(1)

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 (2)

mgqk

mß.Kl moaO;sfha uQ,sl ixrpl.......................................................03

Von Neumann architecture.................................................................17
o;a; f;dr;=re ....................................................................................18
mß.Kl uDÿldx. j¾.SlrKh .........................................................21
ixLHd moaO;s .....................................................................................24
ìgq wkqidß; ;d¾lsl fufyhqï .........................................................27
mß.Klfha wkq,laI ksrEmKh.........................................................29
fufyhqï moaO;s Ndú;h ....................................................................32
joka ieliqï uDÿldx. .......................................................................47
me;=reïm;a uDÿldx. ...........................................................................61
bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mkuDÿldx. .......................................................74
o;a;iuqodh l<uKdlrK uDÿldx. .................................................84
Ñ;%l uDÿldx......................................................................................97
YíO ixialrK uDÿldx. ..................................................................104
ùäfhda ixialrK uDÿldx. ..............................................................109
wka;¾cd,fha ks¾ñ;hk .................................................................112
fjí wvú ixj¾Okh ......................................................................126
iudch yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ......................................................140

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 (3)

moaO;s tallh (system unit), o¾Yk ;srh fyj;a fudksgrh

(monitor)" h;=re mqjrej fyj;a lSfndaâ (keybard)" ujqih (mouse)
iy iamSl¾ (speaker) hk uQ,sl m¾hka; Wmdx. fvialafgdma
mß.Klhl ;sfnhs' fïjd w;ßka moaO;s tallh m%Odk [Link]'
fvialafgdma mß.Klhl moaO;s tallh fjkuu tallhla
f,i ;snqKo" ,emafgdma mß.Klhl§ h;=re mqjrejg my<ska fuh
ilia fldg we;' geí,Ü mß.Klhl ;srhg my<ska moaO;s tallh
;sfí'

mß.Kl u;lh
mß.Klj,§ o;a; bÈßm;a lrk l%uh y÷kajkafka oaùuh
moaO;shla (binary system) jYfhks' fujeks oaùuh moaO;shla 0
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 (4)
iy 1 hk b,lalïj,ska úoyd olajk w;r tjeks [Link] oaùuh
ixLHdxl (binary digit) fyda ìgqj (bit) f,i y÷kajhs'

mß.Klh ;=< ;ekam;a fldg ;efnk f;dr;=re ukskafka

nhsÜ (B) j,sks'

l=vdu tallh = nhsÜ 1 (1B)

nhsÜ 1024 = lsf,danhsÜ 1 (1KB)
lsf,danhsÜ 1024 = [Link]Ü 1 (1 MB)
[Link]Ü 1024 = .[Link]Ü 1 (1GB)
.[Link] 1024 = fgrdnhsg 1 (1 TB)

mß.Kl u;l úúOdldrfhka j¾. flf¾' tajd j¾.

flfrk tla wdldrhla fjkafka kIH u;l yd kIH kdjk
u;l f,ih' tfukau m%d:ñl u;lh yd oaú;Sl u;lh f,io
tajd j¾. flf¾'

kIH u;lhka (Volatile Memory)

fukñka ye¢kafjkafka mß.Klh mK .kajd we;s úg§
muKla o;a; yd f;dr;=re tla/ia lr ;nd .kakd ia:dkhkah'
mß.Klhg iemhQ úÿ,sh úikaê l< iekska fuys we;s u;lh
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 (5)
uelS hhs' mß.Klj, kIH u;lhka ;=kla Ndú;d fjhs' tajd
frðia;r u;lh (Register Memory), iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh
(Random Access Memory – RAM) yd ksys; u;lh (Cache
Memory) f,i ye¢kafjhs'

1) frðia;r u;lh
fïjdfha we;s o;a; fjk;a ´kEu ;ekl we;s o;a;j,g jvd
b;d fõ.fhka ilikhg m%fõY lr.; yelsh' fuys Odß;djh
b;du;a wvqh'
✓ msysgd we;s ia:dkh - ilikh ;=<
✓ frðia;rj, m<, (Register width) - frðia;rj,
Odß;djh b;d wvqh' ukskq ,nkafka th ;=< .nvd lr.; yels
ìgq (bit) m%udKh u;h' ta wkqj 8 ìÜ" 16 ìÜ" 32 ìÜ" 64 ìÜ wdÈh
jYfhka fïjdfha Odß;djh ukskq ,nhs'

2) ksys; / jdrl / ixÑ; u;lh (Cache memory)

ksys; u;lfha ;ekam;aj we;af;a ilikh úiska ksr;=reju
Ndú; lrk m%Odk u;lfha we;s o;a;j, msgm;a h'
✓ msysgd we;s ia:dkh (Location) - j¾;udk mqoa., mß.Klj,
ksys; u;l uÜgï 3la we;' tajd m<uq uÜgfï ksys; u;lh"
fojeks uÜgfï ksys; u;lh yd ;=kajeks uÜgfï ksys;
u;lh f,i kï lr ;sfí' tajd ms<sn| úia;r fufiah'

fïjdhska m<uq uÜgfï ksys; u;lh mß.Klfha ilikh

;=< msysgd ;sfí'
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 (6)
3) iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh (random access memory)
✓ msysgd we;s ;ek - fuu u;lh msysgd we;af;a ujqmj
q rej u;h'
mß.Klfha uOH ieliqï tallhg hï ld¾hla lsÍu i|yd
wjYH jk moaO;s uDÿldx." fhÿï uDÿldx. iy wfkl=;a
wjYH o;a; r|jd ;nd .kafka fuu m%Odk u;lfha h'
ieliqï tallhg fuys we;s oE Rcqju m%fõY lr .ekSug
yelshdj ;sfí'
kIH fkdjk u;lhka (none volatile memory)
fï j¾.fha u;lj, ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; úÿ,s Odrdj
u; mj;skafka ke;' tneúka §¾> ld,hla o;a; u;lfha r|jd
;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka fï j¾.fha u;lhs'

1) mGk ud;% u;lh (Read Only Memory – ROM)

fuh mß.Kl moaO;sfha we;s iaÒr u;lhls' fuh ROM
f,i ye¢kafjkafka tys we;s o;a; myiqfjka fjkia l< yels
wdldrhg ke;s ksidh' idudkHfhka fï fj; o;a; we;=¿ lrkq
,nkafka mß.Klfha ujqmqjrej ks¾udKh lsÍfï§h' ujqmqjrej
u;§ nfhdaia (BIOS) f,iO ye¢kafjkafka frdï Ñma tlhs' ROM
u;lfha BIOS kï jevigyk ia:srj ldjoaojd we;' fuu
foflys tl;=j ia:srdx.h (firmware) f,i ye¢kafjhs'

2) oaú;Shsl .nvdjka (Secondary Storage)

i. oDv ;eá (Hard Disk)
uQ,slj oDv ;eáh ks¾udKh lrk
,oafoa mß.Klfha moaO;s tallh ;=< ia:sr
jYfhka iú lr ;eîugh' fuh mß.Klj,
nyq,j Ndú;d jk oaú;shsl .nvd j¾.hla
jk w;r fufyhqï moaO;s" fhÿï iy
mßYS,l o;a; .nvd lsÍu i|yd nyq,j

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 (7)
Ndú;d fõ' j¾:udkfha TB m%udK j,ska oDv;eáfha Odß;djh
bÈßm;a lrhs'

ii. SSD (Solid State Drive)

oDv ;eá fjkqjg j¾:udkfha Ndú;d lrhs' fuys p,kh fyda
N%uKh fjk hdka;%sl fldgia ke;' oDv ;eáhg idfmalaIj b;d
fõ.j;a l%shdldÍ;ajhla we;s kuq;a ñ, ;rula wêlh'

iii. fjk;a oaú;Sl .nvdjka

• pqïnls; má (Magnetic tape)
• kuH ;eá (Floppy Disk)
• m%ldY (Optical) – CD, DVD, Blu-ray
• iefk,s (Flash) u;lh

• w;:H u;lh (Virtual memory)

w;:H u;l fyj;a j¾pqj,a fuuß hkq" mß.Kl
moaO;shl we;s fN!;sl u;lhla fkdfõ' fuh ydâ äiala tl
fyda SSD tl ;=< [Link].d .kakd ;djld,sl u;lhls'

fufyhqï moaO;sfha fyda fjk;a uDÿ[Link] jev lrñka

isák úg /ï u;lfha Odß;djh uÈfõ kï wu;r u;lh ,nd
.kafka fuu w;:H u;lfhkah'

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 (8)
wdodk Wmdx.
lskï fyda wdldrhlg mß.Klhg o;a; we;=¿ lrkq ,nk
Wmdx. ye¢kafjkafka wdodk Wmdx. hk kñks' fïjd wdldr
lSmhlg fnod olajkq ,efí'

• h;=re mqjrej (Key board)

• ±laùfï Wmdx. / fhduq Wmdx. (Pointing devices) - tla ,laIhla

fyda ,laI lSmhla fyda uq,a lr f.k o;a; we;=¿ lrk Wmdx.
fukñka y÷kajhs' fujeks Wmdx. lSmhlg WodyrK f,i uõih"
iam¾Il mEvh (touchpad), fufyhqï háh (joystick), iam¾Il ;sr
(touch screen) hk tajd ±laùug mq¿jk'
Mouse Trackball

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 (9)

Joystick Pointing stick

Graphics tablet/ digitizer Light Pen

Touchpad Touchscreen

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 (10)
• iqmÍlaIl - lvodishl igyka lr we;s hula mß.Klh fj;
,[Link] i|yd iqmÍlaIl Ndú;d lrhs'
uQ,slj ,shlshú,s yd PdhdrEm mß.Klhg wdodkh lsÍug
Ndú;d lrkafka idudkH iqmÍlaIlhhs' (scanner) úfYaI wjYH;d
i|yd fjkia j¾.j, iqmÍlaIl fhd± .efkhs'
• rEm wdodkh lsÍfï Wmdx. - PdhdrEm iy p,k rEm mß.Kl
.; lsÍug iy tajd ,nd .ekSug rEm wdodk Wmdx. Ndú;d flf¾'
fïjdg WodyrK f,i ùäfhda leurd" äðg,a leurd" fjí leurd
iy CCTV ±laùug mq¿jk'
• Yío wdodkh - mß.Klhg Yío wdodkh lsÍu i|yd uhsl%f*dak
Ndú;d lrhs'
• Rcq wdodk Wmdx. (Direct entry input devices) - fuu j¾.fha
wdodk Wmd.j, we;s fmdÿ jdish fjkafka jeä o;a; m%udKhla tl
jr mß.Klhg wdodkh l< yels ùuh'
magnetic stripe readers wireless card

i m%ldY i,l=Kq lshjk (OMR) - ñksiqka úiska ,lqKq lrk foa

mß.Kl ,jd lshjd .ekSug m%ldY i,l=Kq lshjk (optical mark
recognition) fhdod .efka' nyqjrK m%Yak m;%j,g ,nd fok ms<;
s =re
ksjerÈ ±hs mÍlaId lsÍug fuu hka;% Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

ii m%ldY wkq,laIK lshjk (OCR) - mß.Kl iu`. Ndú;d lrk

ialEk¾ fhdod f.k fvdlshqukaÜ tlla ialEka l< úg ,efnk
bfïcfha we;s wl=re" j¾â jeks uDÿ[Link] ixialrKh l< yels
fia ilid .ekSug OCR jevigyka iy WmlrK fhdod .efka'

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 (11)
iii pqïnls; ;Ska; wkq,laIK lshjk (MICR) - nexl= jeks uQ,H
wdh;kj,ska ksl=;a lrk
fplam;a jeks ,shú,sj, wuq;=
mkakfha wl=re fudaia;rhlska
uqøKh lrk ,o fla; ;sfnkq
Tn ±l we;s' fïjd uqøKh lrkq
,nkafka pqïnl ,laIK iys;
;Ska; j,sks' pqïnls; ;Ska;
wkq,laIK lshjkhla fyj;a
Ívrhla Wmfhda.S lr f.k
fïjd lshúh yel'

m%odk Wmdx.
lskï fyda wdldrhlg mß.Klfha o;a; m%;o
s dkh lrkq ,nk
Wmdx. ye¢kafjkafka m%;sodk Wmdx. hk kñks' fïjd wdldr
lSmhlg fnod olajkq ,efí'

• CRT ;sr - CRT fyj;a lef;dav lsrK

k, ixo¾Yl (Cathode Ray Tube
Monitor) óg l,lg by;§ mß.Kl iy
rEmjdys‚ hka;% i|yd nyq,j Ndú;d
lrk ,§'

• LCD ;sr - øj iaMál ixo¾Yl (Liquid

Crystal Display) j¾;udkfha Ndú;d lrk jvd;a isyska mß.Kl
;sr øj iaMál ;sr f,i ye¢kafjhs'

uqøK hka;%h (Printer)

• >ÜGk uqøK hka;% (impact printer) j¾.

i. fâis frdao uqølh ^Daisy Wheel Printer)
ii. f¾Ld uqølh ^Line Printer)
iii. ;s;a kHdi uqølh ^Dot Matrix Printer)
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 (12)
• >ÜGkh fkdjk uqøK hka;% (impact printer) j¾.
i. ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;% ^Ink Jet printers)
ii. f,ai¾ uqøK hka;% ^Laser printers)
iii.;dm ixfõ§ uqøK hka;% ^Thermal printers)

ujq mqjrej (Motherboard)

mß.Klh ;=< ;sfnk m%Odk mßm: mqjrej" ujqmqjrejhs' uOHu
ieliqï tallh we;=¿ mß.Klfha ish¨u fldgia ujqmqjrejg
iïnkaO fldg ;sfí'

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 (13)
uOHu ieliqï tallh fyj;a laIqø ilikh
^ Central processing unit - CPU / Microprocessor&
mß.Kl jevigykaj, Wmfoia [Link] ksYaÑ;j olajd we;s
uQ,sl wxl .‚;h" ;¾lkh" md,kh fufyhqï isÿ lrhs'
mß.Klhl we;s m%Odk;u Wmdx.h
jkafka fm%dfiirh fyj;a ilikhhs'
mß.Klfha zfud<hZ f,io fuh ye¢kaùug
mq¿jk' fndfyda úg mß.Klhla y÷kajkafka
tys fm%dfiirfha j¾.h yd fõ.h lSfuks'
fm%dfii¾ fj<|kdu lSmhla ;sfí' mß.Kl i|yd fm%dfii¾
ksmoùfï bÈßfhkau isákafka bkafg,a (Intel), tatïã (AMD) hk
iud.ïh' iqyqre ÿrl;k iy geí,Ü mß.Kl jeks cx.u
Wmdx.j, nyq,j Ndú;d lrkafka tawd¾tï (ARM) úOdk lÜg,hg
(instruction set) wkqj ilia l< ilikhka h'
ta wkqj laj,afldï (Qualcomm), tkaùähd (NVIDIA),
whsîtï (IBM), ieïiqka (Samsung), fudagfrda,d (Motorola) jeks
iud.ï fm%dfii¾ ilia lrkafka tawd¾tï iud.fï úOdk lÜg,hg
wkqjh'
is,ls ka fyda fjk;a w¾O ikakdhl u;=mg s l ieliQ úoHq;a
mßm: iuQyh Ñmhla (chip, Silicon chip, microchip) f,i y÷kajhs'
Ñmhl we;s mßm:hla äðg,a ;¾lh (digital logic) wkqj l%h s d;aul
fõ' uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhla fyda fm%dfiirhla fyda lshd lshkafka" o;a;
ilik (data processing) fujeks Ñmhls' uq,a ld,fha fm%dfiirhla
hkq tla Ñmhls' tfy;a ±ka Ñma lSmhla fyj;a fm%dfii¾ mßm:
lSmhla ;ks is,l s ka lene,a,l msysgqjd ;sfí' u,aá flda¾ (multi-
core) fm%dfii¾ fyj;a nyq yr ilik hkq fïjdh'

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 (14)
ta wkqj idudkH jyf¾§ fm%dfiirhla lshd y÷kajkafka
fujeks Ñma lSmhla we;s tallhls' tkï u,aáflda¾ fm%dfiirhla
hkq ienúkau fm%dfii¾ lSmhl tl;=jls' tu ksid ilik lsysmhla
úiska Wmfoia lsysmhla tljr l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj we;' ;ks
ilikhla we;s úg jrlg l%h s d;aul l< yelafla tla Wmfoila
mu‚' tfukau fuys§ ;ks jevigykl fldgia tl jr fjk fjku
ieliSfï yelshdj we;' tu ksid jevigyfka l%h s dldÍ fõ.h
jeäh' tkï iudka;rj ieliqï lSmhla l< yelsh' fï ksid ;ks
mß.Klhlska Wmßu ld¾hh idOkhla ,[Link] yelsj ;sfí'
WmfoaYk fufyhúh yels fõ.h iy ;sfnk yr .Kk wkqj fuu
fm%dfii¾ j¾. flf¾'

mß.Klfha ld¾hlaIu;dj flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOlh

jkafka fm%dfiirfha fyj;a iSmShQys fõ.hhs' iSmShQj, fõ.h
.[Link]¾Üia (GHz) j,ska ukskq ,nk w;r th >áld fõ.h (clock
speed) f,io y÷kajhs'

fm%dfiirhla l%hs d;aul jk úg th wêl f,i r;a fõ' fï

r;aùu ksid fm%dfiirfha ld¾hlaIu;djh
my< niS' tA ksid fm%dfiirfha WIaK;ajh
wvq l< hq;=h' tA i|yd fm%dfiirhg
iam¾Y jk f,i ;dm ikakdhl ;yvq (heat
sink) ;nd thg wêfõ.S isis,k mxldjla
(cooling fan) iúlr ;sfí' fm%dfiirfha
WmÈk ;dmh ;dm ikakdhl ;yvq Èf.a
t<shg ldkaÿ jk w;r isis,k mxldfjka
,efnk iq<x Odrdfjka tu ;dmh bj;a
lrñka ;yvq isis,a lrhs' fï l%shdj È.ska È.gu isÿùfï§
fm%dfiirfha riakh wvq fõ'

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 (15)
 ilikfha ieliqï lrk fldgia folls'

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - wxl .‚;uh iy ;d¾lsl

fufyhqï isÿ lrhs'
tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" .=K lsÍu" fn§u" iy AND, OR, NOT jeks
;d¾lsl fufyhqï fukau > < jeks iei£ï ld¾hhka yiqrejhs'

Control Unit (CU) - úúO fldgia il%Sh fyda wl%sh lrk md,k ix{d
ckkh lrhs' tfukau Wmfoia ALU tl iuÕ iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu"
CPU iy mß.Klfha wfkl=;a ixrpl w;r o;a; .e,Su
l<ukdlrKh lsÍu [Link] CPU ys l%shdldß;ajh ixúOdkh lsÍu
fuuÕska lrkq ,nhs'

ia:srdx.

iaÓrdx. hkq oDVdx. ;=< iaÓrj ldjoaojd we;s uDÿldx.

ixrplhls' oDvdx.j, l%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh lsÍu" l<ukdlrKh
lsÍu" wfkla Wmdx. iuÕ .kqfokq lrk wdldrh hk ld¾hhka my<
uÜgfï isg lsÍu fuys ld¾hhhs' iajhxl%Shj l%shd;aul fõ'

mß.Klfha§ uõmqjrej ms<sn| uQ,sl úia;r fuys wka:¾.; fjhs'

Firmware = Hardware + Software

BIOS wjYH;dj
• oDVdx. ixrpl wdrïN lsÍu
• úkHdi lsÍu"
• wdodk$m%;sodk fufyhqï yeisrùu
• n, mßfNdackh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
• Wmdx.h ksjerÈj l%shd lsÍug wjYH Wmfoia iemhSu

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 (16)
• th oDvdx. iy by< uÜgfï uDÿldx. w;r md,ula f,i
l%shd lrk w;r" ta fol w;r ikaksfõokh iy wka;¾l%shd
il%Sh lrhs'
.%e*sla ldâm;
.%e*sla ldâm;la ^GPU& hkq mß.Klh i|yd rEm" ùäfhda iy
iÔúlrK úoeyqïlrKh (rendering) yiqrejk oDVdx. ixrplhls'
th CPU fj;ska nr Ñ;%l ieliqï ld¾hhka Ndr .kS" ta yryd moaO;sh
fõ.j;a yd iqug lrhs - úfYaIfhka mß.Kl l%Svd" ùäfhda
ixialrKh" 3D wdlD;s ks¾udKh iy AI ld¾hhka i|yd fuh
jeo.;a fõ'

GPU ^.%e*sla ieliqï tallh& - rEm iy ùäfhda ieliqug wod<

.Kkh lsÍï i|yd [Link] hq;= .%e*sla ldâmf;a uQ,sl fm%dfiirh
jkafka fuhhs' th CPU yd iudk kuq;a rEm ieliSfï ld¾hhg
úfYaIfhka ks¾udKh jQjls' fuu ilikhg wu;rj VRAM f,I
y÷kajk u;lhlao .%e*sla ldâ tl ;=< we;'

m%isoaO .%e*sla ldâ ksIamdolhska

NVIDIA
• GTX series (GTX 1650, 1660)
• RTX series (RTX 3050, 3060, 4060, 4070, etc.)

