of the 𝑃=
9,549,000
conical clutch sections is 200 mm and
an axial force of 550 N is applied?
 (280,000)(1200) ℎ𝑝 9. A cone clutch has cone elements at an
𝑃= 𝑘𝑊 (1 − )
9,549,000 0.746𝑘𝑊 angle of 10o. The clutch transmits 20 hp
at a speed of 100 rpm. The mean
𝑷 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟕 𝑯𝒑
diameter of the conical friction section
7. A cone clutch has cone Given elements is 16 in. and the coefficient friction is
at an angle of 10°. The mean diameter 0.3. Find the axial force needed to
of the conical friction sections is 16 in. engage the clutch.
and the coefficient of friction is 0.3. Find SOLUTION:
the axial force needed to engage the 𝑇𝑁
clutch considering that the clutch 𝑃=
𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
transmits 20 hp at a speed of 1000 rpm. 63025 ℎ𝑝 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇(1000)
SOLUTION: 20ℎ𝑝 =
𝑇𝑁 𝑇(1000) 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛.
63025 ℎ𝑝 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃= = 20 =
𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛. 63025
63025 ℎ𝑝 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇 = 1260.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑎
𝑇 = 1260.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑏 𝑇=𝜇 𝑟
𝐹𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑚
𝑇=𝜇 𝑟 𝐹𝑎 16
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑚 1260.5 = (0.3) ( )
𝐹𝑎 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 2
1260.5 = (0.3) ( ) 𝐹𝑎 = 91.21 𝑙𝑏.
𝑠𝑖𝑛10 2
𝑭𝒂 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒃. 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑓 0.3
8. A multiple-disc clutch consists of 10 𝐹𝑎 (1 + ) = 91.2 (1 + )
steel discs and 9 bronze discs. The tan 𝜃 tan 10°
effective outside and inside diameters 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑭𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟑𝟕 𝐥𝐛.
are 203 mm and 152 mm respectively. 10. A disk clutch has 6 pairs of contacting
If am axial force 445 N is applied and friction surfaces. An axial force of 100
the shaft tums at 1000 rpm, determine lbs. acts on the clutch. The shaft speed
the power transmitted. Assume a is 400rpm. How much horsepower can
coefficient of friction of 0.25 and base the clutch transmit if the frictional radius
the design on uniform pressure. is 2 in. and the coefficient of friction is
0.30?
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝑇 = 𝜇𝐹𝑎 𝑟𝑚 𝑛𝑝
1 2033 − 1523 𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
𝑇 = (0.15)(445) [ ( )] (6) 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑁𝑅𝑓 𝑛𝑝 = (0.3)(100)(2)(6)
3 2032 − 1522
𝑇 = 360 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛.
𝑇 = 178,944.5282 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠;
𝑇𝑁 (400)(360) 16
𝑃= 𝑃= =
9,549,000 63,000 7
(178,944.5282)(1000)
𝑃= 𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒉𝒑
9,549,000
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟒 𝑯𝒑