AMD
• Radeon RX 6000 series
• Radeon RX 7000 series

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 (17)
Von Neumann architecture
kQ;kfha wxls; mß.Kl i|yd Ndú;d lrk uQ,sl .Dy
ks¾udK Ys,amh jkafka fuhhs m%Odk fldgia y;rlska iukaú;
mß.Kl moaO;shla úia;r lrhs

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2. Memory
3. Input/Output (I/O) devices
4. System Bus

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 (18)
ujqmqjrefõ we;s flfj‚

mqoa., mß.Klj, msßú;r

hful=g ;udf.a wjYH;d imqrd,k wkaofï mß.Klhla ñ,§
.ekSug Wmldr ùu i|yd fjf<kaod úiska imhkq ,nk mß.Klj,
uQ,sl ixrplj, .=Kdx. fyda yelshdjka ms<sn| ,ehs ia;=j fukñka
y÷kajhs' fuys§ i,ld nef,k idol my; mßÈh'

ilikfha iamkaOk fõ.h

1. m%Odk u;lfha Odß;djh iy iamkaOk fõ.h
2. oDv ;eáfha Odß;djh iy fõ.h
3. fudksgrfha j¾.h yd m%udKh
4. ujq mqjrej

o;a;
² f;dr;=rej, uQ,l
s ;ekqï tallh o;a;hs'
² wúêu;a iy w¾: rys; wx. iuQyhla o;a; f,i y÷kajhs'
² o;a; .Kkh l< yels fyda fkdyels wdldrfhka mj;S'
² o;a; rEm" wlaIr" YíO hk ldrj,ska mej;sh yel'
² we;eï o;a; m%fhdackj;ah" we;eï o;a; m%fhdackj;a fkdfõ'

o;a; j¾.SlrKh
m%udKd;aul o;a; iy .=Kd;aul o;a; f,i o;a; j¾.
folls' tajd ms<sn| úia;r fufiah'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (19)

f;dr;=re
w¾:j;a whqßka ilia l< o;a; iuQyh f;dr;=rls' fïjd
w¾:dkaú; ld¾hka i|yd fhdod .; yel' moaO;shlg o;a; we;=¿
l< miq m%;os dkh ,efnkafka f;dr;=re f,ih' fïjd hful=g
f;areï .; yels whqßka ;sfí'

f;dr;=rej, .=Kd;aul nj
f;dr;=re .=Kd;aul núka by< fjk ;rug tajd Ndú;d lr
t<efUk ;SrK ksjerÈ núkao by<h' f;dr;=rej, .=Kd;aulnj
ukskafka my; olajd we;s ud;Dld ix;Dma; lrk ;rugh'

² f;dr;=re th Wjukd fjk ld¾hg wod< úh hq;=h'

² f;dr;=re mßmQ¾K úh hq;=h'
² f;dr;=re ksjerÈ úh hq;=h'
² f;dr;=re meyeÈ,s úh hq;=h'
² f;dr;=re ldf,daÑ; úh hq;=h'
² f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh l< yels úh hq;=h'
² f;dr;=re msßjehg idfmalaIj m%fhdackh jeä úh hq;=h'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (20)
o;a; ieliSu
• ,ndÿka wdodk" ,ndÿka Wmfoiaj,g wkqj ieliSu o;a;
ieliSu kï fjhs'

• f;dr;=rl ksrjoH ;dj wdodk o;a; u; fukau Wmfoia

u;o ;SrKh fjhs'

f;dr;=rej, úhqla; wdlD;sh

mß.Kl moaO;sh
mß.Kl moaO;shla iïmQ¾Kùug kï uQ,sl fldgia y;rla
iïmQ¾K úh hq;=h' ta oDvdx." uDÿldx." iaÓrdx. iy Ôjdx. hk tajdh'
fïjd ms<sn| úia;r fufiah'

oDvdx.
mß.Kl moaO;shl we;s fN!;sl Wmdx. oDvdx. f,i ye¢kafõ'
fïjd w;ska we,a,Sug mq¿jk' tfukau myiqfjka fjkia lsÍug neßh'
mß.Kl moaO;shl m%Odk oDvdx. f,i ye¢kafjkafka moaO;s tallh fyj;a
isiagï hqksÜ tl" h;=re mqjrej iy ixo¾Ylh fyj;a fudkdgrhhs' fï yer
ndysßka iïnkaO fjk ish¨ oDvdx. mß.Kl Wmdx. f,i ye¢kafõ'
mß.Kl moaO;shl jeo.;a fjk wNHka;r oDvdx. is h,a,u mdfya tl,ia
lr ;sfnkafka moaO;s tallh ;=<h'

uDÿldx.
hïlsis wruqKla fj; mß.Kl moaO;sh fufyhùu msKsi
ms<sfj<lg ,nd§ ;sfnk Wmfoia ud,d iuQyh uDÿ[Link]' fï wkqj wm
úiska mß.Kl oDvdx.j,ska hï fohla lr .kakg wjYH kï th ta fj;
±kaúh hq;af;a uDÿ[Link] yrydh'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (21)
iaÓrdx.
mß.Kl moaO;sh l%shd;aulùu wdrïN lsÍu i|yd uQ,slj wjYH
fjk l%uf,aL fyj;a jevigyka y÷kajkafka iaÓrdx. hk kñks' mß.Kl
wNHka;r oDvdx. ksmojk úgu fïjd tajd ;=< wka:¾.; lrkq ,nhs'
fndfydaúg fïjd miqld,Skj fjkia l< fkdyelsh' fuhg WodyrKhla
f,i mß.Klfha frdï u;lh fyj;a mGk ud;% u;lh (Read Only
Memory) ±laúh yel' mß.Kl yereKq úg cx.u ÿrl;k" YS;lrK" frÈ
fidaok hka;%" laIqø ;rx. Wÿka wd§ WmlrK ;=< o iaÓrdx. fhdod we;'

Ôjdx.
hful= mß.Kl mßYS,kh lrñka isà o Tyq fyda weh tu
fudfydf;a Ôjdx. f,i yÿkajkq ,efí' ta wkqj Tn ±ka mß.Klh Ndú;d
lrñka hï ,shlshú,a,la ilia lrkafka kï Ôjdx.h fjkafka Tnhs'

mß.Kl uDÿldx. j¾.SlrKh lrk yeá

mß.Kl moaO;shla hïlsis wruqKla lrd fufyhùu msKsi
ms<sfj<lg ,nd§ ;sfnk Wmfoia ud,d iuQyhla Wjukd flf¾' fuu
Wmfoia ud,d iuQyhla ye¢kafjkafka mß.Kl uDÿ[Link] (software)
lshdh' mß.Kl moaO;s (computer system) ;=< Ndú;d fjk ish¨ uDÿldx.
j¾. follg fnod ±laùug mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (22)
moaO;s uDÿldx.
mß.Kl moaO;sfha l%shdj,shg fl,skau n,mEï l< yels uDÿldx.
y÷kajkafka moaO;s uDÿldx. hk kñks' fïjdfha l%shdldß;ajh wkqj Wm
fldgia ;=klg fnod olajhs' fufyhqï moaO;s (operation systems)" NdId
mßj¾;l (language translator) iy Wmfhda.S;d uDÿldx. (utility software)
jYfhks'
² fufyhqï moaO;s - mß.Klhla l%shd;aul lsÍug fufyhqï moaO;sh
w;HjYH uDÿ[Link]' mß.Klfha u;lh (memory) ksis mßÈ
l<ukdlrKh lsÍu" ieliqï tallhg (processing unit) wjYH Wmfoia
,nd§u jeks foa l< yelafla fufyhqï moaO;shla yrydh' tfukau
oDvdx.j, (hardware) l%shdldß;ajfha we;s ixlS¾K;ajh mßYS,[Link]
iÕjd ;nd mß.Kl mßYS,lhdg ir, w;=reuqyqK;a (interface) ,nd§uo
fufyhqï moaO;sfha ld¾hls' úkafvdaia" Wnqkagq" f*fvdard" wem,a whs´tia
hkdÈh fujeks fufyhqï moaO;s j¾.hs'
² NdId mßj¾;l - uq,a ld,fha§ mß.Kl uDÿldx. ,sùu i|yd Ndú;d lrk
,oafoa hdka;%sl NdIdjhs (machine language)' th 1 yd 0 ka iukaú; NdIdjls'
tuÕska uDÿldx. ,sùu b;d wiSre lghq;a;la jQ ksid fuu hdka;%sl NdIdj
jeä ÈhqKq lrñka ñksidg myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yels mß.Kl NdId
ìys flßK' tfy;a tjeks NdIdjlska jevigykla ,shQ miq th mß.Klhg
y÷kd .ekSug fkdyelsh' fï ksid tjeks NdIdjlska ,shQ jevigykla
mß.Klhg y÷kd.; yels fia mßj¾;kh lsÍug NdId mßj¾;l
jevigyka Wjukd flf¾'
² Wmfhda.s;d uDÿldx. - fufyhqï moaO;sfha ld¾hg iydh fok jevigyka
y÷kajkafka Wmfhda.s;d jevigyka f,ih' úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sh
;=<§ Ndú;d lrk fpla äiala (Check Disk) jevigyk fukau äiala
la,Skma (Disk Cleanup) jevigyk hkdÈh fujeks Wmfhda.s;d
jevigykah'

fhÿï uDÿldx.
mß.Klh Ndú;d lrkakkag mß.Klh ;=<ska ;u ´kEtmdlï bgqlr
.ekSu i|yd ilialr we;s jevigyka fhÿï uDÿldx. f,i ye¢kafõ' ,sms
ieliSug fhdod .kakd joka ieliqï (word processing) uDÿldx." o;a;
tla/ia lsÍug iy tajd l<ukdlrKhg fhdod .kakd o;a; iuqodh
l<ukdlrK uDÿldx. (database management systems)" PdhdrEm
ixialrKhg (photo editing) fhdod .kakd uDÿldx. hkdÈh fhÿï uDÿldx.
j¾.hs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (23)
uDÿldx. ysñlu
uDÿ[Link] ysñldr;ajh wkqj;a tajd foj¾.hls' ysñlï wdY%s; uDÿldx.
(proprietary software) iy újD; uQ,dY% uDÿldx. ^open source software)
jYfhks' tajd ms<sn| úia;r fufiah'

ysñlï wdY%s; uDÿldx.

hïlsis mqoa.,fhl=g fyda wdh;khlg kS;Hdkql+, whs;shla ;sfnk
udÿldx. ysñlï wdY%s; uDÿldx. f,i ye¢kafõ' fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= yg
fuu uDÿldx. Ndú;d lsÍug" fjkia lsÍug fyda fnod yeÍug wjia:dj
we;af;a whs;slre iuÕ we;s lr .kakd tl`.;djg wkqj muKs' ;ud úiska
ñ,§.;a fujeks uDÿ[Link] fjk;a mß.Klj, Ndú;d lsÍu fyda uDÿ
msgm;a (soft copy) fia ;nd .ekSuo l< yelafla ñ,§ .ekSu ksid whs;slre
iuÕ we;s fjk fmdÿ tl`.;djg wkqj muKs' uhsfl%dfid*aÜ [Link] wh;a
úkafvdaia" uhsfl%dfid*aÜ T*Sia wdÈh fukau wefvdaì [Link] wh;a
f*dfgdafIdma" b,iafÜ%g¾ jeks uDÿldx. óg ksoiqkah'

újD; uQ,dY% uDÿldx.

hïlsis mqoa.,fhla fyda wdh;khla fyda kS;Hdkql+, whs;shlg
ysñlï fkdlshk uDÿldx. újD; uQ,dY% uDÿldx. hg;g .efka' fuu
uDÿldx. Ndú; lsÍug" fnod yeÍug fukau fjkia lsÍugo mßYS,lhskag
wjir ;sfí' tfy;a ta o hï hï iSudj,g hg;ajh' újD; uQ,dY%
uDÿldx.j,§ mßYS,lhskag tu uDÿldx.h ,shd we;s uQ,dY% fla; (code)
igyk ,nd fokafkau fujeks fldkafoaiso iuÕsks' ,sklaia mdol fufyhqï
moaO;s ;ekSug Bg ±kque;s ´kEu wfhl=g mq¿jk' tfy;a tajd jdKsc
mrud¾: fjkqfjka fhdod .kakg fyj;a uqo,a bmehSfï wruqKska m%p,s;
lrkakg fkdyelsh' fkdñf,a ,nd f.k ´kEu flfkl=g mdúÉÑ l< yels
jqj;a" iuQyhla w;r fnod yeßh yels jqj;a uQ,dY% fla; igyk fkdfok
uDÿldx.o ;sfí' ksoyia uDÿldx. (freeware) hkq fïjdh' .+.,a msldid
PdhdrEm l<ukdlrK jevigyk" iS la,Sk¾ isiagï la,Sksx jevigyk"
fkdñf,a fok wekaájhsria jevigyka hkdÈh fujeks uDÿ[Link]'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (24)

mß.Klh ;=< o;a; ksrEmKh

ixLHd moaO;s
ixLHd moaO;shla hkq ixLHd ksrEmKh lsÍug iy yeisrùug
Ndú;d lrk .‚;uh rduqjls' th ixLHd m%ldY lsÍu fyda .Kkh
lsÍï isÿ lsÍu i|yd ixfla; ^b,lalï& iuQyhla iy tajdfha ieleiau
i|yd Í;s ks¾jpkh lrhs'
oYuh ixLHdxl moaO;sh ks;r Ndú;d lrk ksid iïu;hla
f,i tu ixLHdj wi, mdoh olajkafka ke;' ta wkqj Rcqju
ixLHdj muKla ,shd oyfha mdofha [Link] ksrEmKh lrkq ,nhs'
ixLHdjla ksrEmKh lrk úg Ndú;d fjk ixfla;h i|yd
^b,lalfuka olajk& uqyqK; jákdlu iy ^10 mdofhka olajk&
ia:dkSh w.h f,i [Link] folla mj;S'
uqyqK; jákdlu" ia:dkSh [Link] fyj;a nr idOlfhka
.=K lsÍu uÕska ixLHdj iliaù ;sfí'

oaúuh (Binary) ixLHdxl moaO;sh ^17 jk ishji&

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,È'
mß.Klj, hdka;%sl NdIdj f,i fhdod .efkkafka oaúuh ixLHdxl
moaO;shhs' fuu ixLHd moaO;sh ixLHdxl follska hqla;h' ta 1 yd
0 hs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (25)
fuys§ ,sùfï§ iïu;hla f,i ixLHdfjka miqj mdoh olajkq
,efí' ^101110012& ia:dkSh [Link] ,efnk wdldrh oYu ixLHd
moaO;shg iudk jqj;a n,h ,efnkafka 2 n, f,isks'

IâoYu (Hexadecimal) ixLHdxl moaO;sh

IâoYu ixLHdxl moaO;sh fhdod .kafka o f;dr;=re
;dlaIKfha§ ksrEmKh lrk oaaúuh ixLHd myiqfjka y÷kd .ekSu
i|ydh'
fuh ixLHdxl 16 lska hqla;h' ta 0 isg 15 olajd we;s ixLHdhs'
tfy;a fuys§ 9 miqj we;s ixLHd i|yd b,lalï fjkqjg bx.S%is
lemsg,a wl=re fhdod .kS'
fï wkqj IâoYu ixLHdxl moaO;sfha ixLHdxl ielfikafka
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F f,ih' fuys mdoh 16 hs' fuys§
iïu;hla f,i ixLHdfjka miqj mdoh olajhs' ^1DC3416 fyda
1DC34oyih & fuys§ ia:dkSh [Link] ,efnkafka my; olajd we;s
fiah'

mß.K o;a; ksrEmKh (Data Representation)

wm l;d lrk isxy," bx.%Sis jeks udkj NdIdjka mß.Klhg
f;afrkafka ke;' tmuKla fkdj wm Ndú;d lrkq ,nk idudkH
wrdì b,lalulaj;a mß.Klhg f;afrkafka ke;' mß.Klh
bf,lafg%dksl hka;%hla neúka thg f;areï .; yelafla úoHq;a
mßm:hla ;=<g úÿ,s Odrdj;a .,d hdu yd .,d fkdhEu hk wjia:d
fol mu‚' fuu wjia:d fol ksrEmKh lsÍug 1 iy 0 Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs' hdka;%sl NdIdj fyj;a mß.Klhg f;areï .; yels NdIdj
ilia fjkafka fuu 1 iy 0 ka h' fï wkqj mßm:hla ;=<g úÿ,sh
.,d hdu 1 uÕska yd úÿ,sh .,d fkdhEu 0 uÕska ksrEmKh fjhs'
wl=re" b,lalï" rEm" y`v hk ish¨ o;a; j¾. mß.Klh ;=<

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (26)
.nvd fjkafkao tajd ieliSu fjkafkao fuu 1 iy 0 Wmfhda.S lr
[Link]'
ixLHd moaO;s w;r mßj¾;kh
1) oYu ixLHd oaùuh ixLHd njg yerùu
oyfha mdofha ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd njg yerùu msKsi Ndú;d
lrk ixLHdj yels;dla ÿrg foflka fnod fYaIh bj;a lr .;
hq;=h' miqj tu fYaIh my< isg by<g ,shkq ,nhs' my; rEmfha
±lafjkafka 67 hk oyfha mdofha ixLHdj oaúuh ixLHdjla njg
yrjk wdldrhhs' fï wkqj 6710 hk oYu ixLHdfõ oaúuh ixLHdj
fjkafka 10000112 hkakhs'

2) oaúuh ixLHd oyfha mdofha ixLHd njg yerùu

oaúuh ixLHd oyfha mdofha ixLHd njg yerùu msKsi oaúuh
ixLHdfõ we;s b,lalï ;rula wE;a lr ,shd .; hq;=h' miqj tys
tla tla ixLHdj, fofla n,h ,nd .; hq;=h' ±ka tu foflys
n,h" ia:dkSh [Link] jeä lr ,efnk ixLHd tl;= l< hq;=h' fuh
f;areï .ekSu i|yd 1102 hk ixLHdj oYu ixLHd njg yrjk
wdldrh my; úia;r lr ;sfí'
1 1 0
2 1
2 2 20
(1 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)
4 + 2 + 0
fuys§ ol=Kqmi fl<jf¾ we;s 0 hk iLHdfõ ia:dkSh nr
idOlh jkafka foflys 0 jeks n,h fjk 1 hk ixLHdjhs' Bg
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (27)
jïmiska we;s ixLHdfõ ia:dkSh nr idOlh jkafka foflys 1 jeks
n,h fjk 2 h' jïmi uq,k s a we;s ixLHdfõ ia:dkSh nr idOlh
jkafka foflys 2 jeks n,h fjk 4 h' fï wkqj ol=Kq mi fl<jf¾
we;s ia:dkSh nr idOlfhka 0 .=K l< úg 0 hk ixLHdjo" ol=Kqmi
isg fojekshg we;s 1 hk ixLHdfjka ia:dkSh w.h .=K l< úg 2
hk ixLHdjo" jïmi fl<jf¾ we;s ixLHdfjka ia:dkSh w.h .=K
l< úg 4 hk ixLHdjo ,efnhs' fï wkqj ,nd.;a ms<; s =re fjk 0,
2, 4 hk ixLHd tl;= l< úg 1102 hk ixLHdfõ oYu w.h fjkafka
6 hkakhs'

ìgq wkqidß; ;d¾lsl fufyhqï

(bitwise logical operations)

mß.Klh ;=<§ fofla mdofha ixLHd" wxl .‚;

fufyhqïj,g wu;rj ;d¾lsl fufyhqïj,go ,la
lrhs' tu ;d¾lsl fufyhqï lsÍu i|yd NOT, AND, OR
hk fufyhqï Ndú;d lrhs'

• NOT – ldrlh
fuu ldrlh fhdod .kafka tla ixLHdjla i|yd muKs' fuys
m%;sodkh f,i ,efnkafka ixLHdfõ m%;sf,dauhhs' ta wkqj fuys 1 hkak
,ndÿka ág 0 f,io" 0 hkak ,ndÿka úg 1 f,io ,efnhs'

• oajdr ixfla;h (Gate Symbol)

A Y

• i;H;d j.=j (Truth Table)

Input A Output (A)
0 1
1 0

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (28)
• AND - ldrlh
fuu ;d¾lsl ldrlh fhdod .efkkafka ziyZ hk l%shdjg wod<
m%;sodkh ,nd §ughs' fuys§ ixLHd folla fyda lSmhla jqjo ii|d ne,sh
yelsh' tu ixLHd fol ziyZ hk l%shdj u; ieliSfuka fuys ms<s;=r
,efí' ta wkqj 1 iy 0 hk b,lalï fol i,ld neÆ úg ms<s;=r f,i
,efnkafka ;ks b,laluls'

fuu ldrlfha§ ziyZ hk l%shdfjka ieliSfï lghq;= fjk ksid

oaùuh ixLHd 1 iy 1 hk [Link] we;s úg muKla ms<s;=r f,i 1 hkak
,efí'

• oajdr ixfla;h (Gate Symbol)

A
Y
B

• i;H;d j.=j (Truth Table)

Input A Input B Output (A.B)
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
• OR - ldrlh
fuu ;d¾lsl ldrlh fhdod .efkkafka 'fyda' hk l%shdjg wod<j
ms<s;=rla ,nd§u i|ydh' ta wkqj fuys§ 1 yd 1" 1 yd 0 hk wjia:dj,§
,efnkafka 1 hk ms<s;=rhs' tkï 0 hk ms<s;=r ,efnkafka 0 yd 0 iei£fï§
muKs'

• oajdr ixfla;h (Gate Symbol)

A
Y
B

• i;H;d j.=j (Truth Table)

Input A Input B Output (A+B)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (29)
mß.Klfha wkq,laI ksrEmKh
mß.Kl moaO;shl§ fkdfhla o;a; y÷kd .ekSu msKsi úúO
iïu; Ndú;d lrhs' mß.Kl moaO;shla b,lal lr ilik ,o
jevigykla" ´kEu mß.Klhl§ Ndú;d l< yels fjkafka túghs'
o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu msKsi fhdod .kakd tjeks iïu; lSmhla fuys
úia;r lr we;'

ASCII
b,lalï" wl=re iy ixfla; y÷kajkafka le/lag¾ (character)
fyj;a wkq,laIK f,ih' h;=re mqjrej fhdod f.k mß.Klhg
fuu wkq,laIK we;=¿ lrk iïu;h ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange) f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu iïu;hg
wkqj h;=re mqjrefõ we;s ´kEu ixLHdjla" wl=rla fyda i,l=Kla
i|yd iïu; oYu [Link] we;' tu oYu w.h weials fla;hhs' tu
oYu w.h mß.Klh oaúuh fyj;a nhskß l%uhg f;areï .kS'

WodyrKhla fufiah' A wl=r .;fyd;a ta i|yd ,nd§ we;s

ASCII w.h 65 h' tkï iEu mß.Kl moaO;shlu A wl=r y÷kd
.ekSu i|yd 65 hk weials wxlh fhdod .kafkah hkakhs'

ASCII fla; l%uh [Link] wkq,laIKhla ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd

ìÜ (bit) 07la fhdod .efka' ìÜ 07la hkq" 1 fyda 0 ksrEmKh l<
yels b,lalï 07 ls' ta wkqj ìÜ 07 ASCII wxl mgka .kafka

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (30)
00000002 hk oaúuh ixLHdfjks' fuh oYu ixLHdj,ska 010 f,i
±laúh yel'

fï wkqj ìÜ 07la ;=< we;=¿ l< yels Wmßu oaúuh ixLHdj

fjkafka 11111112 hs' fuh oYu ixLHdj,ska 12710 f,i ±laúh yelsh'
ta wkqj 0 isg 127 olajd ixLHd 128 ;=< wkq,laIK 128 la ksrEmKh
l< yel'

hqksfldaâ (Unicode)

weials l%ufha iSudjla ;sfí' tkï tajdhska ksrEmKh l< yels

Wmßu wkq,laIK .Kk 128 lg isudùuhs' tu wkq,laIK .Kk
;=< ±laúh yels jQfha bx.%Sis NdIdfõ lemsg,a iy isïm,a wl=re"
b,lalï iy ixfla; muKs' tksid f,dj úúO cd;Ska mdúÉÑ lrk
NdIdj,ska ilid we;s ,shlshú,s mß.Klfha ;ekam;a lr ;eîu
i|yd fuu wkq,laIK 256 h m%udKj;a fkdfõ' fuksid h;=re
mqjrefõ we;s bx.%Sis wl=rej,g tu NdIdj, wl=re wdfoaY lr
Ndú;d lrkakg mqreÿ jqj;a th fodaI fmkajkakla úK'

hqksfldaâ fhdod .;af;a mß.Kl moAO;sj,§ úúO NdId fhdod

.ekSfï§ u;= fjk fodaI y;rla iukh lr .ekSfï wruqK we;sjh'
tu wruqKq fufiah'

• ish¨ mß.Kl moaO;s i|yd tlu wl=re l%uhla Ndú;d lsÍu'

• úúO mß.Kl NdId i|yd tlu wlaIr iïu;hla Ndú;d lsÍu'
• mß.Kl jevigyka iajNdIdfjka yeisrùfï yelshdj ,nd§u'
• iEu wlaIrhlgu y÷kd .ekSfï wxlhla ,nd §u'

hqksfldaâ ;=<§ úúO NdIdj, wlaIr" ixfla; hkdÈh

ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd wju jYfhka ìÜ 16 l fla;hla fhdod .efka'
uq,a ld,fha§ fuu ìÜ 16 lska tlsfklg fjkia ixfla; 65"536 la
ksrEmKh l< yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (31)

jdis
• úúO NdId" wlaIr iy ixfla; j,ska wlaIr úYd, mrdihlg
iyh olajhs'

• úúO NdId w;r ndOdjlska f;drj ikaksfõokh iy o;a;

yqjudrej l< yelsh'

• wldrd§ iy ixLHd;aul wlaIr muKla fkdj bfudað iy ;j;a

úfYaI wlaIr o we;=<;a fõ'

wjdis
• Odß;djh jeäùu'
• ixlSrK fla; l%uhla ùu'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (32)

fufyhqï moaO;s

fufyhqï moaO;s Ndú;h

j¾;udkfha wm Ndú;d lrk nyqld¾h mß.Klhlska jev lr

.ekSu i|yd fufyhqï moaO;shla w;HdjYH nj wuq;=fjka lsjhq;=
ke;' úkafvdaia" wem,a whs´tia" ,sklaia mdol lr.;a Wnqkagq"
f*fvdard" wekafv%dhsâ hkdÈh WodyrK f,i ±laúh yelsh'
fvialafgdma yd ,emafgdma mß.Klj, muKla fkdj" iaudÜ f*daka"
geí,Ü mß.Kl" iaudÜ j¾.fha w;a Trf,daiq yd ixlS¾K hka;%
iQ;%j,ska jev .ekSu Wfoid;a fufyhqï moaO;s wjYH fõ'

ixlS¾K hka;% iQ;% fufyhjk l%uf,aL ^programs& ye¢kafjkafka

ksys; moaO;s ^Embedded Systems& hkqfjks' ieneúkau fufyhqï
moaO;shla hkq" mßYS,lhd yd mß.Klfha oDvdx. w;r ikaksfõokh
lrk w;=re uqyqK;hs' fufyhqï moaO;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh m%Odk
jYfhka wdldr follg ±laúh yelsh'

• iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ^resource manager& - tlu [Link]"

b,a,Ssï ^request& tllg jvd meñKs úg" ld¾hlaIu;dj yd
idOdrK Ndú;h ms<sn| i,ld n,d" tu [Link] Ndú;h fjka
lr fohs'
• md,k l%uf,aLh ^control program& - fodaI je,elaùu i|yd yd
mß.Klh wúêu;a Ndú;fhka j,lajd .ekSu i|yd l%uf,aLj,
l%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh lsÍu fukñka ye¢kafõ'

wm úiska uhsfl%dafid*aÜ j¾â uDÿldx.h ;=< hï ,shú,a,la ilia

lr we;ehs is;uq' th wmg uqøKh lr .kakg wjYH kï Rcqju uqøK
hka;%hg ta nj ±kaùug fkdyel' tys§ lrkq ,nkafka j¾â uDÿldx.h
yryd ta nj fufyhqï moaO;sh fj; ±kqï §uhs' tu ±kqï §ug wkqj
fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska oDvdx. l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí' ta wkqj
mßYS,lhd úiska ish wjYH;d uQ,sl jYfhka ±kqï fokafka fhÿï

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (33)
uDÿ[Link]' miqj fhÿï uDÿldx.h fufyhqï moaO;shgo"
fufyhqï moaO;sh oDvdx.j,go ±kqï fohs' oDvdx. yryd wmg ,efnk
mKsjqvhla ,efnkafka fuu l%ufhau úreoaO wdldrhghs' ta wkqj uqøK
hka;%fha uqøKh ùu i|yd wjYH lvodis fkdue;s nj is;uq' túg
uqøK hka;%fha oDvdx. uÕska uq,skau th okajd isákafka fufyhqï
moaO;shghs' miqj uqøK hka;%hg wod< fhÿï uDÿldx.h yryd tu
mKsjqvh wm fj; fhduq fjhs'

fufyhqï moaO;shl wjYH;dj

• mßYS,l yd hka;%h w;r w;=re uqyqK;a

uq,a ld,fha mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa úOdk fma<s w;=re

uqyqK;a ^Command Line Interface - CLI& h' tys§ h;=re mqjrej
Ndú;fhka úOdk ,nd foñka wjYH ld¾hhka lr.; hq;= úh' merKs
fvdia fufyhqï moaO;sh fï wdldrfhka tlls'

miqj ìysjQfha Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;ah' ^Graphical User

Interface - GUI& fuys§ ;srfha Èiajk Ñ;%l yryd [Link] wjYH ld¾hh
bgq lr .kakg mq¿jk' fï ksidu fï j¾.fha fufyhqï moaO;s Ndú;d
lsÍfï§ úOdk u;l ;[Link] wjYH fjkafka ke;'

• oDvdx. md,kh yd uDÿldx. l<ukdlrKh

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (34)
fuh fmdÿfõ iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ^resource management&
f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' l%uf,aL lsysmhla tljr uqølhg ^printer&
fhduq l< fyd;a tajd ñY%ù uqøKh fjkafka kï m%fhdackhla
,[Link] neßh' fujeks úgl§ fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska uqøKh l<
hq;= foa ms<sfj<g fm<.iajd bkamiq tlska tl uqølhg fhduq lrhs'
iïm;a l<ukdlrKh hkq" fï wdldrfhka tla tla oDvdx. iïm;a
m%fhdackhg .ekSuh'
ld,h yd wjldYh ^Time and Space& f,iska iïm;a
l<ukdlrKh wdldr follg isÿfõ' ld,h uÕska iïm;la
l<ukdlrKfha§ tla tla l%uf,aLhg fyda mßYS,lfhl=g tu iïm;
Ndú;d lsÍug ld,hla fjka fõ' tu ld,h blaujQ miq B<Õ
l%uf,aLhg fyda mßYS,lhg wjia:dj ysñ fõ' B<Õ l%uf,aLh fyda
mßYS,lhd ljqo hehs ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka fufyhqï moaO;sh úisks'
fuh y÷kajkafka l%shdj,s Wmf,aLkh ^process scheduling& f,ihs'
ish,a,ka úiska tu iïm; Ndú;d lsÍu wjika jk f;la fï l%shdj,sh
jl%dldrj È.gu l%shd;aul fõ' mß.Klfha ilikh l%shd;aul
fjkafka fï wdldrhghs'
wjldYh uÕska iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha§ hï iïm;la Ndú;d
lrk iEu l%uf,aLlhlgu fyda mßYS,lfhl=gu tu iïmf;ka
fldgila ysñ fõ' fuhg WodyrK f,i m%Odk u;lh yd oDv ;eáh
±laùug yelsh'

w¨;a f*da,v
a rhla ieliSu
mß.Klh ;=< jev lrk úg wmf.a *hs,a l%uj;aj ;nd .ekSu
i|yd f*da,av¾ ilia lr.; hq;=hs' fï wdldrfhka hï v%hsjq tlla
;=< ilik m%Odk f*da,avrhla ;=< ilik wfkla f*da,av¾ ií
f*da,av¾ f,i y÷kajhs'
f*da,av¾ tlla ieliSu
i|yd ydâ äialh ;=<g msúi tys
ysia;ekla u; rhsÜ la,sla lr
,efnk fukq tflka New >
Folder hkak ,[Link]'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (35)
l,ska ilid we;s f*da,v
a rhl ku fjkia lrk yeá
l,ska ilid we;s f*da,avrhl
ku fjkia lsÍu i|yd tu f*da,avrh
u; rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq
tflka Rename hkak ,[Link]'

±ka tu f*da,avrfha fuf;la ;snQ ku isf,laÜ fjhs' ±ka ta

fjkqjg w¨;a kula ,nd§ h;=re mqjrefõ Enter h;=r ;o l< yel'

ieliQ f*da,v
a rh uld ouk yeá
ieliQ f*daa,vrhla fyda *hs,a tlla uld ±óu i|yd tu
f*da,avrh fyda *hs,a tl isf,laÜ lrkak' ta i|yd ujqia fmdhskagrh
tu f*da,avrh fyda *hs,a tl u;g f.k [Link] la,sla l< yel' ±ka
h;=re mqjrefõ we;s Delete kï h;=r ;o lrkak' fï wdldrfhka
f*da,avrhla uelSfuka th fhduq jkafka Íihsl,a ìka tl fj;ghs'

Recycle Bin Ndú;h

Íihsl,a ìka tl f,i y÷kajkafka wm úiska ulkq ,nk *hs,a
yd f*da,av¾ uld ouQ miq fhduq jk ia:dkhhs' fuh idudkHfhka
wmf.a ldurfha we;s li< n÷kg iudkh' wm úiska ,shñka isák
lvodishla wkjYHkï wm th li< n÷kg ouhs' tfy;a
u|fõ,djlska th kej; wjYH jqjfyd;a li< n÷fkka th ,nd.;
yel' tfy;a li< n÷fka ;snQ lvodis len,s .sks ;enqjfyd;a tajd
kej; ,nd.; fkdyels fukau Íihsl,a ìka tflka bj;a lrkd *hs,a
kej; idudkH l%uhla Tiafia ,nd.;
fkdyel' Íihsl,a ìka tl Ndú;d lsÍug kï
uq,skau th újD; lr.; hq;=h' fï i|yd
fvlaiafgdma tl ;=<ska Recycle Bin kï
whslkh újD; [Link]'

idudkHfhka rSihsl,a ìka whslkh ±lafjkafka li< n÷kl

iajrEmfhks' tys fld< len,s mqrjd we;s wdldrfhka ±l.; yelskï
bka woyia jkafka uld ±uQ foa ta ;=< we;s njhs' tfy;a th ysia
wdldrhg fmfka kï ta;=< lsisjla fkdue;s nj bka woyia fjhs'
Íihsl,a ìka tl újD; lr.;a miq ta ;=< uld ±uQ foa ;sfíkï
±l.; yelsh'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (36)
• Íihsl,a ìka tl ;=< we;s *hs,a tlla kej;;a uq,ska ;snQ ia:dkhg
fhduq lsÍu'
Íihsl,a ìka tl ;=< we;s ulkq ,enQ *hs,a tlla kej;;a uq,a
ia:dkh fj; fhduq lr .ekSug kï Íihsl,a ìka tl ;=<ska tu *hs,a
tl isf,laÜj ;sìh§ úkafvdafõ gQ,and¾ tl ;=<ska Restore this item
hkak u; la,sla lrkak'

• *hs,a tlla iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a lsÍu

Íihsl,a ìka tl ;=< we;s hï *hs,a tla ;jÿrg;a wkjYH kï
th mß.Klfhkau bj;a lsÍu i|yd kej;;a wod< *hs,a tl isf,laÜ
lr h;=re mqjrefõ we;s Delete h;=r ;o lrkak'

• iïmQ¾Kfhka Íihsl,a ìka tl ysia lsÍu

Íihsl,a ìka tl ;=< we;s ish¨ foa wkjYH kï Íihsl,a ìka
úkafvdafjys gQ,a nd¾ tflys we;s Empty the Recycle Bin hkak la,sla
lrkak'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (37)
*hs,a tlla fldms" lÜ iy fmaiaÜ lrk yeá
tla ;ekl we;s *hs,a tlla ;j;a ;ekla fj; msgm;a lr
.ekSug wjYH kï *hs,a tl we;s ia:dkfhka th u; rhsÜ la,sla lr
,efnk fukq tflka Copy (Ctrl + C) hkak ,nd .kak'

±ka th msgm;a l< hq;= ia:dk újD; lr ysia;ekla u; rhsÜ

la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tflka Paste (Ctrl + V) hkak ,[Link]'
túg wod< *hs,a tflys msgm;la tu ia:dkh fj; msgm;a fjhs'
fï wdldrfhkau mß.Klhlg *a,EIA v%hsjq tlla jeks bj;a l<
udOHhla iïnkaO l< úgo ta ;=<g *hs,a tlal msgm;a lr.; yel'
by; l%ufha§ isÿ lf<a tla ia:dkhl we;s *hs,a tll msgm;la
fjk;a ia:dkhlg ,[Link]' tys§ uq,a msgm;o tu ia:dkfha ;sìk'
tfy;a uq,a msgm; tu ia:dkfhka bj;a lr ;j;a ia:dkhla fj;
msgm;a lr .ekSug kï tu uq,a msgm; u; rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk
fukq tflka Copy fjkqjg Cut (Ctrl +X) hkak ,[Link]'

úkafvdaia lkafg%da,a mek,a tl Ndú;d lrk yeá

úkafvdaia ;=< lkafg%da,a mek,a tl fj; msúiSu i|yd Start
fukq tl ;=< Control Panel hkak i|yka lr ,efnk whslka tl
f;darkak'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (38)
lkafg%da,a mek,a tflys fmkqu ilik yeá
úkafvdaia lkafg%da,a mek,a tl Ndú;d lsÍfï§ l%u ;=klska
myiq l%uhla f;dard .ekSug wjia:dj i,id fohs' tu fmkqu ieliSu
i|yd Control Panel úkafvdafõ ol=Kq mi by< fl<jfrys we;s View
by hkafkys fv%dma vjqka fukq tl la,sla lrkak'

tu fukq tflys by<skau we;af;a Category hkakhs' fï

wdldrh f;aÍ ;snqkfyd;a lkafg%da,a mek,a tflys ish¨ whslk m%Odk
whslka lsysmhla hgf;a [Link] lr we;s wdldrh ±l.; yel'
fuys we;s Large icons hkak f;aßfuka lkafg%da,a mek,a tlg
wod< ish¨ whslka tljr ±l.; yel'

 lkafg%da,a mek,a tflys uQ,sl ld¾hhka'

1) w¨;a f*dkaÜ bkaiafgda,a lrk yeá

wl=re wvx.= f*dkaÜ *hs,a tlla újD; lr .kSu uq<skau l< hq;qh'
túg tu f*dkaÜ *hs,a tflys jïmi by< fldgfia Install kï nÜka tlla
±l.; yel' ±ka ta u; la,sla lsÍfuka f*dkaÜ tl bkaiafgda,a lr.; yelsh'
±ka ´kEu jevigykla ;=<§ tu f*dkaÜ tl Ndú;d l< yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (39)

Control Panel úkafvda tl ;=< we;s Font whslkh újD; lr fuu

bkaiafgda,a lr we;s f*dkaÜ bj;a lsÍu fyda ne,Su l< yelsh'

2) úkafvdaia;=< isxy, Ndú;h

úkafvdaia iys; mß.Klj, isxy, l%uhg Èkh fõ,dj wdÈh
fmkajk wdldrhg ieliqï isÿ l< yel' túg uDÿldx. j, fukqo
isxyf,ka fmkajhs' tfukau isxy, f*dkaÜ tlla ke;sj jqjo isxy, wl=re
ghsma lsÍfï yelshdjo we;' fï i|yd my; mshjr [Link] lrkak'
uq,skau Control Panel ;=<ska Region hkak la,sla lrkak' túg újD;
jkafka Region vhf,d.a fndlaia tlhs' tys Format geí tl isf,laÜ
lrkak' oka ta ;=<ska Format f,i olajd we;s ia:dkfha ;sfnk fv%dama vjqka
fukq tl ;=< úúO cd;Ska j,g wh;a NdId rdYshlau ±l.; yel' isxy,
NdIdj i|yd Sinhala (Sri Lanka) hkak f;darkak'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (40)
3) úkafvdaia ;=< hQi¾ tljqkaÜ
hï mß.Klhlg msgia;r mqoa.,hl=g msúiSug kï hQi¾ tljqkaÜ
tlla yryd tu msúiSu isÿ l< hq;=h's wod< mß.Kl moaO;sfha we;s o;a;
j, wdrdlaIdjo r|d mj;skafka hQi¾ tljqkaÜ tflys we;s wdrlaIdj wkqjhs'
tlu mß.Klhla lsysm fofkl= úiska Ndú;d lrkafka kï jqjo
hQi¾ tljqkaÜ fjk fjku ilid ;sîfuka iEu wfhla i|ydu fjkuu
fvlaiafgdma tlla" fvdlshquÜ f*da,avrhla wdÈh ,efnhs' túg tu
fvlaiafgdma tl ;=< fhdokq ,nk nela.%jqkaâ rEmh we;af;a wod< hQi¾
tljqkaÜ tflka f,d.a jQ úg muKhs'
w¨;a hQi¾ tljqkaÜ tlla ilia lr .ekSu i|yd Control Panel tl
;=<ska User Account hkak újD; lr .; hq;=h'

±ka my<ska we;s Manage another account hkak f;dard .; hq;=h'

túg újD; fjk fldgi ;=<ska Add a new user in PC settings hkak ,nd
.; hq;=h'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (41)
±ka újD; jk Settings úkafvda tflys Family & other users hgf;a
we;s Add someone else to this PC hkak f;dard .; hq;=h'

±ka wjYH úia;r ,nd§ Create account kï nÜka tl la,sla lrkak'

túg w¨;a hQi¾ tljqkaÜ tl ks¾udKh fjhs'

4) jevigyka we;=¿ lsÍu iy bj;a lsÍu

jevigykla bkaiafgda,a lsßug kï tys figma *hs,a tl u; vn,a
la,sla lr bÈß mshjr fj; fhduq úh hq;=h' wkjYH jevigykla uelSug
kï lkafg%da,a mek,a tl yryd my; wdldrhg msúish hq;=h'
lkafg%da,a mek,a tl ;=<ska Programs and Features whslka tl újD;
lr.;a miq uq,skau ±l.; yels jkafka Programs and Features hkakhs' fï
u; la,sla lsÍfuka m%Odk jYfhka mß.Klfha bkaiafgda,a lr we;s
jevigyka ±l.; yel' fuys§ tu jevigykla uld bj;a lsÍu isÿ l<
yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (42)
5) ujqia nÜka j,g wod< ieliqï isÿ[Link] yeá
idudkHfhka ujqihla ;=< m%Odk jYfhka nÜka folla ±l.; yel'
fïjdhska jï mi we;s nÜka tl f,*aÜ ujqia nÜka tl f,i;a ol=Kq miska
we;s ujqia nÜka tl rhsÜ ujqia nÜka tl f,i;a yªkajhs' óg wu;rj
fndfyda ujqia j, ueÈka ;sfnk frdaoh ±l.; yel' th iafl%da,a tl f,i
yªkajhs' th lr leùug fukau idudkH nÜka tlla wdldrfhka ;o lsÍgo
yelsjk fia ks¾udKh lr we;'
ujqihg wod< ´kEu ieliqula isÿ lsÍu i|yd Mouse Properties
vhf,d.a fndlaia tl fj; msúish hq;=h' fï i|yd uq,skau Control Panel
tl fj; msúfikak'
Mouse Properties vhf,d.a fndlaia tl fj; msúiqk miq nÜka j,g
wod< ieliqï isÿ lsÍu i|yd Buttons kï geí tl isf,laÜ lrkak'

ju;ska ujqih Ndú;d lrkakka i|yd la,sla nÜka tflys l%shd ldÍ;ajh

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (43)
idudkHfhka úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< ujqihg wod<
ieliqï we;af;a ol=K;ska jev lrk wh i|ydhs' tfy;a ju;ska jev
lrkafka kï la,sla lsÍu myiq jkafka ol=Kq mi we;s ujqia nÜka tflka
neúka th ieliSu i|yd Buttons geí ;=< we;s Button Configuration
hkak hgf;a ;sfnk Switch primary and secondary buttons hkak
isf,laÜ lrkak' túg tu fudfydf;a mgka ujqifha jï mi yd ol=Kq mi
nÜka j, we;s l%shdldÍ;ajh udrefjhs'

ví,a la,sla lsÍfï fõ.h ilik yeá

ujqih ví,a la,sla lsÍug yqre ke;s wfhl=g ví,a la,sla lsÍfï
fõ.h wvq lsÍu fyd|h' fï i|yd Double-click speed kï ia:dkfha my;ska
;sfnk speed kï ia:dkfha Slow f,i olajd we;s foig ueo we;s l=vd
fldgi weof.k hkak' ví,a la,sla lsÍu fyd¢ka yqre wfhl=g kï fuys
we;s Fast ÈYdjg ueo we;s fldgi weof.k [Link] ví,a la,sla lsÍu fõ.j;a
lr.; yelsh'

ujqia fmdhskagrh [Link]ï fõ.h ieliSu

ujqia mEâ tl u; ujqia fmdhskagrh ;nd tyd fuyd f.k hdfï§
;srfha tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg ujqia fmdhskagrh f.k hEug .;jk
ld,h wvq jeä lsÍug Pointer Options geí tl ;=< Motion hgf;a we;s
Select a pointer speed hkak Ndú;d l< yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (44)
le/lag¾ uema Ndú;h
le/lag¾ uema Ndú;h uÕska h;=re mqjrefõ we;s wl=re yd
i,l=Kq fukau h;=re mqjrefõ ke;s i,l=Kq mjd ,nd.; yelsh' fï
i|yd Start nÜka tl la,sla lr Windows Accessories ;=<ska
Character Map hkak ,nd .kak'

túg újD; jkafka Character Map úkafvda tlhs tys by<skau

we;s Font kï ia:dkfhka wl=re fyda i<l=Kq wvx.= wl=re j¾.h
f;aßh yel' (Webdings, Wingdings, Wingdings 2 yd Wingdings 3)
wk;=rej my; we;s j.=fõ Bg wod< i,l=Kq fmkajhs' ±ka
tajdhska ´kEu i,l=Kla u; ví,a la,sla lsÍfuka th my;ska we;s
Characters to copy hkak ;=< ±l.; yel' ±ka Copy hkak u; la,sla
lsÍfuka tu i,l=K msgm;a fjhs' ±ka th j¾â jeks uDÿ[Link]
fj; idudkH wdldrhg msgm;a lr.; yelsh'

;eá msßisÿ lsÍu

mß.Klfha we;s wmg wkjYH *hs,a la,sla lr h;=re mqjrefõ we;s
Delete h;=r ;o lrñka uld ±ñh yel' tfy;a fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (45)
ilia [Link] ;djld,sl *hs,a fï wdldrfhka uelsh fkdyel' fgïmß
*hs,a fukau fjk;a wkjYH *hs,ao uelSug my; l%uh [Link] lrkak'
uq,skau Computer whslka tl újD; lr ta ;=<ska C: Odjlh ±lafjk
whslka tl u; rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq
tflka Properties hkak ,[Link]' túg
újD; jk Properties vhfd,.a fndlaia tflys
we;s Disk Cleanup kï nÜka tl la,sla
lrkak'

túg újD; jkafka Disk

Cleanup for vhf,d.a fndlaia
tlhs' tys Fil to delete kï
ia:dkfhka uelsh hq;= *hs,a j¾.
we;s ia:dk f;darkak' Íihsl,a
ìka tl ;=<o wjYH fohla
fkdue;s kï fï ;=< we;s ish¨
*hs,a j¾. jqjo f;aßh yel'
wjidkfha fuys we;s OK kï
nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka äiala
la,Ska wma lsÍu wdrïN l< yel'
túg úYd, jYfhka kslrefKa
jehj ;snQ bvla kej; ,nd.; yel'

;eá mÍlaIdj
ydâ äialh ;=< we;s
úúO fodaY mÍlaId lr n,d
ksjerÈ l< yels tajd ksjerÈ
lsÍu úkafvdaia fufyhqï
moaO;sh uÕskau isÿ l< yel' fï
i|yd Computer whslka tl
újD; lr ta ;=<ska C: Odjlh
±lafjk whslka tl u; rhsÜ
la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tflka
Properties hkak ,[Link]' ±ka
újD; jk Properties vhf,d.a
fndlaia tflys Tools geí tl
la,sla lrkak'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (46)
;eá m%;L
s Kavkh
äiala ã*a/.aukaÜ uÕska ydâ äialh ;=< we;s *hs,a lshùug myiq
wdldrhg ilid .kS' idudkHfhka ydâ äiala tl ;=< hï *hs,a tlla fiajq
lsÍfï§ tlu *hs,a tflys fldgia jqjo ydâ äialfha ;ekska ;ek fiajq ù
;sìh yel'
tjka úgl tu *hs,a tl kej; lshùfï§ ta i|yd jeä fõ,djla
wjYH fõ' ã*a/.aukaÜ lsÍfuka fujeks .eg¨ uÕyrjd .; yel' fï i|yd
Computer whslka tl újD; lr ta ;=<ska C: Odjlh ±lafjk whslka tl
u; rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tflka Properties hkak ,[Link]'
±ka újD; jk Properties vhf,d.a fndlaia tflys Tools geí tl
isf,laÜ lr Optimize and defragment drive hgf;a we;s Optimize kï nÜka
tl la,sla lrkak'

túg újD; jk Optimize drives kï úkafvdaj ;=< we;s status hkak

;=<ska C v%hsjq tl f;dard drive kï nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka ydâ äialh
ã*a/.a ùu wdrïN fjhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (47)

joka ieliqï uDÿldx.

joka ieliqï uDÿldx. Ndú;h

uhsl%fid*aÜ j¾â hkq joka ieliqï uDÿ [Link]' fuuÕska <sms"
jd¾:d jeks úúO joka ieliqï wdY%s; l%shdldrlï isÿ lr.; yelsfõ'
fuuÕska ilik *hs,a docx tlaiafgkaYka tl hgf;a fiaõ fõ' kuq;a j¾â
merKs ixia lrK ;=<§ *hs,a fiaõ jk tlaiafgkaYka tl jkafka doc
hkakhs'

j¾â wema,sflaYka úkafvdaj y÷kd .ksuq

´kEu uDÿ[Link] Ndú;d lsÍug fmr tys wema,sflaIka úkafvdaj
ms<sn|j fyd¢ka ±k isàu jeo.;a fõ' fï wkqj j¾â wema,sflaYka
úkafvdafjys fldgia my; mßÈ fõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (48)
A) Title bar - j¾â úkafvdafjys ghsÜ,a nd¾ tl ;=< jevigyfkys ku
±l.; yel' tfukau fuys ±kg Document1 f,i we;af;a ±kg Tn
ilik fvdlshqukaÜ tlg wod< kduhhs' fuu Document1 hkak" Tn
th fiaõ lrk úg fokq ,nk kug wkqj fjkia fõ'

B) Minimize Button - wod< úkafvdaj ñksuhsia jk w;r" túg th gdiala

nd¾ tl ;=< ±l.; yelsfõ' ñksuhsia lr we;s úkafvdajla kej; È.yer
ne,Sug kï gdiala nd¾ tl u; we;s Bg wod< nÜka tl u; la,sla
lrkak'

C) Maximize Button / Restore Down - hï úkafvda tlla ;srh jefik

wdldrhg iïmQ¾K ;srh mqrd fmkaùug wjYH kï" ±kg l=vdjg we;s
úkafvdafjys Maximize Button tl la,sla lrkak' úkafvda tlla ;srh
jefik wdldrhg iïmQ¾K ;srh mqrd we;akï tu ia:dkfhau we;s
Restore Down nÜka tl la,sla lr th l=vdjg fmfkk mßÈ ilia
lr.; yel'

D) Close - iïmQ¾Kfhkau uhsl%sfid*aÜ j¾â jevigyfkka bj;a úh yel'

E) File fukq tl' fï ;=<ska l< yels ks;r wjYH jk ld¾hhka lsysmhla
lr .; yelsh' tajd my; mßê fõ'

I. "New" - kj fvdlshqukaÜ tlla ,nd.; yel'

II. "Open" - idudkH mßÈ l<ska ilia l< fvdlshqukaÜ tlla újD;
lr.; yel'

III. "Save" - fvdlshqukaÜ tlla fiaõ lr.; yel'

IV. "Save As" - l,ska fiaõ lrkq ,enQ ,shú,a,la fjk;a ;ekl fyda
fjk;a kulska kej; fiaõ lr.; yel'

V. "Print" - fvdlshqukaÜ tlla uqøKh lsÍu l< yel'

VI. "Close" - ±kg újD;j we;s fvdlshqukaÜ tflka muKla bj;afõ'

fuys§ iïmQ¾Kfhka j¾â j,ska bj;a ùula isÿ fkdfõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (49)
F) Ribbon Tab – ßnka tflys tla tla fldgiaj,g udre úh yel' tu
fldgia ;=< úúO ld¾hhka lsÍu i|yd wjYH fuj,ï wka:¾.; fõ'

G) Ribbon – uQ,sl jYfhka ßnka tfla f;aÍ ;sfnkafka Home geí tlhs'
ta ;=< wl=rej,g wod<j iy fþo j,g wod<j l< yels fjkialï
±l.; yel'

H) Tab – f,aLk ieliSfïÈ msgqfõ wjYH ;eklska tl ;Srejlg fl,ska

wlaIr fma<s ;nd .ekSug fïjd Ndú;d lrhs' tu geí we;s me;a; fï
;=<ska ielish yel'

geí ieliSu isÿ lrk yeá'

rE,¾ fol jïmi tlajk ia:dkfha we;s nÜka tl uÕska geí tflys
ÈYdj ilia lr .; yelsfõ' tys§ Left Tab( ) hkak f;aÍu uÕska jï mi isg
bÈßhg wl=re ghsma jk geí tlla o" Right Tab( ) hkak f;aÍu ol=Kq mi
isg miqmig wl=re ghsma jk geí tlla o" Center Tab( ) hkak f;aÍu ueo
isg fomig wl=re ghsma jk geí tlla o f;dard .; yelsfõ'
±ka rE,¾ tl u;ska geí tl we;=<;a lsÍug wjYH ia:dkh la,sla
lrkak' túg tu ia:dkhg geí tlla ,efnk w;r ±ka lS fndaâ tflys geí
lS tl fm%ia lr l¾irh rE,¾ tflys wod< geí tl ;sfnk ia:dkhg fl<ska
msßgk fia ,nd.; yel'

I) Ruler – wä rE,la wdldrfhka ñkqï n,d .ekSug;a" msgqfõ wjYH

;eklska tl ;Srejlg fl,ska wlaIr fma<s ;nd .ekSug wjYH lrk
geí ieliqï i|yd;a fuh Ndú;d lrhs'

J) by,ska we;s Ribbon tl" ieÕùug yd kej; ,nd .ekSug yelshdj we;'

K) Scroll bars - Wi w;g we;s ialafrda,a nd¾ tl uÕska msgqj by< my< lr
ne,Su;a" yria w;g we;s iafl%da,a nd¾ tl uÕska msgqj fomig lr ne,Su;a
isÿ l< yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (50)
L) Cursor - ±kg wl=re ghsma l< yels ia:dkfha fï wdldrhg l¾irh ±l
.; yel' h;=re mqjrefõ Enter h;=r ;o lr fuh msgqfõ my<g .;
yel'
M) msgqj - msgqj fï wdldrfhka iqÿ meyefhka ±l .; yel'

N) Status Bar - j¾â fvdlshqukaÜ tflys we;s msgq .Kk" jpk .Kk wdÈh
úia;r fmkajhs'

O) Zoom - fuu yev,h tyd fuyd lsÍfuka msgqj úYd, yd l=vd lr ne,sh
yel'

P) Quick Access Toolbar - idudkHfhka ks;r wjYH jk Save, Undo,

Redo hk úOdk i|yd fYdaÜ lÜ fï ;=< wvx.=fõ'

jeo.;a( Undo (Ctrl+z) lsÍu uÕska lrK ,o l%shdjla wdmiaig

.ekSuisÿ l< yel' tfia wkavQ lr wdmiaig .;a l%shdjla kej; uq<ska
;snQ ;;ajhg m;alsÍu i|yd Redo (Ctrl+y) Ndú;d l< yel'

msgqfjys m%udKh ilik yeá'

j¾â ;=< hï ld¾hhla isÿ lsÍug fmr wjYH m%udKhg msgj q ilia
lrf.k isàu wksjd¾hh fõ' fï i|yd Ribbon tl ;=<kska Layout kï geí tl
la,sla lrkak' túg ßnka tl rEmfha wdldrhg fjkia fõ'

1. Size - msgf
q õ m%udKh ilia l< yel' fuys§ úúO m%udK j,ska hq;a fukq tlla
È. yefrk w;r bka wjYH m%udKh f;dard .ekSu isÿ l< yel' idudkHfhka
nyq<j Ndú;d lrk uqøK lvodisj< m%udKh A4 m%udKh fõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (51)
2. Margins - msgj
q jgd uqøKh fkdù ;sfnk bv m%udKh fuuÕska ielish yel'

3. Orientation - msgj
q Wi w;g fyda yria w;g ;nd .ekSu fuuÕska isÿ l< yel'
msgj
q Wi w;g ;nd .ekSug wjYH kï fï ;=<ska Portrait hkako" msgj q yria
w;g ;nd .ekSug kï Landscape hka f;dard ;eìh yel'

4. Columns - msgj
q l;a fld<ïia fyj;a ;Sre wdldrhg fnod .; yel'

5. Indent Left - msgf

q jys jïmiska" udðka tlg miqj ysia bvla ,nd .; yel'

6. Indent Right - msgf

q jys ol=Kq miska" udðka tlg miqj ysia bvla ,nd .; yel'

7. Spacing Before - fÉohlg by<ska ysia bvla ,nd.; yel'

8. Spacing After - fÉohlg my,ska ysia bvla ,nd.; yel'

j¾â ;=< wl=re wdYs;j isÿ l< yels fjkia lï

wmúiska ghsma lr we;s wl=re j, hï fjkila isÿ lrkafka kï uq,skau
tu wl=re wvx.= fldgi isf,laÜ lr isáh hq;=fõ' w¨;ska ghsma lrkq ,nk
wl=re j, wl=re j¾.h wdÈh fjkia lsÍug kï" wod< wl=re ghsma lsÍug
wjYH ia:dkfha l¾irh ;nd wod< fjkia lï isÿ lr.; hq;=fõ' wl=re
j¾. yd fÉo j,g wod< fjkia lï Home ßnka tl uÕska isÿ l< yelsfõ'
tys fldgia my; mßÈ fõ'

1. Paste – fldms fyda lÜ lr .;a hï fohla" fmaiaÜ lr .; yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (52)
2. Cut – isf,laÜ lr .;a fldgila lmd ^lÜ& .; yel'
3. Copy – isf,laÜ lr .;a fldgil msgm;la ,nd .; yel'
4. Font - wl=re j¾.h fjkia l< yelsfõ'
5. Font size - wl=re j, m%udKh fjkia l< yelsfõ'
6. Bold - wl=re ;o l¿ lr .ekSu
7. Italic - wl=re we, lr .ekSu
8. Underline - wl=re j,g háka bß we£u' fuys§ Underline nÜka tflys
ol=Kq mi we;s B ;<h la,sla lsÍfuka ;j;a wkav¾,hska iaghs,a fyj;a
újO j¾.fha f¾Ld j¾. ,nd .; yel'
9. Subscript - wl=re l=vdjg my,ska Èiajk wdldrhg ielish yel'
WodyrK O2

10. Superscript - wl=re l=vdjg by,ska Èiajk wdldrhg ielish yel'

WodyrK 24

11. Text Highlight color - isf,laÜ lr we;s wl=re fldgila hï j¾Khlska

yhs,hsÜ l< yelsfõ' fuys§ wod< j¾Kh f;dard .ekSu i|yd Text
Highlight color nÜka tflys ol=Kq mi we;s my;g fhduqjQ B;<h la,sla
lrkak'

12. Font Color - wl=rej< j¾Kh fjkia l< yel'

j¾â ;=< fþo wdYs;j isÿ l< yels fjkia lï

fÉo j,g wod< fjkia lï o Home ßnka tl uÕska isÿ l< yelsfõ'
tys fldgia my; mßÈ fõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (53)
A. Bullets - fþo i|yd nq,Ü fhÈh yel'
fuys§ wod< nÜka tflys ol=Kq mi
we;s my<g fhduqjQ B ;<h la,sla lr
fjk;a nq,Ü j¾.hla f;dard.; yel'
B. Numbering - fþo i|yd wkq ms<sfj,ska
wxl fhdod .; yel' fuys§ wod< nÜka
tflys ol=Kq mi we;s my<g fhduqjQ B
;<h la,sla lr fjk;a wxl j¾.hla
jqjo f;dard.; yel'

C. Decrease Indent – fþohl jï miska we;s ysia bv wvq lsÍu'

D. Increase Indent – fþohl jï miska we;s ysia bv jeä lsÍu'
E. Sort - Wi w;g we;s wxl fma<shla" wl=re fma,shla fyda Èk fma,shla
wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ielish yel'
F. Left - wl=re jïmig t,a,h ieliSu'
G. Center - wl=re ueog t,a,h ieliSu'
H. Right - wl=re ol=Kq mig t,a,h ieliSu'

I. Justified - msgqj fomiwe;s udcka j,g iudka;rj msysgk wdldrhg

wl=rej, t,a,h ilihs'
J. Line Spacing - fma,s w;r mr;rh ielish yel'
K. Shading – wl=rej, miqìu w÷re lr fmkaúh yelsfõ'
L. Border – wl=re fldgila jgd fndavrhla fhÈh yel'

fiùu iy udre lsÍu

f,aLkh ;=< ±jg we;s wl=re fyda jpk fiùu iy ta fjkqjg
fjk;a jpk wdfoaY lsÍu l< yelsh' fuho Home ßnka tl uÕska isÿ l<
yelsfõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (54)
fuys fiùug wjYH wl=r" jpkh fyda jpk lSmh i|yka lr Find
Next nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka fiùu l< yelsh'

fuys§o fiùug wjYH wl=r" jpkh fyda jpk lSmh i|yka lr

Find Next nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka fiùu l< yelsh' Replace with ;=<
i|yka l< hq;af;a ta fjkqjg udre úh hq;= wl=reh' Find Next yryd wod<
jpkh fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Replace u; la,sla lr tajd udre lr.;
yelsh'

msgqjg j.=jla tla [Link] yeá

fï i|yd ßnka tl ;=<ska Insert f;dard Table
hkak la,sla lr tys we;s Insert Table hkak f;aßh hq;=h'
fuúg újD; fjkafka Insert Table vhf,d.a fndlaia
tlhs'
Number of Columns hkak ;=< j.=j i|yd
wjYH isria ;Sre m%udKh ,nd Èh hq;=h' fuys we;s
Number of Rows hk ;ek fÜn,a tl i|yd wjYH
;sria fma<s m%udKh ,nd Èh hq;=h'

msgqj u; we;s j.=j ;=< l< yels fjkialï

msgqj u; we;s j.=j isf,laÜ lr we;s úg Table Layout ßnka geí
tl ±l.; yel' ta ;=<ska l< yels fjkialï my; mßÈ h'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (55)

A. j.=jg w¨;ska fldgila tla lsÍu fï yryd l< yel' fuys§ mekai,l
whslkhla ,efnkhs' tuÕska j.=fõ wjYH fldgia we| .ekSu l< yelsh'
B. j.=fõ fldgia uelSu fï yryd l< yel' fuys§ ulkhl whslkhla ,efnkhs'
tuÕska f¾Ld u; la,sla lr tajd uld.; yelsh'
C. Delete – j.=fõ f;dard.;a fma<shla fyda ;Srejla uelsh yel'

D. Insert – j.=fõ ±ka isf,laÜ lr we;s fma<shla fyda ;Srejla ;sfnk ;eklg
wdikakfha kj fma<shla fyda ;Srejla ,nd.; yel'

E. Merge Cells – isf,laÜ lr we;s fi,a lsysmhla ;ks fi,a tlla njg m;a lr
.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrhs'

F. Split Cells – ;ks fi,a tlla fldgia lsysmhlg fn§ug yelsh'

G. Height – fma<shl Wi ieliSu'

H. Width – ;Srejl m<, ieliSu'

yev;, ^Shapes& iy Ñ;%l ^Images&

wjYH;djh u; wm úiska ilia lrkq ,nk f,aLkhg Ñ;%l iy
yev;, tl;= lr .kakg wjYH fõ'
msgqj u;g Ñ;%l tla lr .ekSu i|yd
Insert ßnka geí tl ;=<ska Picturs hkak
,nd.; hq;=h' fuúg újD; fjk fukq
tflka This device hkak f;dard
idudkH *hs,a tlla újD; lrk
wdldrhg rEmh újD; lr.; hq;=h'
túg th msgqj u; [Link] mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (56)
• rEmhl È. m<, ilik wdldrh'
fï i|yd uq,skau wod< rEmh isf,laÜ lr isáh hq;= fõ' túg tu
rEmh jgd l=vd fldgq wgla ±l.; yelsh' fïjd Ndú;d lr rEmfha È. yd
m<, fjkia lrkakg mq¿jk'

msgqj u;g úúO yev;, fhdok yeá

fï i|yd Insert >Shapes hkak
f;aßh hq;=h' fuúg ,efnk fukq tl
;=<ska RcqfldaKdi%hla" jD;hla fyda
f¾Ld fukau úúO yev;, rdYshla
w;ßka wjYH tl f;dard .kakg mq¿jk'

msgqj fj; i,l=Kq (Symbols) ,[Link]

h;=re mqjrefjka we;=¿ l< yels
wl=re b,lalï yd ixfla;j,g wu;rj
fjk;a ixfla; wdÈh fvdlshqukaÜ tlg
,[Link] wjYH úh yelsh' tjeks foa ,nd
.ekSu i|yd Insert > Symbol hkak f;aßh
hq;=h' fuys§ More Symbols hkak f;dard" fji;a ixfÄ;o f;aßh yelsh'

msgqj fj; mdG fldgq (Text Box) ,[Link]

msgqfõ ´kEu
;eklg fldgq ,l=Kla
fhdod" ta ;=< wl=re ghsma l<
yel' ta i|yd Insert > Text >
Text box hkak f;aßh hq;=h'
±ka Draw Text Box f;dard" wjYH ;ekla la,sla lr v%e.a lsÍfuka
mdG fldgq ks¾udKh lr.; yel'

msgqj fj; Èkh fyda fõ,dj (Date & time) ,[Link]

msgqfõ ´kEu ;eklg wo Èkh fyda
±ka fõ,dj ,nd.; yel' ta i|yd Insert >
Text > Date & Time hkak f;aßh hq;=h' ±ka
újD; fjk vhf,d.a fndlaia tl ;=<ska wjYH Èk wdlD;shla fyda fõ,d
wdlD;shla f;dard Èh yelsh'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (57)
msgqj m%ia:drhla (Chart) ,[Link]
ta i|yd Insert > Chart hkak f;darkak' fuúg Insert Chart kï
fndlaia tl újD; fjhs'

fuys jï miska we;s úúO m%ia:dr j¾. w;ßka wjYH m%ia:dr j¾.h
f;dard" ol=Kq miska Bg wod< Wm j¾.h f;dard .; hq;=h' fuúg msgqj u;g
m%ia:drh ,efnhs'

m%ia:drh iuÕu tlafi,a j¾laYSÜ tllao ,efnk w;r ta ;=<ska

m%ia:drhg wjYH o;a; we;=¿ lsÍug yelshdj we;'

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 (58)
tlu <smshla lsysm fofkl=g hjk yeá'
(Mail Merge)

tlu <smshla hï hï úia;rhka muKla fjkia lr lsysm fofkl=g

heúh yels wdldrhg ilia lr .ekSug kï wod, <smsh fï,a u¾Ê l< yel'
fï i|yd Microsoft Word jevigyfkys ßnka tl ;=< we;s Mailings geí
tl la,sla lrkak túg Bg wod, ßnka tflys ieliqï ±l.; yelsfõ'

±ka újD;j ;sfnk

fvdlshqukaÜ tlg wod,j fï,a
u¾Ê tlla ilia lr .ekSu
i|yd Start Mail Merge kï
nÜka tl la,sla lr ,efnk
fukq tl ;=<ska Letters hkak ,nd .kak'

ó<Õg ßnka tl ;=<ska

Select Recipients hkak la,sla
lr Type New List hkak ,nd
.kak'
túg kj weâria ,siaÜ
tlla ilia lsÍu i|yd jk New Address List vhf,d.a fndlaia tl újD;
fõ'

kuq;a tys we;s *S,aâ fkaï ish,a, wjYH tajd fkdjk neúka tys
we;s *S,aâ ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd New Address List vhf,d.a
fndlaia tl ;=< my<ska we;s Customize Columns kï nÜka tl la,sla
lrkak'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (59)
túg újD; jkafka ^rEmh&
Customize Address List vhf,d.a
fndlaia tlhs' ta ;=< we;s Field Name
uÕska wkjYH *S,aâ fkaï we;akï tajd
isf,laÜ lr ol=Kq mi we;s Delete kï
nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka uld oukak'
tfukau w¨;ska *S,aâ we=;=<;a lsÍug
wjYH kï fuu vhf,d.a fndlaia tl
;=< we;s Add kï nÜka tl la,sla lr
újD; jk Add Field fndlaia tl ;=<
kj *S,aâ tl i|yd wjYH ku ,nd
fokak'
ish¨, isÿ lsÍfuka miqj kej;a;a New Address List vhf,d.a
fndlaia tl ;=< wjYH <smsK
igyka [Link]' fuys§ tla
,smsKhla i|yka lr ó<Õ ,smsKh
i|yka lsÍu i|yd New Entry kï
nÜka tl la,sla lrkak' túg ó<Õ
,smsKhg fhduq jk w;r tys§
wfkla <smsKh igyka l< yelsfõ' ish,a, wjidkfha tys we;s OK kï
nÜka tl la,sla lr weâria ,siafa tl fiaõ lr .kak'

<smsh ilia lsÍfï§ u¾Ê *S,aâ weâ [Link] yeá

<smsh ilia lsÍfï§ l,ska ilia l< u¾Ê *S,aâ Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd
ßnka tl ;=< we;s Insert
Merge Field kï nÜka
tflys my; fldgi la,sla
lrkak' túg Tn ilia
lr .;a *S,aâ fkaï ta ;=<
fmkajkq we;' ±ka bka
wjYH jk *S,aâ fkaï tl
u; la,sla lsÍfuka th
msgqj fj;g ,nd.;
yelsfõ' ^rEmh& fñys§
*S,aâ fkaï tlg wod, ku msgqj ;=< ±kau fkdfmkajk w;r ta fjkqjg
*S,a fkaï tl fmkajhs'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (60)

<smsh ilid wjika lrk yeá

ish¨, wjidkfha Tn ilia lr we;s <smsK ,ehsia;=fõ we;s ,smsK
j,g wod, ish¨ <sms ilia lr .ekSu i|yd ßnka tflys jïmi we;s Finish
& Merge kï nÜka tl la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tl ;=<ska Edit Individual
Document hkak ,ndf.k ^rEmh& újD; jk Merge to New Document
vhf,d.a fndlaia tl ;=< we;s OK kï nÜka tl la,sla lrkak'

túg ,smsh u¾Ê ù kj fvdlshqukaÜ tlla f,i th újD; jk

wdldrh ±l.; yel'

,smsh uqøKh lsÍu

f,aLkh ilid
wjidkfha ish,a, mßCId
lrn,d" fodaI fkdue;s
kï ,smsh uqøKh
[Link] i|yd File fukQ
tl la,sla lr Print hkak
,[Link]' túg uqøKh
lsÍug wod, ieliqï
isÿl< yels fukq tl
újD; fõ'
fuys Printer
hgf;a we;af;a Tn
uqøKh lrkq ,nk uqøK
hka;%h f;[Link] i|ydhs' ta ;=<ska Tn ±kg mß.Klhg iïnkao lr we;s uqøK
hka;%h f;dard fokak'
fojkqj f,aLKfha uqøKh lrkq ,nk msgq f;aÍu isÿl< yel' th Settings
hkak hgf;a we;' fuys we;s All Pages hkak f;arEúg f,aLKfha we;s ish¨u msg q
uqøKh fõ'
fuys we;s Pages hkak fhdod wjYH kï msgq wxl ,nd § Wjukd msgq
muKla uqøKh lr.; yels fõ' ta i|yd fï ;=< wjYH msgq 2,4,7,12 jeks wdldrhg
"," ,l=K fhdoñka ,ndÈh yel' tfukau 1 - 4 jeks wdldrhg flá brla iuÕ
mrdihlao ,ndÈh yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (61)

me;=reïm;a uDÿldx. Ndú;h

me;=reïm;a uDÿldx. u`.ska ld¾hd,hlg wod, .skqï lghq;=
iy j.=" m%ia:dr we|.ekSï" .Ks; lghq;= isÿlsÍï wdÈh we;=¿
fndfydafoa isÿlr.; yel'
Work Book (jevfmd;)......
Excel Ndú;dlr lrk ,o hï ,shú,a,la Save jkafka
jevfmd; f,ihs' jevfmd; ;=, idudkHfhka Work Sheet (jev msgq
/ jevm;) f,i y÷kajk msgqjla ±lshyel' wjYH kï fuys msgq .Kk
wjYH m%udKhgh jeä l< yel'
Work Sheet (jev msgq / jevm;)....
jevm;la hkq Excel j, jevl,yels msgqjls' j¾la YSÜ tlla
;=< Rows (fma<s) yd Columns (;Sre) wvx;= fõ'

Columns(;Sre).....
Work Sheet tlla ;=, isriaj ±lsh yels ;Sre fukñka y÷kajhs'
tlafi,a j¾la YSÜ tlla ;=< fld<ïia A isg XFD olajd wl=re j,ska
kïlr we;'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (62)
Rows (fma<s).....
Work Sheet tlla ;=, ;sriaj ±lsh yels fma,s fukñka
y÷kajhs' tlafi,a j¾la YSÜ tlla ;=< frdaõia 1,048,576 la wvx.=fõ'

Cell (fldaI).....
Row tlla yd Column tlla tlajk ia;dkfha Cell tlla
ks¾udKh fõ Work Sheet tlla;=, Cells 17179869184 la wvx.= fõ'
fi,a tll m%udKh w;sYhska iSñ;njla fmkqk;a thg wlaIr 32,767
l ixLHdjlao wlaIr 8192 la olajdjk iólrkhlao we;=,;alryel'

Cell Pointer (fldaI o¾Ylh).....

Cell Pointer tl wmúiska ±kg o;a; we;=,;a lrk ,o Cell
tlhs' fuh Select ù we;s fi,a tlhs'

Cell addres (fldaI ,smsk)....

Cell addres tl iEoSwe;af;a hï Cell tlla iE§ug odhljQ Row
tfla wxlh;a Column tfla wl=r;a tl;= lsÍfuks' Eg: B7, K10, A4,
ect..

tla tla fldaI fj; fhduqùug Ndú;d lrk flá h;=re

Key Moves
Page Down ;srhla my<g fhduq ùu
Page Up ;srhla by<g fhduq ùu
Home isák fma<sfha A ;Srejg fhduq ùu
Ctrl+Home A1 fj; fhduq ùu
Arrow Keys hdno fldaIhg fhduq ùu

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (63)
Data Entering & Editing (o;a; we;=¿lsÍu yd ixialrKh)......
Excel ;=, o;a; we;=,;a lsÍfï§ uq,skau wjYH lrk Cell tl
f;dard isáh hq;=hs' túg tu fi,a tl i|yd o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu isÿ
l< yel' o;a; fjkia lsÍfï§ uq,skau wjYH lrk Cell tl f;dard
Formula bar (iQ;% ;Srefõ) wjYH fjkialu lr.;hq;=hs'

Page Setup (msgq ieliqu)....

Page setup [Link] wm ilia lrk ,shú,a, Print úhhq;=
fld,fha m%udkh ilihs' fï i|yd Ribbon tl ;=<kska Page Layout
kï geí tl la,sla lr tys Page Setup leg.ß tl ;=<ska fld<fha
m%udKh yd udðkaia wdÈh ilia lrkak'

tfia ke;akï Page Setup leg.ß tflys my< ol=Kq

fl<jfrys we;s Page Setup Dialog Box nÜka tl la,sla lr tu
vhf,d.a fndlaia tl ,dndf.k wod, ieliqï isÿ lrkak'

Delete to Work Seet....

wod, j¾la YSÜ tl uelSu i|yd" uelSug wjYH YSÜ tl u;
rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tl ;=<ska Delete hkak f;darkak'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (64)
kj jevm;la tlla ,[Link] yeá'
kj j¾laYSÜ tlla ,nd .ekSu i|yd tlafi,a msgqfjys my;
YSÜ geí we;s ia:dkh ;=<ska New sheet nÜka tl la,sla l< hq;qh'

;Srejla w¿;ska we;=<;a lr .kakd wdldrh

Insert lsÍug wjYH fld<ï tl we;=<;a lsÍug wjYH
ia:dkfha" ±kgg we;s fld<ï tflys wl=r we;s ia:dkh rhsÜ la,sla
lr ,efnk fukq tl ;=<ska Insert hkak ,nd .kak'

fma<shla w¿;ska we;=<;a lr .kakd wdldrh

Insert lsÍug wjYH Row tl we;s ia:dkfha" ±kgg we;s frdaõ
tflys b<lalï we;s ia:dkh rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tl ;=<ska
Insert hkak ,nd .kak'
fldaIhla we;=¿ lsÍu
Insert lsÍug wjYH ia;dkfha we;s Cell tlla Select lr ta u;
rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tl ;=<ska Insert hkak ,nd .kak' ±ka
w¨;a fi,a tl we;=<;a úh hq;af;a isf,laÜ lr we;s fi,a tflys
ÈYdfjkao hkak olajd OK lrkak'
fld<ï tlla fyda frdaõ tlla ulk yeá
uelSug wjYH fld<ï tflys wl=r fyda frdaõ tflys b<lalu
we;s ia:dkh u; rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tl ;=<ska Delete hkak
,[Link]'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (65)
fldaIh ;=< we;s wl=re j< t,a,h ilik yeá
tlafi,a ;=<§ wl=rej< t,hskaukaÜ
tl ieliSu i|yd ßnka tl ;=<ska Home geí
tl isf,laÜ lrkak' fuys§ rEmfha wdldrhg
nÜkaia ±l.; yelsfõ' tu nÜka j,ska isÿ
lr.; yels ld¾hhka my; mßê fõ'

A. Cells Alignment - isria w;g fi,a tlla

;=< we;s wl=re j< t,hskaukaÜ tl ielish
yel'

B. Cells Alignment - ;sria w;g fi,a tlla ;=< we;s wl=re j<
t,hskaukaÜ tl ielish yel' fi,aj< wl=re msysgk wEka.,a tl
ielish yelsfõ'

C. Orientation – fldaIh ;=< wl=re we;s we,h f;aßh yelsh'

D. Wrap Text - tl fi,a tlla ;=< fma<s lsysmhlg wl=re ghsma l<
yels wdldrhg m;alr.; yelsfõ'

E. Merge & Center - fi,a lsysmhla ;ksfi,a tlla njg m;a lr" tys
we;s wl=re fikag¾ t,hskaukaÜ tlg ilid fohs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (66)
fldaI [Link]ùu
ixLHd;aul [Link] we;súg tjd msysáh hq;= wdldrh fjkia lr
.ekSu i|yd fyda fi,a ;=< úúO úfYaIs; jQ
o;a; fmkaùu i|yd kïn¾ f*daueáx isÿ lrkq
,nhs'
fï i|yd uq,skau wjYH fldaIh
isf,laÜ lr isáhq h;=fõ' ±ka ßnka tl ;=<ska
Home geí tl isf,laÜ lrkak' fuys§ rEmfha
wdldrhg nÜkaia ±l.; yelsfõ' tu nÜka
j,ska isÿ lr.; yels ld¾hhka my; mßê fõ'
A. Number Format - újO j¾.fha kïn¾ f*daueÜ fï ;=< fmkajhs'
b,lalï" uqo,a" Èk" wl=re wdÈhjYfhka fi,a i|yd wjYH kïn¾
f*daueÜ tl fuuÕska f;dard .; yelsfõ'

B. Accounting Number Format - ixLd jla uQ,aHuh [Link] f,i

±laùfï§ Ndú;djk uqo,a j¾. y÷kajk ixfla: wCIr fï wdldrfhka
±lafõ'
C. Percent Style - fi,a ;=< m%;sY;uh [Link] fmkajhs'
D. Comma Style - ixLHd ;=<§ oyfika oyi fõ lr ±laùu i|yd
;õikaâ fimf¾g¾ (Use Thousand Separate) tlla fhÈh yels fõ'
E. Increase Decimal - oYuia:dk wjYH m%udKhg wkqj ,nd Èh yel'
F. Decrease Decimal - oYuia:dk .Kk jeä l< yel'
G. Format Sell - Format Sell vhf,d.a fndlaia tl fj; msúish yel'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (67)
fi,a i|yd fndav¾ia yd meÜkaia fhdok yeá''
fndv¾ia fyda meÜkaia fh§u i|yd uq,skau wjYH fi,aia
isf,laÜ lr rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq tflka Format Sell la,sla
lrkak' túg Format Sell vhf,d.a fndlaia tl fj; msúfihs'

Fill
f;dard.;a Cell lSmhlg wjYH Pattern tlla fh§u i|yd wjYH
Cell Select lr Format Sell vhf,d.a fndlaia tl ;=<ska Fill geí tl
isf,laÜ lr Background Color ;=<ska fi,a tflys miqìu i|yd wjYH
j¾Khla ilia l< yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (68)
fi,a jgd fndav¾ fhdok yeá
Format Sell vhf,d.a fndlaia tl ;=<ska Border geí tl
isf,laÜ lrkak'

Line - fndav¾ tflys f¾Ldj< iajNdjh

Color - wjYH j¾Kh
Presets - Outline hkak la,sla l< úg isf,laÜ lr we;s fldgi jgd
fndav¾ tlla we;=<;a lr .; yel' fuys we;s Inside hkak la,sla l<
úg isf,laÜ lr we;s fldgfiys ueo we;s fi,a i|yd fndav¾ tlla
we;=<;a lr.; yelsfõ'

fuys we;s None hkak uÕska ±kg fhdod we;s fndav¾ia bj;a
lr .ekSug yelshdj we;'

fndav¾ we;=<;a lr .ekSfï§ fuys Border kï ia:dkfha we;s

úúO fndav¾ ±lafjka nÜka ls,sla lsÍfukao wjYH wdldrhg fndav¾
we;=<;a lr.; yelsfõ'

isf,laÜ lr we;s fld<ïia j< m<, jeä lrk yeá'

fld<ï folla w;rg ujqia fmdhskag¾ tl f.k [Link] la,sla
lr we§fuka m%udKh fjkia l< yelsh'

YSÜ tll ku fjkia lrk yeá'

j¾la YSÜ tll ku fjkia lr .ekSu i|yd wod, YSÜ geí tl
u; rhsÜ la,sla lr Rename hkak ,nd .kak'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (69)
Formula (iQ;% Ndú;h)
ixLHd .Kkh lsÍu i|yd ,ndfok Wmfoia ud,dj iQ;% hk
kñka y÷kajhs' i%;%hla fh§ug fmr my; i|yka lreKq ms,sn|
ie,ls,su;a úhhq;=hs'
 iQ;%h i|yka lrhq;af;a ms,s;=r ,eìhhq;= Cell tl ;=,hs'
 iQ;%h i|ykalsÍug fmr wksjd¾Hfhkau = ,l=K fhÈhhq;=fõ'
 iQ;%h i|yd wod, Cell j, Cell Address Ndú;dlrhq;=hs'
 tl;=lsÍu" wvqlsÍu" fn§u" jeälsÍu jeks tajd tlu iólrkhl
fhdokafkakï jryka fhÈhhq;=fõ'
iólrK Ndú;fha [Link] ixfla; j,ska isÿ lr.; yels
ld¾hhka

/ fn§u * jeälsÍu
% m%;sY; + tl;=lsÍu
- wvq lsÍu . oYu
() jryka = iudk
> úYd, >= úYd, fyda iudk
< l=vd <= l=vd fyda iudk
< > wiudk
Formula tlla ;=, ldrl lSmhla we;súg th l%shd;aul jkafka
my; ±ladjk m%uql;d wkqms,sj, u;hs'
1' jryka ;=,we;s ldrl ()
2' m%;sY; %
3' jeälsÍï fyda fn§ï * or /
4' tl;=lsÍï fyda wvqlsÍï + or -
5' mdG fldgia iïnkao lsÍu &
6' iei£ï =, >, <, ,>=, <=, <>

Wodyrk
=A4+200 A4 Cell tfla wka;¾.;hg 200 la tl;=lrhs'
=A4-200 A4 Cell tfla wka;¾.;fhka 200 la wvqlrhs'
=A4*H4 A4 Cell jeälsÍu

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (70)
=(A4+H4)*K1 A4 Cell tfla wka;¾.;h yd H4 Cell tfla wka;¾.;h
tl;=lr K1 Cell tfla wka;¾.;fhka jeälrhs'
=A4^4 A4 Cell tfla wka;¾.;fha 4 jeks n,h ,nd .kS'
=10%*A4 A4 Cell tfla wka;¾.;fhka ishhg oyhla fmkajhs'
=A5&B7 A5 Cell tfla we;s Text tlla B7 Cell tfla we;s
Text tlla iu. iïnkao lsÍu'

Function (Ys%;)
.Ks;uh l%shdjka i|yd l,ska mß.Kl .;lrk,o iQ;%" Y%s;
kñka y÷kajhs' tkï .Ks;uh m%fïhls' fuu Function Ndú;dlsÍfï§
th Ndú;dlrk l%uh ms,sn| fyd| jegySula ;sìh hq;=h' tlafi,a ;=<
*kaYka úYd, m%udKhla we;s w;r tajdhska ks;r wjYH jk *kaYka
lsysmhla my; mßê fõ'
Sum - fldaI mrdihla ;=, we;s ixLHdj, tl;=j ,[Link] i|yd
Ndú;d lrhs'
l%uh =Sum(tl;=j wjYH mrdih)
Ex =Sum(B3:B8)

Average - fldaI mrdihla ;=, we;s o;a;hkaf.a fyda wm úiska fok

,o ixLHdjkaf.a idudkH w.h fiùu i|yd fuh Ndú;d lrhs'
l%uh =Average(ixLHdj fyda mrdih)
Ex =Average(B3:B8) fyda =Average (34,78,90)

Max - fldaI mrdihla ;=, we;s o;a;hkaf.a fyda wm úiska fok ,o

ixLHdjkaf.a Wmßuh fiùu i|yd fuh Ndú;d lrhs'
l%uh =Max(ixLHdj fyda mrdih)
Ex =Max(B3:B8)

Min - fldaI mrdihla ;=, we;s o;a;hkaf.a fyda wm úiska fok ,o

ixLHdjkaf.a wjuh fiùu i|yd fuh Ndú;d lrhs'
l%uh =Min(ixLHdj fyda mrdih)
Ex =Min(B3:B8)

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (71)
Count - fldaI mrdihla ;=, b,lalï we;=,;a lrwe;s Cell ixLHdj
fiùu i|yd fuh Ndú;d lrhs'
l%uh =Count(mrdih)
Ex =Count(B1:B10)

Rank - fldaI mrdihla ;=,ska fYa‚h f;aÍu l< yelsh'

l%uh = RANK (wdrïNl fldaIh" mrdih)
Ex = RANK(A1,A$1:A$6)

Data sort
wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK wdldrhg o;a; ;sfnk ms<sfj<
ieliSug kï wod< o;a; isf,laÜ lr lsÍug wjYH o;a; we;=,;a
fldgi isf,laÜ lrkak' ±ka Data ßnka geí tl isf,laÜ lr tys
we;s Sort & Filter leg.ß tl ;=<ska Sort Ascending ( ) fyda Sort
Desending ( ) hk foflka tlla u; la,sla lrkak'

o;a; fmrd .ekSu

o;a; w;=frka *s,ag¾ lr .ekSug wjYH o;a; we;=<;a j.=fjys
m<uq frdaõ tl isf,laÜ lr Data ßnka geí tl isf,laÜ lr tys we;s
Sort & Filter leg.ß tl ;=<ska Filter nÜka tl la,sla lrkak' túg
o;a; we;=<;a tla tla fld<ïia i|yd fukq tl [Link] ,efnk w;r
tajd u; la,sla lrñka wjYH o;a;hka muKla f;dard .ekSfuka *s,ag¾
lr.; yelsfõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (72)
*s,ag¾ lr .;a fohla kej; bj;a lsÍug kï *s,ag¾ lr we;s
wod< fldgi isf,laÜj ;sìh§ kej;;a Filter nÜka tl u; la,sla l<
yel'

m%ia:dr we;=¿ lsÍu

tlafi,a ;=< pdÜ tlla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd Insert geí tl
,nd .kak' ±ka o;a; we;=<;a j.=j isf,laÜ lr ßnka tflys Charts
leg,ß tl ;=<ska wjYH pdÜ j¾.h f;dard .kak'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (73)
m%ia:dr j¾.
1. Column Chart(ia:ïN m%ia:drh)
Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka ldKav yryd [Link] ixikaokh lsÍu
i|ydh' WodyrKh( isiqkaf.a ,l=Kq ixikaokh lsÍu'

2. Line Chart (f¾Ld m%ia:drh)

Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka ld,h;a iuÕ m%jK;d fmkaùu ^Èk" udi"
wjqreÿ jeks&' WodyrKh( ckjdß isg cqks olajd udisl úl=Kqï
fmkaùug' tys§ ld,h;a iuÕ úl=Kqï jeä jk fyda wvq jk wdldrh
f¾Ld igykl fmkaùu
3. Pie Chart (jD; m%ia:dr)
Ndú;d lrkafka iuia;hl iudkqmd;slhka fyda m%;sY;hka
fmkaùu i|ydh' WodyrKh( ÿrl:k fj<| kduj, fj<|m, fldgi
fmkaùu'

Bar Chart (;Sre m%ia:drh)

fuh ia:ïN m%ia:drhg iudk kuq;a ;sria ;Sre mia:dr Ndú;d
lrkq ,nkafka È.= fm< ldKav fyda úYd, o;a; f,an, ixikaokh
lsÍugh' WodyrK( È.= kï iys; úúO [Link], [Link] ±laùu'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (74)

bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mk

bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mkuDÿldx. Ndú;h

iu¾mKh fyj;a m%ikafÜIka (Presentation) hkak ye|skaùug"
bÈßm;a lsÍu" m%o¾Ylh jeks úúO jpk Ndú;d fõ' mqoa.,fhla fyda
lKavdhula fyda ;u woyia fjk;a whg ±laùu ms‚i lrkq ,nk ´kEu
fohla m%ikafÜIka hk kñka ye¢kafõ'

fuu ld¾hh bf,lafg%dksl wdldrfhka lsÍu bf,lafg%dksla

m%ikafÜIka fyj;a bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mK f,i ye¢kafõ'

mß.Kl Ndú;fhka lrkq ,nk m%ikafÜIka ckm%sh ùug fmr

Wäia m%lafIamlh (Over-head Projector) iy oDIH rduq m%lafIamK hka;%h
(Slide Projector) Ndú;h ckm%shj mej;=Ks' kuq;a mß.Kl Ndú;fhka
m%ikafÜIka lsÍu ckm%sh ùu;a iuÕ Bg Ndú;d lrk uDÿldx. fukau
nyqudOH m%lafIamK hka;%h (Multimedia Projector) Ndú;hg fndfyda wh
fhduq úh'
bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mK i|yd fï fjk úg uDÿldx. /ilau ìysj
;snqko nyq,j Ndú;d lrkafka bka lSmhla muKs' fuys olajd we;af;a tjeks
ckm%sh úoHq;a me;=reïm;a uDÿldx. lSmhls'

jdKsc uDÿldx.
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Apple Keynote
• LibreOffice Impress
• OpenOffice Impress
• Google Slides
• Office 365 PowerPoint

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (75)
mj¾fmdhskÜ a wema,sflaIka úkafvdaj y÷kd .ksuq
mj¾fmdhskaÜ fj; msúiSfuka miqj tu wema,sflaIka úkafvda tflys
my; ±lafjk uQ,sl fldgia ±l.; yelsh'

1. ghsÜ,a nd¾ (Titlebar) - mj¾fmdhskaÜ ghsÜ,a nd¾ tflys" tu

uDÿ[Link] ku fmkajhs'

2. laúla welaiia gQ,a nd¾ (Quick Access Toolbar) - ks;r wjYH fjk Save,
Undo, Redo jeks úOdk i|yd wjYH nÜka fï ;=< ±l.; yel'

3. *hs,a fukq (File) – idudkH jevigykl *hs,a fukq tll we;s

wdldrhg Save, New yd Print jeks úOdk fuu fukq tl ;=< oel.;
yel'

4. ßnka (Ribbon) – mj¾fmdhskaÜ uDÿ[Link] jev [Link] wjYH

úOdk ish,a,u mdfya fuu ßnka tl ;=< wka:¾.; fjhs'

5. ßnka geí (Ribbon Tabs) – ßnka tl ;=< we;s úOdk m%udKfhka jeä
ksid ßnka tl fldgiaj,g fnod we;' fïjd Home, Design, animations
jeks kïj,ska ±l.; yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (76)
6. ia,hsâ fmaka (Slide Pane) – mj¾fmdhskaÜ wema,sflaIka úkafvda tflys
ueÈka we;s iqÿ meye;s msgqj ia,hsâ fmaka tl f,i y÷kajhs' fuys
±lafjkafka ;ks ia,hsâ tlls'
7. ia,hsâia geí (Slides Tab) – mj¾fmdhskaÜ wema,sflaIka úkafvda tflys
jïmiska we;af;a ia,hsâ geí tlhs' fuys§ Slides geí tl isf,laÜ lr
we;s úg l=vd rEm wdldrfhka ia,hsâ ±l.; yel' ±ka wod< ia,hsâ
tflys rEmh u; la,sla l< úg úkafvda tflys ueÈka th fmkajhs'
8. ;ïfka,a (thumbnail) – l=vd rEm wdldrfhka ia,hsâ fmkajhs'
9. fkdaÜ fmaka (Notes pane) – ±kg isf,laÜ lr we;s ia,hsâ tl ms<sn|j
hï fkdaÜ tlla fï ;=< ;eìh yel' fuh Speaker Note tlla f,i
y÷kajk w;r bÈßm;a lrkakdg muKla ±l .; yelsh' fm%alaIlhkag
fmfkkafka ke;'
10. iafÜgia nd¾ (Status Bar) – m%ikafÜIka tflys we;s ia,hsâ .Kk" ±kg
isf,laÜj we;s ia,hsâ tflys wxlh wd§ úia;r fï ;=< fmkajhs'

11. ùõ geí (View Tab) – wema,sflaIka úkafvda tl ;=< ia,hsâ wdÈh

fmkajk wdldrh fuu ùõ geí uÕska l< yel' ùõ geí tl ;=< we;s
nÜkaj, l%shdldÍ;ajh my; mßÈh'

A. fkdau,a ùõ (Normal View) – iïu; jYfhka mj¾fmdhskaÜ wema,sflaIka

úkafvdaj we;af;a fuu fkdau,a ùõ tflks'

B. ia,hsâ fidag¾ ùõ (Slide Sorter View) – ish¨ ia,hsâ l=vdjg ±[Link]

wjYH kï ia,hsâ fidag¾ tl isf,laÜ lr ;sìh hq;=h'
C. Íäx ùõ (Reading View) - ±kg isf,laÜj we;s ia,hsâ tl" ia,hsâ fIda
tl ;=< fmfkk wdldrfhka ±l.; yel'
D. ia,hsâ fIda (Slide Show) - ±kg isf,laÜj we;s ia,hsâ tl iïmQ¾K
;srh mqrd ±l; yel' kej; fuhska bj;a ùug kï h;=re mqjrefõ Esc h;=r
;o l< yel'
E. iQï (Zoom) –ia,hsâ tl úYd, fyda l=vd lr ne,sh yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (77)
ia,hsâ (lod) ie,iqï lsÍu
mj¾fmdhskaÜ uDÿldx.h uÕska m%ikafÜIka tlla ilik úg ia,hsâ
tflka ia,hsâ tl th ielish hq;=h' iEu m%ikafÜIka tllgu mdfya
ia,hsâ fyj;a lod tllg jvd jeä m%udKhla wjYH fjhs' m%ikafÜIka tl
u;g ia,hsâ ,ndf.k tajd iuÕ lghq;= lrk wdldrh my; mßÈh'

w¨;a ia,hsâ tlla m%ikafÜIka tlg tla lsÍu

Home ßnka geí tl ;=< we;s Slides
.arEma tl ;=< we;s New Slide kï nÜka tl
la,sla lrkak' fï i|yd h;=re mqjrefõ Alt
h;=r iuÕ M wl=ro Ndú;d l< yel'

ia,hsâ f,awõÜ tl f;aÍu

,[Link] ia,hsâ tflys o;a; we;=¿ lsÍu myiqlrùu i|yd ia,hsâ
f,awõÜ Ndú;d l< yel' ia,hsâ f,awõÜ tlla fh§ug Home ßnka geí
tl ;=< we;s Slides .arEma tl ;=< we;s Layout kï nÜka tl la,sla lrkak'
túg úúO f,awõÜ j¾. kjhla wvx.= .e,ß tlla újD; jkq we;'

tla tla f,awõÜ j¾. yd tajd Ndú;d lrk yeá

f,awõÜ j¾. ielfikafka maf,aia fyda,av¾j,sks' maf,aia fyda,av¾
tlla f,i y÷kajkafka" ;s;abßj,ska iukaú; p;=ri%hls' fïjd wl=re
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (78)
w;=<;a l<yels maf,aia fyda,av¾ yd fjk;a TífclaÜ we;=<;a l< yels
maf,aia fyda,av¾ f,i j¾. lr ±laúh yel' mj¾fmdhskaÜ ;=<§ Ndú;d l<
yels f,awõÜ j¾. my; mßÈh'

Title Slide – idukHfhka uq,skau ,[Link] ia,hsâ tlg

,efnkafka fuu Title Slide f,awõÜ tlhs' tfy;a wjYH
´kEu ia,hsâ tlla i|yd fuu f,awõÜ tl fhdod .;
yel' fuys ud;Dldj fh§ug tla maf,aia fyda,av¾ tllao"
wkqud;Dldj fh§ug ;j;a maf,aia fyda,av¾ tllao ±l.; yel'

Title and Content – fuys ud;Dldj fh§ug tla maf,aia

fyda,av¾ tllao" wl=re fyda rEm fh§u i|yd ;j;a maf,aia
fyda,av¾ tllao ±l.; yel'

Section Header – fuys wl=re fh§ug tla maf,aia fyda,av¾

tlla yd thg my<ska ud;Dldj fh§ug tla maf,aia
fyda,av¾ tllao wka:¾.; fjhs'

Two Content – fuys ud;Dldj fh§ug tla maf,aia fyda,av¾

tllao" wl=re fyda rEm fh§u i|yd maf,aia fyda,av¾
follao ±l.; yel'

Comparison – fuys ud;Dldj fh§ug tla maf,aia fyda,av¾

tllao" wl=re fyda rEm fh§u i|yd maf,aia fyda,av¾
follao" fnda,aâ wl=re fh§u i|yd ;j;a maf,aia fyda,av¾
follao ±l.; yel'

Title Only – ia,hsâ tflys by<ska ud;Dldj muKla

fh§ug maf,aia fyda,av¾ tlla ±l.; yel'

Blank – lsishï f,awõÜ tllg wh;a fkdjk ysia ia,hsâ

tlla ,nd.; yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (79)
Content With Caption – fuu f,awõÜ tl f;arE úg ia,hsâ
tflys jï mi by<ska fnda,aâ wl=re fh§ug tla
maf,aiafyda,av¾ tllao" thg my<ska wl=re fh§ug ;j;a
maf,aiafyda,av¾ tllao" ia,hsâ tflys ol=Kq miska wl=re
fyda rEm fh§u i|yd maf,aia fyda,av¾ tllao ±l.; yel'

Picture With Caption – fuysÈ ia,hsâ tflys by<ska rEm

fh§ug tla maf,aia fyda,av¾ tllao" thg my;ska fnda,aâ
wl=re fh§ug tla maf,aiafyda,av¾ tllao" thg my<ska
wl=re fh§ug ;j;a maf,aiafyda,av¾ tllao ±l.; yelsh'

ia,hsâ miqìï i|yd j¾K fh§u

ia,hsâj, miqìu w,xldr lsÍu i|yd j¾K fh§u l< yelsh' fï i|yd
wjYH ia,hsâ tl isf,laÜj ;sìh§ Design ßnka geí tl isf,laÜ lrkak'
±ka tys ol=Kq miska jQ Background .arEma tl ;=< ;sfnk Background Styles
hkak la,sla lrkak' túg ,efnk .e,ß tl ;=< j¾K lsysmhlska iukaú;
f.%aähkaÜ j¾. ±l.; yelsh'

ia,hsâj, miqìu i|yd ;Sï tlla fh§u

w,xldrj;a ;Sï tllska ia,hsâ tll miqìu ilid .ekSug wjYH kï
wjYH ia,hsâ tl isf,laÜj ;sìh§ Design ßnka geí tl isf,laÜ lrkak'
±ka tys ueÈka we;s Theme .arEma tl ;=< ;sfnk úúOdldrfha ;Sï ±l.;
yelsh' fufia uQ,sl jYfhka ±l.; yelsfjk ;Sïj,g wu;rj tu .arEma
tflys jï mi my<ska
jQ More nÜka tl u;
la,sla lsÍfuka ;j;a
;Sï rdYshla ±l.;
yel' ±ka fïjd w;ßka
wod< ia,hsâ tl i|yd

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (80)
hï ;Sï tlla fhdod .ekSug" tu ;Sï tl u; rhsÜ la,sla lr ,efnk fukq
tflka Apply to Selected Slides hkak u; la,sla l< yelsh'

fuu ;Sï tlla u; la,sla l<fyd;a wod< ;Sï tl m%ikafÜIka tl ;=<

we;s ish¨u ia,hsâ i|yd fhdod .; yelsh'

ia,hsâ g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ ,ndfok yeá

ia,hsâ g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ (Transitions Effect) f,i ye¢kafjkafka
m%ikafÜIka tl l%shd;aul ùfï§" tla ia,hsâ tllska bj;a ù wfkla ia,hsâ
tl fj; msúfik úg l%shd;aul fjk iÔùlrKhhs'
tla tla ia,hsâ i|yd msúiSug ia,hsâ g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ ,ndÈh
hq;=h' ia,hsâ g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ tlla fh§u i|yd uq,skau Transitions geí
tl isf,laÜ lrkak'

±ka g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ tl fhÈh hq;= ia,hsâ tl isf,laÜ lr" tys

we;s Transitions to This Slide kï .arEma tl ;=<ska wjYH g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ
tl u; la,sla lrkak'

g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ tlla l%shd;aul fjk úg Yíohla weiSug ie,eiaùu

g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ tlla l%shd;aul fjkúg hï Yíohla weiSug
ie,eiaúh hq;=kï uq,skau wod< ia,hsâ tl isf,laÜ lrkak' ±ka Transitions
geí tflys ol=Kq miskajQ Timing .arEma tl ;=< we;s Sound kï ia:dkfha
fv%dma vjqka fukq tl la,sla lrkak' ±ka wjYH lrk Yíoh f;dard .ekSug
mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (81)
ia,hsâ ;=< we;s TífclaÜ i|yd weksfïIka ,ndfok yeá

ia,hsâ tl ;=< we;s wl=re" rEm" m%ia:dr jeks úúO TífclaÜ i|yd
krUkakkaf.a wjOdkh fhduqlrjd .ekSug;a" is;[Link] iq¨ wdldrfhka
m%ikafÜIka tl ks¾udKh lr .ekSug;a wod< TífclaÜ i|yd weksfïIka
,nd§u l< hq;=h'

fï i|yd uq,skau Animation ßnka geí tl isf,laÜ lrkak' ±ka

weksfïIka tl ,nd Èh hq;= TífclaÜ tl isf,laÜ lrkak' ó<Õg
Animation .arEma tl ;=< we;s úúO weksfïIka j¾. w;ßka leu;s
weksfïIka tlla u; la,sla lsßug mq¿jk'

±ka wod< weksfïIka bf*laÜ tflka" f;dardf.k ;snQ TífclaÜ tl

iÔùlrKh fjk wdldrh ±l.; yelsh' fuu iÔùlrKh fjk wdldrh
kej; ne,Sug kï Animation ßnka geí tl ;=< jï miska we;s Preview
kï .arEma tflka Preview nÜka tl u; la,sla lsÍug mq¿jk'
Animation .arEma tl ;=< uQ,sl jYfhka fmfkkakg ;sfnk
weksfïIka yer fjk;a weksfïIka ,nd .ekSug wjYH kï" weksfïIka
±lafjk ia:dkfha ol=Kq miska we;s More ( ) nÜka tl u; la,sla lrkak'
túg È. yefrk .e,ß tflys júO weksfïIka j¾. ±l.; yel'

 Entrance j¾.fha weksfïIka

;srhg hï jia;=jla iÔùlrKhù meñfKk wdldrh ilia lrkafka

fï j¾.fha iÔùlrK yrydh'

WodyrK Box, Circle, Dissolve in , Fly In

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (82)
 Emphasis j¾.fha weksfïIka bf*laÜ Ndú;d lrk yeá
ia,hsâ tl u; we;s TífclaÜ tlla ia,hsâ tl ;=<§ ;j ÿrg;a
iÔùlrKh lsÍug wjYH kï Emphasis j¾.fha weksfïIka bf*laÜ
Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

WodyrK Spin, Transparency, Wave

Exit j¾.fha weksfïIka bf*laÜ Ndú;d lrk yeá

hï TífclaÜ tlla ia,hsâ tl ;=<ska fkdfmkS hdug wjYH
kï" ta i|yd Exit j¾.fha weksfïIka bf*laÜ ,nd Èh yelsh'

WodyrK Blonds, Checkerboard, Fly Out

Slide Master
lod fyj;a ia,hsâ i|yd iïmQ¾K ie,iquu (Design) iy by;
úia;r l< msßie,iqï (layout) ieliSu yd fjkia lsÍu fï ;=< isg l<
yel'
fuh ieliSu i|yd View ;=<ska Slide Master hkak ,nd .; hq;=h'

fuúg jï miska úúO msßie,iqï (layout) ±l.; yel' fïjd tlska

tl la,sla lrñka" idudkH lod fyj;a ia,hsâ wdldrhg fjkia lr .;
yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (83)
ia,hsâfIda tl Odjkh lsÍu
i,hsâfIda tl Odjkh lsÍu uÕska" mj¾fmdhskaÜ úkafvda tl ;=<
l=vdjg we;s ia,hsâ tl ;srh mqrd ±l.; yelsh'
±kg isf,laÜ lr we;s ia,hsâ tl" ia,hsâ fIda tl fia ne,Su'
±kg isf,lag lr we;s ia,hsâ tl" ia,hsâ fIda tl fia ;srh mqrd
;sfnk wdldrhg ne,Sug" Slide Show ßnka geí tl ;=< Start Slide Show
.arEma tl ;=< we;s From Current Slide hkak u; la,sla lrkak'

fï yer wema,sflaIka úkafvda tflys my< ùõ geí (View Tab) u;

we;s Slide Show nÜka tl u; la,sla lsÍfukao ±kg isf,laÜj we;s ia,hsâ
tl iïmQ¾K ;srh mqrd ±l; yel'

ia,hsâfIda tflka bj;a ùu

idudkHfhka ia,hsâfIda tlla wjika fjk ;=re l%shd;aul ùfïka
ia,hsâfIda tflka bj;a fjhs' fjk;a wjia:djl ia,hsâfIda tflka bj;a
ùug kï h;=re mqjrefõ Esc h;=r ;o l< yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (84)

o;a;iuqodh l<uKdlrKh

o;a;iuqodh l<uKdlrK uDÿldx. Ndú;h

tla/ia lr ;nd .kakd o;a; m%udKh jeä fjk úg ta ish¨ o;a;
u;lfha r|jd .ekSu fukau yeisrùuo wmyiq ld¾hhls' fujeks
wjia:djl§ o;a; .nvd l< hq;= fjkafka úfYaIs; wdldrhlgh' o;a;
iuqodh l<ukdlrK moaO;s fyj;a fâgdfíia uefkaÊukaÜ isiagï (Data
Base Management System) j¾.fha uDÿldx. Ndú;d lrkafka fï i|ydh'
fïjd Ndú;fhka o;a; j.= .Kkdjl tl;=jla fia o;a; .nvd lrkq ,efí'
tjeks o;a; j.= .Kkdjl tl;=jla bf,lafg%dksl o;a; iuqodh ^electronic
database& f,i y÷kajhs' fujeks o;a; iuqodh ;=< l%udkql+,j o;a; ;eïm;a
lsÍu l< yelsh' túg kej; wjYH jQ wjia:djl ld¾hlaIuj tu o;a; ,nd
.kakg mq¿jk'
WodyrKhla f,i hï msßilf.a kï" ÿrl;k wxl iy WmkaÈk
u;l ;nd .kakg wjYH jQjdhehs is;uq' tfia kï tajd jdlH fia ,shd
;eîfuka kej; wjYH jQ úg fidhd .ekSug ;rula fj,d .; fjk nj
wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= ke;' ta fjkqjg kï" ÿrl;k wxl l%udKql+,j j.= .;
lf<a kï j.=fõ tla ;Srejl tla mqoa.,fhl=f.a úia;r wka;¾.; fõ' fuys§
j.=j ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka wjYH wfhl=f.a úia;r fidhd .ekSu jvd;a myiq
fõ' fï wdldrfhka mß.Kl.; j.= Ndú;d lrk úg ld¾hh ;j;a myiq
fõ'
o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrK moaO;s i|yd fï fjk úg uDÿldx.
/ilau ìysj ;snqko nyq,j Ndú;d lrkafka bka lSmhla muKs' fuys olajd
we;af;a tjeks ckm%sh uDÿldx. lSmhls'

• Microsoft Access (uhsfl%dfid*aÜ welaiia)

• LibreOffice Base (,síf¾ T*Sia fíia)
• OpenOffice Base (´mka T*Sia fíia)
• Oracle (T/l,a)
• MySQL (uhs tialsõt,a)
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (85)
w¨;a fâgdfíia tlla ieliSu
welaiia fj; msúiqk miq uq,skau Home hkak isf,laÜj ;sfí' ±ka

fuys we;s Blank database hkak f;aßh hq;=h' fuh ysia fâgdfíia tlla
,[Link] i|yd we;s wdlD;shhs'

±ka fâgdfíia tl fiaõ jk ;ek f;aÍu

i|yd ol=Kqmi my<ska we;s f*da,av¾ ,l=Kska
;sfnk nÜka tl la,sla lrkak'
túg újD; fjkafka File New Database
fndlaia tlhs' fï ;=<ska fâgdfíia tl fiaõ úh
hq;= ;ek f;dard§" Create kï nÜka tl la,sla
lrkak'

welaiia wema,sflaIka úkafvdaj y÷kd .ksuq

by; úia;r l< wdldrhg fâgdfíia tl ilia [Link] miqj
welaiia wema,sflaIka úkafvda tl ±l.; yelsh' fuys uQ,sl jYfhka
fmfkkakg we;af;a fldgia lsysmhla muKs' tu fldgia my; mßêh'

12. ghsÜ,a nd¾ (Titlebar) - welaiia ghsÜ,a nd¾ tflys" tu uDÿ[Link]

ku fukau tys ixialrKho
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 (86)

13. laúla welaiia gQ,a nd¾ (Quick Access Toolbar) - ks;r wjYH fjk Save,
Undo, Redo jeks úOdk i|yd wjYH nÜka fï ;=< ±l.; yel'

14. fuys§ fuu fukq tl uÕska New, Open jeks úOdk rdYshla f;dard.;
yelsh'

15. *hs,a fukq (File) – idudkH jevigykl *hs,a fukq tll we;s
wdldrhg Save, New yd Print jeks úOdk fuu fukq tl ;=< oel.;
yel'

16. ßnka (Ribbon) – welaiia uDÿ[Link] jev [Link] wjYH úOdk

ish,a,u mdfya fuu ßnka tl ;=< wka:¾.; fjhs'

17. ßnka geí (Ribbon Tabs)

18. keú[Link] fmaka (Navigation Pane) – welaiia ;=< ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk
TífckaÜ fï ;=< fmkajhs' fuys ol=Kqmi by<ska we;s jïmig fhduqjQ
B;< fol ^ & u; la,sla lsÍfuka keú[Link] fmaka tl welaiia úkafvda
tflys jïmi ieÕùu l< yelsh' th kej; ,nd .ekSug kï welaiia
úkafvda tflys jïmiska we;s ol=Kg fhduQjQ B;< fol ^ & u; la,sla
l< hq;=h'

19. fÜn,a (Table) – welaiia ;=< ilik m%Odk TífclaÜ fjkafka

fÜn,ah' fÜn,a fyda fjk;a TífclaÜ fï wdldrfhka keú[Link] fmaka
tl ;=< fmkajhs' fuys§ wod< TífclaÜ tl újD; lsÍug kï tu
TífclaÜ tflys ku u; ví,a la,sla l< yel'

fÜn,a tlla äihska lsÍu

fÜn,a tlla f,i ye¢kafjkafka welaiia ;=< we;s m%Odk TífclaÜ
tlhs' wfkla ´kEu TífclaÜ tlla ks¾udKh lsÍug kï uq,ska fÜn,a
tlla ks¾udKh lr isáh hq;=h' welaiia ;=< o;a; tla/ia lrkafka fuu
fÜn,a ;=<hs' WodyrKhla f,i mdie,l isák <uqkaf.a úia;r .nvdlr
;nkafka kï tu <uqkaf.a we;=<;aùfï wxl" kï ",smsk wdÈh úia;r
welaiia ;=< ilik fÜn,a ;=< .nvd lr ;nhs'

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fÜn,a tlla ieliSu i|yd Home ßnka geí
tl isf,laÜ lrkak' ±ka tys jï miska we;s
Views leg.ß tl ;=< we;s View nÜka tl la,sla
lr" ,efnk .e,ß tflka Design View hkak u;
la,sla lrkak'
túg újD; fjkafka Save As vhf,d.a
fndlaia tlhs' fuys we;s Table Name kï ia:dkfha w¨;ska ieliSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk fÜn,a tl i|yd wjYH kula ,nd fokak'

Field Name ^*S,aâfkaï&

fÜn,a tlla ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,nk fldgia
*S,aâfkaï fyj;a lafIa;%kdu f,i y÷kajhs' WodyrKhla f,i mka;shl
isák <uqkaf.a úia;r we;=<;a lsÍug fÜn,a tlla ks¾udKh lrkafka kï"
tys *S,aâfkaï fjkafka ku" jhi jeksoEh' mx;s ld, igykl§ kï
*S,aâfkaï fjkafka i;sfha ojiah'

my; rEmfha we;s äihska ùõ tl ;=<§ m<uq *S,aâ fkaï tl f,i we;=<;a
lr we;af;a Index No hkakhs'

fï wdldrfhka tla *S,aâ fkaï tlla fh§fuka miqj thg bÈßfhka

we;s Data Type kï ia:dkfhka Bg .e<fmk fâgd ghsma tl fyj;a o;a;
j¾.h o ielish hq;=h'

Data Type ^fâgd ghsma&

fâgd ghsma f,i ye¢kafjkafka úúO o;a; j¾.hs' wm ,ndfok *S,aâ
fkaï tlg wod<j we;=<;a lrkq ,nk o;a; l=uk j¾.fha tajd ±hs ;SrKh
lrkafka fuu fâgd ghsma kï ia:dkfhks'
fâgd ghsma tlla fh§u i|yd" *S,aâ fkaï tl fh¥ ia:dkhg
bÈßfhka we;s fâgd ghsma tl i|yd jQ ysia fldgqj la,sla lrkak' túg tys
ol=Kq miska my;g fhduqjQ B;<hla ±l.; yelsh' ±ka tau; la,sla l< úg
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 (88)
újD; fjk âfrdma vjqka fukq tl ;=< úúO fâgd ghsma j¾. rdYshla
±l.; yelsh'

• Text – wl=re" b,lalï" ixfÄ; jeks foa we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd fmdÿfõ fhdod
.; yel'

• Number –b,lalï muKla we;=¿ lsÍug fhdod .kS'

• Date / Time - Èkhla fyda fõ,djla we;=<;a lsßug fhdod .kS'

• Currency – uQ,Huh [Link] i|yd fhdod .kS'

• Yes/No – fÜn,a tlla ;=< o;a; we;=<;a lsÍfï§ Tõ fyda kE hk foflka

tllska ms<s;=r ,nd§ug wjYH kï ta i|yd Yes/No fâgd ghsma tl f;aßh
yel' újdyl/wújdyl nj" /lshdjla lrk/fkdlrk nj jeks fohla olajk
*S,aâ fkaï tlla ,ndÿka úg th bÈßfhka Yes/No fâgd ghsma tl f;aÍu
fyd|h'

m%d:ñl hq;=re (primary key) y÷kd .ksuq

hï *S,aâ fkaï tllg wod<j o;a; we;=<;a lsÍfï§ tl yd iudk
o;a; folla we;=<;a lSÍu je,elaùu fukau o;a; fkdue;s fldaI b;sß lsÍu
je,elaùu i|yd m%hsuß lS Ndú;d lrhs' WodyrKhla f,i ye÷kqïm;a wxl
we;=<;a lsÍfï§ fyda we;=<;a ùfï wxl ,nd§fï§ tlyd iudk wxl folla
fh§ we;akï th je/oaols'

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 (89)
idudkHfhka uq,skau äihska ùõ tl fj; msúfik úg tys we;s ID
kï *S,aâ tflys bÈßfhka h;=rl ,l=Kla ±l.; yel' Bg fya;=j ID kï
*S,aâ tl i|yd m%hsuß lS tlla fhdod ;sîuhs'
m%hsuß lS tlla fh§u i|yd uq,skau wjYH *S,aâ tl isf,laÜ
lrkak' fï i|yd äihska úkafvda tflys wod< *S,aâ tflys kug uq,ska
we;s ia:dkh la,sla l< yel' ±ka Design ßnka geí tl ;=< we;s Primary
Key nÜka tl u; la,sla lsÍfuka wod< *S,aâ fkaï tl i|yd m%hsuß lS
tlla fhdod.; yel'

[Link];=l hq;=re (foreign key) y÷kd .ksuq

tla j.=jla ;j;a j.=jla iuÕ iïnkaO lsÍug [Link];=l h;=re
fhdod .kS' tla j.=jl m%d:ñl h;=rlg wod< lafIa;%hla" ;j;a j.=jla ;=<§
ksrEmKh lrkafka [Link];=l h;=rla f,ih'

äihska ùõ tflys jev wjika lsÍu

fÜn,a tl äihska lsÍfï lghq;= wjika kï
äihska úkafvda tflka bj;a úh yel' fï i|yd
uq,skau äihska l< fÜn,a tl fiaõ lsÍug File fukq
tl ;=< we;s Save hkak la,sla lrkak'

fÜn,a tl ;=<g o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu

fÜn,a tl äihska lr wjidkfha o;a; we;=<;a

lsÍu i|yd Home ßnka geí tflys View nÜka tl u;
la,sla lrkak' ±ka È.yefrk .e,ß tl ;=<ska
Datasheet View hkak la,sla lrkak'

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 (90)
túg fhduq fjkafka fâgd ISÜ ùõ tl fj;ghs' ±ka ,ndÿka *S,aâ fkaï
j,g wod<j úia;r we;=<;a l< yelsh'

lajß (Query) tlla ilik yeá

ilia lr we;s fÜn,a folla fyda lsysmhla tla [Link] lajß tlla
uÕska lrkq ,nhs' fuys§ fÜn,a foflys fyda lsysmfhau we;s ish¨ o;a;
;ks lajß tlla fj; ,nd .ekSu fyda f;dard.;a *S,aâ fkaï lsysmhla hgf;a
we;s o;a; muKla lajß tlla fj; ,[Link] fyda l< yelsh'
fuys§ lajß tl ieliSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk ish¨ fÜn,a ;=<
fmdÿ *S,aâ fkaï tlla ;sìh hq;=h' tkï tla j.=jl m%d:ñl h;=r wfkla
j.=fõ [Link];=l h;=rla f,i ;sìh hq;=h'
WodyrKhla f,i mx;shl isák <uqkaf.a kï iy úia;r we;=<;a
tla fÜn,a tlla yd tu <uqkaf.a ,l=Kq we;=,;a ;j;a fÜn,a tlla we;akï
tu fÜn,a foflysu we;s we;=,;aùfï wxl iudk úh hq;=h'

j.=j 1

j.=j 2

fuys§ Index No *S,aâ fkaï tl hgf;a we;=<;a lrk o;a;" l,ska

ilia l< fÜn,a tflys ;snQ wdldrfhkau úh hq;=h'

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±ka lajß tl ieliSu i|yd uq,skau Create ßnka geí tflys Queries
leg.ß tl ;=< we;s Design Query hkak u; la,sla lrkak'

±ka újD; fjkafka Show Table vhf,d.a fndlaia tlhs' fï ;=< we;s
Table geí tl ;=<ska lajß tl ielSug wjYH m<uq fÜn,a tflys ku u;
la,sla lr my;ska we;s Add nÜka
tl u; la,sla lrkak' fï
wdldrfhkau fojk fÜn,a tflys
ku u;o la,sla lr Add nÜka tl
la,sla lr" tho lajß tl i|yd
f;dard .kak'

fï wdldrfhka lajß tl ieliSu i|yd wjYH fÜn,a f;dard

.ekSfuka miqj Show Table vhf,d.a fndlaia tflys my; ol=Kq miska we;s
Close nÜka tl la,sla lr thska bj;a úh yel'
±ka lajß tl i|yd wod< fÜn,a fol f;aÍ we;s wdldrh ±l.;
yel' fuys§ m<uq fÜn,a tflys we;s fmdÿ *S,aâ tl u; la,sla lrf.k
fojk fÜn,a tflys fmÿ *S,aâ tl fj; weo oukak' túg tu fmdÿ lafIa;%
fol f¾Ldjlska hdfjk wdldrh ±l.; yel'

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 (92)
lajß tl i|yd wjYH *S,aâ f;dard .ekSu
lajß tl i|yd wjYH *S,aâ f;dard .ekSu l< hq;af;a lajß äihska
ùõ tflys my;ska we;s fldgfiks' ta i|yd lajß äihska ùõ tflys my;ska
Table hkakg bÈßfhka we;s âfrdma vjqka fukq tflka wjYH fÜn,a tflys
ku f;darkak'

±ka Bg by<ska we;s Field kï ia:dkfha âfrdma vjqka fukq tl ;=<

fmkajkafka wod< fÜn,a tl ;=< we;s *S,aâ fkaïh' fïjd ;=<ska m<uq
fld<ï tl ;=< fmkaúh hq;= *S,aâ fkaï tl fï ;=<ska f;aßh hq;=h'

ó<Õg fojk fld<ï tl ;=< fmkaúh hq;= *S,aâ tl ±laùu i|yd

fuu ia:dkfha we;s fojk fld<ï tflkao by; úia;r l< wdldrhg"
wjYH fÜn,a tflys ku yd *S,aâ fkaï tl f;dard .; hq;=h'

ish,a, ilid wjidkfha File fukq tl ;=<ska Save hkak la,sla lr

fiaõ lr .; hq;=h'
±ka fÜn,a tlla fâgdISÜ ùõ tl ;=<ska krUk wdldrhgu Design
ßnka geí tl ;=< we;s View nÜka tl la,sla lr Datasheet View hkak
la,sla lr lajß tlo fâgdISÜ ùõ tl ;=<ska ne,sh yel'

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f*daï ilia lsÍu
fÜn,a ;=<§ o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu t;rï mßYS,l ñ;%YS,S wdldrfhka
ke;' fï ksid w,xldr f,i ieliQ f*daï tlla ;=<ska o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu
lr.; yelsh'
f*daï tlla myiqfjka yd blaukska ieliSu i|yd uq,skau Create ßnka
geí tflys Form leg.ß tl ;=< we;s Form Wizard hkak u; la,sla
lrkak'

±ka újD; fjkafka Form Wizard fndlaia tlhs' fï ;=< we;s

Table/Query kï ia:dkfha âfrdma vjqka fukq tflka ßfmdaÜ tl ieliSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjk fÜn,a tl fyda lajß tl f;dard .; yelsh'

±ka thg my<ska we;s Available Fields hkak hgf;a ±l.; yels
fjkafka wod< fÜn,a tflys we;s *S,aâ fkaïh' ±ka tajdhska f*daï tl
ieliSu i|yd *S,aâ fkaï f;darkak'

fï wdldrfhka wjYH *S,aâ f;dard .ekSfuka miqj my;ska we;s Next

kï nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka ó<Õ mshjr fj; fhduq úh yel' ó<Õ mshjr
;=<§ l< hq;= fjkafka f,awõÜ tl f;dard .ekSuhs' tys§ Columnar, Tabular,
Datasheet yd Justified kï f,awõÜ j¾. y;r ±l.; yelsh' tajd tlska tl

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 (94)
la,sla lrk úg tu f,awõÜ tflys iajNdjh Bg jïmiska we;s ia:dkfhka
fmkajhs'

wjYH f,awõÜ tl f;dard .ekSfuka miqj my;ska we;s Next kï

nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka wjika mshjr fj; fhduq úh yel' tys§ What
title do you want for your form? kï ia:dkfha f*daï tl i|yd leu;s kula
,nd§ my< jïmiska we;s Finish kï nÜka tl la,sla lrkak'

fuys§ f*daï tl ieliSu wjika ù wod< f*daï tl újD;ù fmfkkq

we;'

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 (95)
welaiia ;=< ßfmdaÜ ieliSu
o;a; w,xldrj;a f,i uqøKh lsÍu i|yd ßfmdaÜ ilia lrkq ,nhs'
fÜn,a fyda lajß ;=< we;s o;a; uÕska ßfmdaÜ ilia lr" tajd uqøKh lsÍug
yelsh' ÍfmdaÜ tlla myiqfjka ilia [Link] i|yd Create ßnka geí tl
;=< we;s Reports
leg.ß tl ;=<ska
Reports Wizard hkak
u; la,sla lrkak'
túg újD;
fjkafka Reports
Wizard fndlaia tlhs' fuys Table / Queries kï ia:dkfha we;s âfrdma vjqka
fukq tflka ßfmdaÜ tl
ieliSug wjYH fÜn,a tl
fyda lajß tl isf,laÜ
lrkak' ±ka Available
Fields hgf;a we;s *S,aâ
fkaïj,ska ßfmdaÜ tl
ieliSug wjYH *S,aâ fkaï
Selected Fields fj; fhduq
lr my;ska we;s Next kï nÜka tl la,sla lrkak'

ó<Õ mshjf¾§ hï *S,aâ tlla hgf;a wfkla *S,aâ fm< .iajkafka

kï th ielish hq;=h'

ó<Õ mshjf¾§ wjYH kï hï *S,aâ tlla hgf;a o;a; wdfrdayK

l%uhg fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg ielish yel' ta i|yd wxl 1 hgf;a we;s

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âfrdma vjqka fukq tflka wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg ;sìh hq;= *S,aâ
fkaï tl f;darkak'

ó<Õ mshjf¾§ Layout kï ia:dkfhka ßfmdaÜ tl fmkaúh hq;=

wdlD;sh f;dard .; hq;=h' tys§ f;dark f,awõÜ tflys iajNdjh jï miska
we;s m%Súõ tl ;=<§ ±l.; yel' óg wu;rj fuys we;s Orientation kï
ia:dkfhka msgqj wjYH fjkafka Wi w;g kï Portrait hkako yria w;g
kï Landscape hkako f;aßh yel'

ó<Õg Next nÜka tl la,sla lsÍfuka fhduq fjkafka wjika mshjr

fj;ghs' tys§ ßfmdaÜ tl i|yd leu;s kula ,nd§ Finish kï nÜka tl
la,sla lrkak' fuúg ßfmdaÜ tl ks¾udKh fjhs'

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 (97)

Ñ;%l uDÿldx.

Ñ;%l uDÿldx.
wxls; .%dmsl (Digital graphic)
mß.Klh Ndú;fhka myiqfjkau Ñ;% ks¾udKh lr .kakg mq¿jk'
tfia ks¾udKh l< Ñ;% ixialrKh lr .kakg o mß.Klh fhdod .kakg
mq¿jk' fï ksidu Ñ;% mß.Klh ;=< iqrlaIs;j ;eîug;a yelshdj ,eî
we;' Ñ;%j,g wu;rj wxls; PdhdrEm ixialrKh lsÍug;a mß.Klh
fhdod .kS' mß.Klfha Ndú;d lrk Ñ;% fukau wxls; PdhdrEmo fmdÿfõ
ye¢kafjkafka wxls; .%dmsl hk kñks' wxls; .%dmslhl uQ,sldx. y;rla
we;' tajd fufiah'

1) mslai,a (Pixel)
mslai,hla f,i y÷kajkafka wxls; .%dmslhla ks¾udKh ù we;s uQ,sl
tAllhhs' tla mslai,hla wxls; .%dmslhl we;s tla l=vd ;s;ls' fujeks
l=vd ;s;a oyia .Kkla tl;= ùfuka wxls; .%dmslh ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'
.%dmslh u; fuu mslai,a" fma<s (row) iy ;Sr (column) f,iska tlsfklg
hd jk wdldrhg b;d <Õska msysgd ;sfí'

fuu wkqrEms;hla mß.Kl ;srfhys m%udKhg fyda wm úiska uqøKh

lrkq ,nk uqøK lvodisfha m%udKhg fyda wkqj úYd, fyda l=vd fyda
l< yels h' ta wkqj rEmhla úYd, lrkafka kï fjkia jkafka
mslai,fha m%udKhhs' l=vd rEmhla úYd, lrk úg tys we;s mslai, we§
úYd, fjhs' fï ksid wvq mslai, m%udKhla we;s .%dmslhla úYd, lsÍfï§
mslai,j, iSudj fmfkk neúka .=Kd;aul nj wvq fõ' kuq;a jeä
mslai, m%udKhla we;s .%dmslhla úYd, lsÍfï§ .=Kd;aul nj wvq ùu
idfmalaIj wvqh'
rEmhl we;s mslai, .Kk jeä fjk úgu rEmfha .=Kd;aul Ndjho jeä
fjhs' Bg fya;=j mslai, m%udKh jeä fjk úg tl mslai,hla yd
mslai,fha iSudjka weig fkdfmkSuh' .=Kd;aul Ndjhg wu;rj rEmfha

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we;s mslai, m%udKh jeä fjk úg wod< rEmh mß.Klfha ;ekam;a
lsÍug jehfjk Odß;djho jeä fjhs' fï ksid PdhdrEm ´kEjg jvd
jeä mslai, m%udKhlska mß.Klfha .nvd lrkafkao ke;' wka;¾cd,h
;=, .%dmslhla fmkajk úg mslai, m%udKh ´kEjg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a
rEmfha Odß;djh jeä ù" th fjí msgqj u; fmkaùug jeä fâgd
m%udKhla wjYH fjhs' tfukau ta i|yd jeä fõ,djlao .; fjhs' fï
ksid iEu úgu WÑ; mslai, .Kk Ndú;d lsÍu .%dmsl ks¾udK lrejka
úiska lrkq ,nhs'

.%dmsl úfNaokh (Resolution)

wxls; .%dmslhl wÕ,lg we;s mslai, m%udKh .%dmsl úfNaokh fyj;a
ßfidÆIka w.h f,i ye¢kafjhs' fuh Rcqju rEmfha .=Kd;aul Ndjhg
jeo.;a fjk idOlhls' fuu mslai, wkqj rEmfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh m%ldY
lsÍfï§ úfNaok w.h lshkq ,efí' th m%ldY lrkafka 72dpi, 300dpi wdÈh
jYfhks' dpi hkq wÕ,lg we;s ;s;a .Kk lshefjk tallhhs' fuys flá
wl=rej,ska ye¢kafjkafka dots per inch hkakhs' fuh ppi hkqfjkao
ye¢kafõ' bka lshefjkafka pixels per inch hkakhs'

mß.Kl ;srfha we;s rEm fmkajkafka dpi w.h 72la f,i [Link]' fï
ksid ks¾udKh lrk fjda,afmam¾ iy" fjí msgqj, rEm i|yd dpi w.h 72la
f,i fhÈh hq;=h' uqøKh lrk PdhdrEm i|yd idudkHfhka Ndú;d
lrkafka 300 dpi [Link]' fï wdldrfhka WÑ; dpi w.h fhdod wxls; .%dmsl
ixialrKh l< hq;=h'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (99)
j¾K mrdih
by; úia;rj,g wkqj wxls; .%dmslhla hkq mslai, oioyia .Kkl
tl;=jla nj wjfndaO fjkq we;' iEu mslai,hla uÕska u j¾Khla
ksfhdackh lrhs' tfia fmkajk j¾K m%udKh ilia lr .kakd yeá .eko
by; úia;rfhka meyeÈ,s fjkq we;'

fuu j¾K ilia fjk m%Odk j¾K wdfoaYl (Color models) wdldr
folla we;' bka tlla fjkafka RGB hkakh' tkï r;= (Red), fld<
(Green) iy ks,a (Blue) hk j¾K uÕska rEmhl j¾K ilia fjk j¾K
wdfoaYlhhs' mß.Kl ;srj, iy nyqudOH m%lafIamK hka;%j, rEm
fmfkkafka fuu RGB j¾Kj,sks' tys§ RGB j¾K úúO wkqmd;fhka ñi%
lsÍfuka wjYH ish¨u j¾K ilia [Link] ,efí'

nyq,j Ndú;d lrk wfkla j¾K wdfoaYlh jkafka CMYK h' fuys §
rEm ilia lsÍug fhdod .kafka ihka (Cyan) fyj;a ,d ks,a meyeh,
uefckagd (Magenta) fyj;a frdai meyehg yqre oï meyeh" ly (Yellow)
iy l¿ (Black) hk j¾Khkah' tys§ CMYK j¾K úúO wkqmd;fhka ñi%
lsÍfuka wjYH ish¨u j¾K ilia [Link] ,efí' fuu j¾K Ndú;d
lrkafka uqøK hka;%hs' fï ksid uqøKh lsÍu i|yd hï ,shú,a,la ilik
úg CMYK Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

fjlag¾ .%e*sla (Vector Graphic)

fïjd ieliS we;af;a ixLHdkuh mokula hgf;a ìysjk iDcq fyda jl%
f¾Ld tlg tl;=ùfukah' fï j¾.fha rEmhla fl;rï l=vdl<o" úYd,
l<o .=Kd;aul Ndjfha lsisÿ wvqùula fkdfõ' kuq;a PdhdrEm wdÈh fï
wdldrfhka .nvd lr ;nd .ekSug neßh'

fï wdldrfhka ks¾udKh fjk rEmhla wvx.= [Link] (file)

ks¾udKfha wdrïNh" wjidkh" fldmuK f¾Ld m%udKhla ;sfí o" fhdÞ
.kq ,nk j¾K ms<sn| igyka ;[Link]' fï ksidu ks¾udKh ;ekam;a lsÍug
mß.Kl u;lfha Odß;dj jeäfhka fhdÞ .kS' ,dxPk" nek¾" fmdaiag¾"
mqj;am;a fj<| ±kaùï" wdrdOkd m;%" fmd;aj, msgljr jeks úúO foa
ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ wjYH yev;, we|.ekSug fjlag¾ .%dmsl fhdod .efkhs'

fjlag¾ .%dmsl ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd Adobe Illustrator (wefvdaì

b,iafÜ%g¾), fldr,afv%da (CorelDRAW) Adobe Fireworks (wefvdaì
*h¾j¾la) jeks uDÿldx. Ndú;d lrhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (100)
rdiag¾ .E*sla (Raster Graphic)
PdhdrEm mß.Klh ;=< .nvd flfrkafka rdiag¾ .E*sla (Raster
Graphic) f,ih' fuys§ úúO j¾Kfhka hq;= mslai,a wdrdjlska rEmh
ks¾udKh lrhs'
wxls; leurdjlska wm ,[Link] PdhdrEm" ialEk¾ hka;%hlska ialEka
lr ,[Link] PdhdrEm wdÈh mj;skafka fï wdldrfhkah' fïjd
mslai,j,ska ks¾udKh ù we;s ksid úfNaok w.h wvq rEmhla ;rula úYd,
lsÍfï§ .=Kd;aul Ndjh wvq fjhs' fï ksid hï rEmhla .=Kd;aul Ndjh
fyd¢ka ;sfnk wdldrhg úYd, lrkakg kï mslai, jeä .Kklska hq;=j
ks¾udKh lr.; hq;= fõ'
rdiag¾ .%dmsl ks¾udKh lsÍug iy tajd ixialrKh lsÍu i|yd Adobe
Photoshop (wefvdaì f*dfgdafIdma), Corel PHOTOPAINT (fldr,a f*dfgda
fmakaÜ), GIMP (.sïma) jeks uDÿldx. Ndú;d lrhs' fïjdfha PdhdrEm
ixialrKh lsÍug wjYH gQ,a wka;¾.; fjhs'
Layer fyj;a ia:r
Photoshop jeks uDÿldx.j, ia:rhla hkq tlu; tl u; ;nd we;s
úksúo fmfkk lvodishla jeks fohls' iEu ia:rhlgu rEmhla" wlaYr
fm<la" yevhla fyda hï j¾K .ekaùula r|jd .; yelsh' fï ksid wfkl=;a
ia:rj,g n,mEï fkdlr th ixialrKh l< yelsh'Photoshop ;=< f,ah¾
wvx.= me,Ü tl my; rEmh mßêfõ'

1. Text Layer – fïjdfha wl=re muKla wka:¾.; fjhs'

2. Image Layer – fïjdfha rEm fyda weo.;a fldgia fukau PdhdrEmj,
fldgiao wka:¾.; fjhs'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (101)
3. Layer Opacity – [Link] layer tflys úksúo fmfkk nj wvq
lr.; yel.
4. Layer Visibility – f,ah¾ tl ieÕùu fyda kej; ,nd .ekSu l<
yelsh'
5. Delete layer – ±kg ;sfnk f,ah¾ tlla wkjYH kï th uld ±ñh
yel'
6. New layer – w¿;a f,ah¾ tlla ,nd.; yel'

uQ,sl .%e*sla gQ,a

Zoom Tool
[Link] Image tl úYd, fyda l=vdlr n,d.; yel. Image tl
l=vd lsÍfï§ Alt Key tl iu. Ndú;dl, hq;=hs.

Hand Tool
Zoom lrk,o Image tlla tyd fuyd lr ne,Su i|yd Hand Tool
tl Ndú;dlrhs. Hand Tool tl Dabble Click lsÍfuka iïmQ¾K Image tlu
n,d.; yel.

Rectangular Marquee Tool

[Link] RcqfldaKdi%dldr fyda iup;=ri%dldr yevhg" isf,laIka
fyj;a rEm fldgia f;aÍï ,nd.; yel'

Elliptical Marquee Tool

[Link] b,smaid ldr fyda jD;dldr yevhg" isf,laIka fyj;a rEm
fldgia f;aÍï ,nd.; yel'

Move Tool
[Link] Layer tlla tyd fuyd [Link] yel. Layer tlla Copy
lsÍfï§ Alt h;=r iu. Click lr weo.k hd hq;=h'

Lasso Tool
la,sla lr.k weof.k hdfuka ;ukag wjYH yevhlg isf,laIka
fyj;a rEm fldgia f;dard .ekSu l< yelsh'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (102)
Magic wand Tool
hï j¾Khla u; Click l, úg tayd iudk j¾K Select fõ. fï
wdldrfhka rEmhl fldgia f;aÍu fyj;a isf,laÜ lsÍu l< yelsh'

Gradient Tool
[Link] hï Image tlla u; j¾K lSmhla tl;= lsÍfï yelshdjla
we;. tu j¾K tla j¾Khlska flfuka úhelS wfkla j¾K fj; hk
iïñi%Khla wdldrfhka ,efí'

Paint bucket tool

rEmhla u; we;s isf,laÜ lr.;a fldgla fyj;a isf,laIka tlla
u;g j¾Khla mqrjd .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs'

Text Tool
rEmh u; wlre we;=¿ l< yelsh'

Crop Tool
rEmh jgd we;s wkjYH fldgia lmd bj;a lr.; yel.

Clone Stamp Tool

rEmhl bj;a lsÍug wjYH l=ula fyda jia;=jla ;sfí kï fuuÕska
fjk;a ;ekl we;s j¾Khla ,ndf.k wod< fldgi u; wdf,am lsÍu l<
yelsh' j¾K ,[Link] ia:dkh Source Point tl f,io tu j¾K fhdok
ia:dkh Target Point tl f,io y÷kajhs.
Source Point tl ,[Link] i|yd ALT h;=r iu. wjYH ia:dkh Click
l,hq;=hs.

Sponge Tool
hï fldgil j¾K ;Sj%;dj fjkia lsÍu i|yd fuh fhdod .kS'
fuys§ ;Sj%;dj wvq lsÍu i|yd De saturate [Link]' túg hï ia:dkhla
w÷re fjhs' jeä lsÍu ; yels w;r th jeä lsÍu i|yd Saturate fhdod.;
yel.

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (103)
Dodge Tool
rEmfha hï fldgil wdf,dalh jeä lr .ekSug fhdod .kS'

Blur Tool
rEmfha fldgila fnd| lsÍu i|yd [Link].

Eraser Tool
hï fldgila uelSug fhdod .kS'

Penn Tool
f¾Ld we£ug fhdod .kS'

Brush Tool
f;dard.;a j¾Khla wf,am lsÍug fhdod .kS'

Eyedropper Tool
hï ;ekl we;s j¾Khla ,[Link] Ndú;d lrhs' túg tu j¾Kh
;j;a ;eklg fhdod .ekSu l< yelsh'

j¾K f;aÍu
gQ,a fndlaia tflys my<ska j¾K wvx.= fldgila we;' tuÕska wmg
we£ï lsÍug wjYH j¾K f;aÍu l< yelsh'

1. Foreground Color - we|Sï lsßfï§ fhdod .kakd u;=msg j¾Kh fï u;

la,sla lr fjkia lr .; yel' túg brush jeks gQ,a j,ska j¾K
.ekafjkafka fufia f;dark j¾Kfhkah'

2. Background Color - miqìu j¾Kh fjkia l< yelsh' hï ;ekla

uel+ úg fmfkkafka fuu miqìï j¾Khhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (104)
YíO ixialrK uDÿldx.
Audacity (TvEisá) uÕska má.; lsÍu isÿ lrk yeá
TvEisá hkq ckm%sh;u" má.; lsÍï yd y~ ixialrK lghq;= i|yd
fhdod .kakd ksoyia yd újD; uDÿ[Link]'
fuu uDÿldx.h [Link] hk Tjqkaf.a ks, fjí
wvúh yryd vjqkaf,daâ lr.; yel'

frfldaâ lsÍu wdrïN lrk yeá

uhsfl%df*dakh ksis mßÈ iïnkaO lr we;akï frfldaâ lsÍu wdrïN
l< yel' fï i|yd gQ,a nd¾ tl u; we;s Record nÜka tl la,sla l< hq;=h'

frfldaâ lsÍu ;djld,slj k;r lrk yeá

frfldaâ ùu ;djld,slj k;r lsÍu i|yd gQ,a nd¾ tl ;=< we;s
Pause kï nÜka tl la,sla l< hq;=h' túg frfldaâ lsÍug hï úrduhla
,nd.; yel' ±ka kej;;a tu nÜka tl u;u la,sla lsÍfuka kej;
frfldaâ ùu fmr keje;ajQ ;ek isg wdrïN fjhs'

frfldaâ lsÍu iaÓrj k;r lrk yeá

y~ fldgig wod< frfldaâ lsÍu wjika kï frfldaâ lsÍu
iaÓrju k;r l< yel' fï i|yd gQ,a nd¾ tl ;=< we;s Stop kï nÜka tl
la,sla l< hq;=h' tys§ frfldaâ l< iïmQ¾K y~ mgh Y%jK m:h u;
±l.; yel'

frfldaâ l< y~ mghla Odjkh lsÍu

y~ mghla frfldaâ lr wjidkfha Y%jK m: u;ska tys hï
fldgila u; la,sla lr gQ,a nd¾ tl ;=< we;s Play (maf,a) kï nÜka tl
la,sla lr" t;eka isg bÈßhg we;s y~ fldgi Odjkh lr ne,sh yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (105)
Yío [Link] uQ,sl ixialrK
TvEisá uÕska má.; lrk Yíohla muKla fkdj ydâ äialfha
.nvd lr we;s .S;hla fyda fjk;a y~mghla jqjo TvEisá fj; ,ndf.k
th ixialrKh l< yelsh' fï
i|yd TvEisá fj; msúi tys we;s
File (*hs,a) fukq tl ;=<ska Open
(´mka) hkak ,nd .; hq;=h'

fuúg TvEisá wema,sflaIka úkafvda tl ;=< újD; lr.;a y~mgh

±l.; yel'

• y~ fldgila isf,laÜ lr .ekSu

hï y~ fldgila isf,laÜ lr .ekSug kï uq,skau Toolbar tl
;=<ska Selection Tool (isf,laIka gQ,a) tl f;dard .; hq;=h' ±ka ghsï ,hska
tl ;=<ska tu y~ fldgfiys tla ;ekla la,sla lr Bg bÈßfhka fyda miq
miska we;s ;ekla fj; ujqia fmdhskag¾ tl weof.k hd hq;=h' túg tu
uõia fmdhskag¾ tl weof.k .sh iSudj fjk;a meyehlska isf,laÜ fjk
wdldrh ±l .kakg mq¿jk'

f*aâ bka yd f*aâ wjqÜ Ndú;d lrk yeá

hï Yíohla má.; lsÍfuka wk;=rej th l%ula l%ufhka Yíoh wvq
ù wjika úh hq;= kï ta i|yd f*aâ wjqÜ bf*laÜ Ndú;d l< hq;=h' tfukau
.S;hl jqjo fldgila lmd .ekSfuka wk;=rej t;ekska Yíoh wvqù .S;
fldgi ksud lsÍug kï f*aâ wjqÜ bf*laÜ Ndú;d l< yel'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (106)
isf,laÜ lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej Effect (bf*laÜ) fukq tl ;=<ska
Fade Out (f*aâ wjqÜ) hkak f;aßh hq;=h' fuúg fõõ tflys úia;drh
l%ufhka isyska fjñka ;ks f¾Ldjla olajd wvqj we;s wdldrh ±[Link]
mq¿jk'

fï wdldrfhka ieliSfuka miqj y~mgh Odjkh lr ne,Sfï§ y~

l%ufhka wvq ù kEiS hk wdldrh wikakg mq¿jk'
f*aâ bka uÕska fjkafka f*aâ wjqÜ l%shdj úreoaO mig ùuh' tys§
fjkafka isf,laÜ lr we;s fldgil jïmiska Yíoh wvqj ;sî l%ula
l%ufhka jeä ùug ie,eiaùuhs'
fï i|yd o uq,skau fõõ tflys wjYH fldgi isf,laÜ lr f.k
isáh hq;=h' miqj Effect fukq tl ;=<ska Fade In hkak f;aßh hq;=h' fuúg
fõõ tflys úia;drh wdrïNfha isyskaj ;sî l%ufhka Wi jeä ù iliaj
we;s wdldrh ±[Link] mq¿jk'

fuh Odjkh lr ne,Sfuka Yíoh wvqj ;sî l%ufhka jeäfjk

wdldrh wikakg mq¿jk'

y~ weïma,s*hs lsÍu
hï y~ fldgila má.; lsÍfuka miq g%ela tl u; fõõ tflys
úia;drh wvqj ±l.; yels kï thska woyia fjkafka wod< fõõ tflys

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (107)
Yíoh wvq uÜgul we;s njhs' tfiau má.; lrk ,o y~ mgfha fõõ
tflys úia;drh iSudj blaujd jeä kï wod< fõõ tl Odjkh lrk úg
wñysß Yío wefia' Yíoh wvq fyda jeä wdldrfhka ;sfnk fõõ tlla wjYH
m%udKhg Yíoh wefik fia ilia lr .ekSu i|yd weïma,s*hs (Amplify)
lsÍu lrkq ,efnhs' tys§ lrkafka fõõ tflys yevh fjkia fkdlr tys
úia;drh jeä fyda wvq fyda lr ilia lr .ekSuh'
weïma,s*hs lsÍug kï uq,skau wjYH fldgi isf,laÜ lr .ekSu
l< hq;=h' ó<Õg Effect fukq tl ;=<ska Amplify (weïma,s*hs) hkak ,nd.;
hq;=h' fuúg újD; fjkafka Amplify vhf,d.a fndlaia tlhs'

Amplification kï yekaâ,a tl ol=Kq mig f.k hdfuka y`v jeä

lr .kakg mq¿jk'

tflda tl ieliSu
lgy~ má.; lsÍfuka miqj tys we;s md¿ iajNdjh ke;s lsÍu i|yd
thg tflda tlla ,nd Èh yelsh' tflda tlla uÕska fjkafka" hï y~
fldgila kej; kej;" b;d wvq ld,hla ;=< weiSug ie,eiaùuhs'
fï i|yd g%ela tl fyda wjYH fldgila fyda isf,laÜ lr we;s úg
Effects fukq tl ;=<ska Echo (tflda) hkak f;dard .; hq;=h' fuúg újD;
fjkafka Echo kï fndlaia tlhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (108)
fuys Delay Time (äf,a ghsï) hkak bÈßfha we;s fglaiaÜ fndlaia tl
;=< .S;h kej; kej; jdokh ùfï§ tla jdokhlg miqj wfkla jdokh
fld;rï fj,djlska weish hq;=o hk w.h ,ndÈh hq;=h' fuh ;;amrj,ska
,ndÈh hq;=h' kej; kej; weish hq;= ld,h ;;amrhlg jvd wvq kï fuu
w.h oYu m%udKj,ska Èh hq;=h' fuys we;s Decay factor hkak ;=<ska kej;
kej; wefik Yíofha w.h jeä fyda wvq lrkakg mq¿jk'

y~mghl jev wjika lrk yeá

jev wjika l< ´äfhda g%ela tl idudkH ´äfhda maf,ah¾ tllska
weish yels wdldrhlg fiaõ lr.; hq;=h' fï i|yd File fukq tflka
Export hkak f;aßh hq;=h' fuúg ,efnk ií fukq tl ;=< úúO *hs,a
j¾. ±l.; yel'

ta wkqj .mp3 wdldrfhka *hs,a tlla fiaõ lr .kakg kï fuys

we;s export as mp3 hkak f;dard .; hq;=h'

Y%jH [Link] wdlD;s

wdlD;sh ixfldapkh .=Kd;aul Ndjh [Link]õ m%udkh
.mp3 yv ydksfõ fyd|hs l=vd
.wav ixfldapkhla ke; b;d fyd|hs b;d úYd,
.au wvq ixfldapkh uOHu úYd,

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (109)
ùäfhda ixialrK uDÿldx.
úkafvdaia uQú fïl¾ hkq ir, ùäfhda ixialrK jevigykls' fuh
Ndú;fhka ùäfhda tlla lmd ;ukag wjYH wdldrhg ilia lr .kakg
mq¿jk'

ùäfhda fyda PdhdrEm ,[Link]

ùäfhda ixialrKh lsÍug fyda PddhrEm fm<la tla lr ùäfhdajla ;kd
.ekSug kï uq,skau wjYH lrk ùäfhda mg fyda PdhdrEm uQú fïl¾ jevigyk
fj; ,nd .; hq;=h' fï i|yd my<ska we;s Add clip Video and photos (weâ ùäfhda
wekaâ f*dfgdai)a whslka tl u; la,sla l< hq;=h'

;ks ùäfhda mghla fldgia lsÍu

hula ùäfhda mghla wdldrfhka má.; lsÍfu§ wkjYH oE má.;
ùug mq¿jk' fuúg tjeks fldgia lmd bj;a l< hq;=h' tfukau ùäfhda
mgfha tla tla fldgia fmksh hq;= wkqms<sfj< fjkia lr .ekSug wjYH
úh yelsh' túgo ùäfhda mgfha fldgia lmd wjYH wdldrhg wkqms<sfj<
ilia lr .; hq;=h' fujeks wjYH;djhka i|yd ùäfhda mgfha fldgia
lemSug kï" uq,skau Edit ßnka geí tl f;aßh hq;=h' ó<Õg m%Súõ tl u;
we;s Play nÜka tl la,sla lr ùäfhda tl Odjkh lr n,d th lmd fjka
l< hq;= ;ek§ Odjkh k;r l< hq;=h' tfia ke;akï m%Súõ tlg my<ska
we;s ia,hsv¾ tl ùäfhda mgh lmd fjka l< hq;= ;ek fj; f.k hd hq;=h'
ghsï ,hska iafÜÊ tl u; fmkajk ia,hsv¾ tflka jqjo fï wdldrfhka
lmd fjka lr .; hq;= ;ek f;dard .kakg mq¿jk' miqj Edit ßnka geí

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (110)
tl ;=< we;s Split (iama,sÜ) hkak la,sla l< hq;=h' fuúg t;ekska ùäfhda
tl lemS fjka fjhs'

±ka th u; la,sla lr h;=re mqjrefõ Delete h;=r ;o l< hq;=h'

fuúg tu fldgi bj;a ù Bg ol=Kq miska we;s fldgiska tu ysia;ek
msrfõ'

ixl%dka;s wjia:dj ieliSu

tla ùäfhda la,sma tllska ;j;a ùäfhda la,sma tllg udre fjk
wjia:dj fukau tla PdhdrEmhlska ;j;a PdhdrEmhlg udre fjk wjia:dj
ixl%dka;s wjia:dj f,i ye¢kafjhs' Bg w,xlrKhla tla lr .kakg;a
Transition Effects ^g%dkaisIka bf*laÜia& fhdokq ,nhs' fufia g%dkaisIka
bf*laÜia ,nd§u i|yd ßnka tl ;=<ska Animations (weksfïIkaia) kï
ßnka geí tl isf,laÜ l< hq;=h' túg tys Transition kï .DDma tl hgf;a
úúO g%dkaisIka bf*laÜ j¾. ±l .kakg mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (111)
oDIH ikaOdrh ùäfhda mghla f,i ;ekam;a lsÍu
ks¾udKh wjidkfha ilia lrñka ;sfnk oDIH ikaOdrh ùäfhda
mghla f,i ;ekam;a lsÍu l< hq;=h' fï wkqj ùäfhda mgla f,i fiaõ
lr .ekSu i|yd File fukq tl ;=<ska Save Move hkak ,nd .; hq;=h'
fuúg újD; fjk fukq tl ;=< ùäfhda mghla fiaõ lr .; yels úúO
wdldr ±l .; yelsh'

ùäfhda [Link] wdlD;s

wdlD;sh ixfldapkh .=Kd;aul Ndjh [Link]õ m%udkh
.mp4 High (ydks fõ) fyd|hs l=vd
.avi Low (ydks fkdfõ) b;d fyd|hs b;d úYd,
.wmv High (Lossy) fyd|hs uOHu

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (112)

wka;¾cd,h

wka;¾cd,fha ks¾ñ;hka

mß.Kl cd,hla jeo.;a wruqKq lsysmhla bgq lrhs" fïjd w;ßka

m%Odk tajd my; mßÈfõ'

o;a; ikaksfõokh
mß.Kl" fiajdodhl iy wfkl=;a cd,.; WmlrK jeks Wmdx.
w;r o;a; yqjudre lsÍu cd,hla yryd lrkq ,nhs' fuhg m‚úv"
,[Link] fyda fjk;a wdldrfha o;a; tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a
ia:dkhlg heùu we;=<;afõ' m%dfoaYSh cd,hla ;=< fyda f,dj mqrd
wka:¾cd,h yryd heùu l< yelsh'

WodyrK f,i úoHq;a ;emE, heùu" ùäfhda iïuka;%K fyda [Link]

[Link] we;=<;a fõ'

iïm;a [Link]
cd, yryd oDvdx. ^uqøK hka;%" ialEk¾ fyda oDV ;eá jeks& iy
uDÿldx. ^fhÿï fyda o;a; iuqodhka jeks& fnod .ekSug myiqlï
imhhs' fuh msßjeh wvq lrk w;r ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lrhs" ukao
nyq Wmdx.j,g tlu iïm;a fj; m%fõY ù Ndú;d l< yelsh'

fuh wNHka;r cd,hl úh yelsh" WodyrK: 1 mqoa.,hska uqøK

hka;%hla fmdÿfõ Ndú;d lsÍu' 2 mßYS,lhskag ÿria:j fhÿï fj;
m%fõY úh yels j,dl=¿ fiajd'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (113)
mß.Kl cd, m%rEm (Network types)
f,dj mj;sk úúOdldrfha mß.Kl cd, N+ñfha msysàu yd
Ndú;d lrkakdf.a wjYH;djh wkqj PAN, MAN, WAN hk m%Odk
wdldrj,g fnod ±laúh yel' tfia fnÈh yels tla tla wdldr ms<sn|
úia;r fufiah'

• mqoa., mß.Kl cd, - Personal Area Network (PAN)

mqoa.,fhl=g iómj we;s mß.Kl yd wfkl=;a WmlrK w;r
ikaksfõokh i|yd we;s lrk l=vd m%udKfha cd, fukñka
y÷kajhs' fuu cd, wä 20la 30la w;r mrdihl we;s tajdh'
WodyrKhla f,i cx.u ÿrl;khl íÆgQ;a uÕska we;s lr .kakd
cd,hla ±laúh yelsh'
• ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, - Local Area Network (LAN)
mß.Kl hka;% folla w;r ilikq ,nk ir, cd,hl isg
[Link]Õs,a,la mqrd ilik mß.Kl cd,hla olajd fyda we;eï
úg wdikakfha msysá [Link].s,s lsysmhl we;s lrkq ,nk
mß.Kl cd,hla olajd fï j¾.fha cd, úyso hhs' ksjil"
ld¾hd,hl" mdi,l jeks wdh;khl ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,hla
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (114)
ielish yel' fuh lsf,da óg¾ lsysmhlg jvd úYd, fkdfõ'
WodyrKhla f,i nexl= moaO;shla .; fyd;a tys tla YdLdjl
mß.Kl cd,h msysgqjd we;af;a ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,hla
wdldrhgh'
• mqrjr fmfoia cd, - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
m%udKfhka CAN j,g jvd ;rula úYd, N+ñ m%foaYhl
me;sfrk mß.Kl cd,hla mqrjr fmfoia cd, f,i y÷kajhs' fuh
rgl wdikakfha msysá k.r lSmhla mqrd me;sr hk cd,hls'

• mq¿,a fmfoia cd, - Wide Area Network (WAN)

m%udKfhka úYd,u N+ñ m%foaY mqrd me;sfrk fkÜj¾la jhsâ
taßhd fkÜj¾la f,i y÷kajhs' fïjdg fhdod .kafka fmdÿ
ikaksfõok ud¾.hs' wka;¾cd,ho mj;skafka jhsâ taßhd mß.Kl
cd,hla f,ihs'

cd,hl ikaksfõok Wmdx.

fudvuh ^ Modulator-Demodulator&
fudvuhla hkq ÿrl:k ud¾. fyda .=jkaúÿ,s ;rx. jeks m%;siu
iïfma%IK ud¾. yryd wxls; o;a; ikaksfõokfha§ Ndú;d lrk [Link]'
˜MODEM˜ hk moh jpk foll tl;=jls' ta modulator iy demodulator
hkakhs'
Modulation - wxls; o;a; m%;siu ikaksfõok udOHhla yryd iïfma%IKh
l< yels" m%;siu ix{djla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs'
Demodulation - hkq by; l%shdj,sfha m%;sf,dau l%shdj,shhs" tys§ ,enqKq
m%;siu ix{dj mß.Klhlg fyda äðg,a [Link] f;areï .; yels
wxls; o;a; njg mßj¾;kh lrhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (115)
rjqgrh
o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd fyd|u ud¾.h ;SrKh lsÍfuka cd, w;r
o;a; melÜ fhduq lrk [Link]' LAN ^foaYSh cd,h& WAN
^wka;¾cd,h& fj; iïnkaO lrkq ,nkafka fï yrydh' tfykau
wka:¾cd,fha§ melÜgqjla ksjerÈ .ukdka;hg hjk f;la fyd|u
ud¾.h f;dard bÈßhg hjhs'

fuys§ .ukdka;hg melÜgq fhduq lsÍug IP ,smsk Ndú;d lrhs'

cd, w;=reuqyqK;a ldâm; ^ Network Interface Card -NIC&

mß.Klhla cd,hlg iïnkaO

ùug bv i,ik oDvdx. ixrplh
fuhhs' th cd, udOHhg fN!;sl
iïnkaO;djh imhhs ^B;¾fkÜ
flan,a fyda /yeka rys; ix{d
jeks&'cd,hl we;s mß.Kl yd
rjqg¾ jeks iEu [Link] NIC tlla we;'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (116)
iaúph (Switch)
tlu cd,h ;=< Wmdx. lsysmhla iïnkaO lsÍug Ndú;d lrhs'
fuh nyq flfjks [Link]' fuys§ o;a; rduq ksjerÈ .ukdka;hg
fhduq lsÍug MAC ,smsk f,i y÷kajk ,smsk Ndú;d lrhs'

l,lg fmr Ndú;d l<" ish¨u Wmdx. fj; o;a; úldYkh lrk
yí fuka fkdj" iaúphka wjYH lrk [Link] muKla o;a; heùu
lrkq ,nhs'

/yeka rys; uOH ia:dkh ^Wireless Base Station&

Wi-Fi Ndú;fhka
/yeka rys; Wmdx.
^iaud¾Üf*daka" ,emafgdma"
wdÈh& /yeka rys;
cd,hlg iïnkaO ùug
bv i,ik [Link]' th
foaYSh /yeka rys; cd,hla
;=< ikaksfõokh i|yd
uOHia:dkhla f,i l%shd
lrhs' thg cd,hl mrdih mq¿,a l< yels w;r tys wdjrK m%foaYh
;=< nyq Wmdx. fj; wka;¾cd, m%fõYh ,nd Èh yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (117)
cx.u ikaksfõokh ^GPRS" GSM" wdÈh&

• GPRS ^idudkH melÜ f¾äfhda fiajdj& fi,shq,¾ ÿrl:k cd,

yryd melÜ heùfuka o;a; mßYS,lhskag ,nd§ug Ndú;d lrhs' ta
wkqj fuh cx.u Wmdx.j, wka;¾cd,hg m%fõY ùug bv i,ik
cx.u o;a; fiajdjls' th 2G cd, j, nyq,j Ndú;d fõ'

• GSM ^cx.u ikaksfõok i|yd [Link],Sh moaO;sh&( y~ iy o;a;

fiajd imhk cx.u ÿrl:k i|yd m%ñ;shls' cd, j, Ndú;d jk
w;r GPRS, EDGE jeks wfkl=;a ;dlaIKhka i|yd moku idohs'
idudkH ÿrl:k weu;=ï .ekSfï§ Ndú;d lrhs' tfukau SMS
heùfï§ Ndú;d lrhs'

• HSPA – cx.u ÿrl:kj, Ndú;d fjk 3G ;dlaIKh'

• LTE – cx.u ÿrl:kj, Ndú;d fjk 4G ;dlaIKh'

(kshuq iy kshuq fkdjk udOHh)

Guided and Unguided media

kshuq udOH ^Guided Media&

mß.Kl cd, ;=< fyda fjk;a ikaksfõok cd, ;=< o;a;
iïfm%aIKh i|yd hï wdldrhl fN!;sl udOHhla ^Physical medium&
Ndú; lrkafka kï tjeks udOHhka kshuq udOHhka f,i y÷kajhs'
uq,a ld,fha isgu ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha§ kshuq udOHh
Ndú;d úh' ia:djr ÿrl;kj, Ndú;d jq újD; /yeka óg fyd|
WodyrKhls'

/yeka Tiafia lgy`vg wu;rj" o;a; o ikaksfõokh lsÍug

wjYH jQ neúka uq,a ld,fha Ndú;d jqkq /yekaj, ;;ajh ;dlaIKsl
jYfhka Wiia lsÍug wjYH úh' fuu ;;ajh Wiia lsÍfï§ úúO
j¾.j, /yeka ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg tla úh' fufia tla jqkq /yeka
j¾. w;ßka nyq, jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nk /yeka j¾. ;=kla
ms<sn|j fuys§ wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (118)
• iudlaIl /yeka ^Co-axial Cable&
j¾;udkfha idudkH mß.Kl cd,
i|yd Ndú;d fkdflreK o" óg l,lg fmr
mß.Kl cd, i|yd nyq,j Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa
iudlaIl /yeka h' j¾;udkfha§ rEmjdyskS
wekagkd i|yd fhdod .kafka fï j¾.fha
/yekah'

• weUß hq., /yeka Twisted pair cable

j¾;udkfha mß.Kl cd,
ieliSu i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d lrkafka
fï j¾.fha /yekah' uQ,sl jYfhka
fuu /yeka ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkafka
/yeka folla tlg weUÍfukah' tjeks
/yeka hq., y;rla j¾;udk cd,lrK
/yekl ;sfí'
fïjd fuys wkaIS,avâ gqúiagâ fmhd¾ (UTP - Unshielded
twisted pair) iy IS,avâ gqúiagâ fmhd¾ (STP - Shielded twisted pair)
f,i m%Odk j¾. folla hgf;a ;sfí'

• m%ldY ;ka;= ^Fiber Optics&

m%ldY ;ka;= wo jk úg o;a;
iïfm%aIKh i|yd Ndú; lrk b;du ckm%sh
kshuq udOHhls' fuu /yeka jeä jYfhka
fhdod .kafka rg rgj,a w;r wka;¾cd,
fiajd iemhSug yd jeä ÿrla o;a; /f.k hdu
i|yd h' m%ldY ;ka;=j, fõ.h ukskq
,nkafka ;;amrhg yqjudrefjk .s.dìÜ
.Kk wkqjh' th flan,a tflys m%udKh yd
j¾.h u; fjkia fõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (119)
wfkla iEu kshuq udOHhlau ;U lïì Ndú;d l<o m%ldY
;ka;= Ndú;d lrkafka fjkiau l%uhls' fïjdfha o;a; f.k hkq
,nkafka wdf,dal ix{d f,ih' tu wdf,dal ix{d f.k hdug
kï;U lïì fhdod .kakg neß nj wmg wjfndaO lr .kakg mq¿jk'
fuys§ ta i|yd fhdod .kafka úksúo fmfkk *hsn¾j,ska ;kd .;a
isyska *hsn¾ fl¢ úfYaIhls' tu fl¢ Tiafia wdf,dal ix{d f,i
o;a; f.k hEu fuys§
lrkq ,efí' fuu m%ldY
;ka;=jl m%Odk fldgia
lSmhla ;sfí'

kshuq fkdjk udOH

(Unguided Media)

f¾äfhda ;rx. m%pdrKh

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx. hkq úoHq;a pqïnl .;s ,laIK iys; ;rx.
j¾.hls' fuu ;rx.h ir, f¾Çh u.l .uka lsÍug ks;ru W;aidy
lrhs' WÉp ixLHd; (HF), b;d WÉp ixLHd; (VHF) yd w;s WÉp ixLHd;
(UHF) f,i fuys j¾. we;' fuu w;s WÉp ixLHd; Ôtiatï (GSM), ví,sõ
iSãtïta (WCDMA), /yeka rys; mß.Kl cd, (wireless LAN), íÆgQ;a
(Bluetooth) jeks foa ;=< Ndú;d lrhs'

laIø ;rx. (Microwave)

È.= ÿr ikaksfõokh i|yd Ndú;d fõ' fuh idudkHfhka Ndú;d
jkafka b;d ÿr o;a; yd yv iïfma%IK lghq;= i|ydh' pkaøsld w;r o;a;
ikaksfõokhg" pkaøsldj, isg N+ñ wekagkd iuÕ o;a; ikaksfõokhg
jeksfoa i|yd fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrhs'

wfOdarla; (Infrared) lsrK ikaksfõokh

ÿria: md,l iy iuyr /yeka rys; o;a; yqjudre ;dlaIKhka
jeks flá ÿr ikaksfõokh i|yd fndfyda úg Ndú;d fõ'

f,ai¾ (Laser) ikaksfõokh

uq,a ld,fha isgu ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .;af;a f¾äfhda
;rx. nj wm oksuq' kuq;a j¾;udkfha§ kdid wdh;kh úiska f,ai¾
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (120)
lsrK Wmfhda.S lr f.k ikaksfõokh lsÍu id¾:lj w;ayod n,d
;sfí' úfYaIfhka wNHdjldI hdkd w;r yd pkaøsld w;r jeä
fõ.hla iys;j fukau wvq n,hlska o;a; yqjudrejg fuu l%uh
fhdod .ekSug yels ù ;sfí'

fiajd .%dyl iy fiajd odhl wdlD;sh

(Client server model)

fiajd,dNshd → fiajdjla fyda iïm;la b,a,d isà fï wkqj Web

browser (Chrome, Firefox), Email app, Mobile app jeksfoa Ndú;d
lrhs'

fiajdodhlh → fiajdj fyda iïm; imhhs fuh o;a; .nvd lr

fiajd imhk n,j;a mß.Klhla fyda jevigykls'

fiajd,dNshd iy fiajdodhlh cd,hla ^LAN $ wka;¾cd,h&

yryd ikaksfõokh lrhs'

th l%shd lrk wdldrh

• fiajd ,dNshd (Client) b,a,Sula hjhs
• fiajdodhlhd (Server) tu b,a,Su ilihs
• fiajdodhlhd (Server) m%;spdrhla hjhs
• fiajd ,dNshd (Client) m%;sM,h n,hs

WodyrK
• Web browsing (Browser ↔ Web Server)
• Email (Email client ↔ Mail server)
• Online banking
• File sharing systems
• Online exams / LMS systems

Peer-to-Peer wdlD;sh
ish¨u mß.Kl iudk jk w;r ta iEu tllau
fiajdodhlfhl= iy fiajd ,dNsfhl= f,i l%shd lrhs' fuys§ uOHu
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (121)
fiajdodhlhla fkdue;' iu jhfia ñ;=frl=g iudk wdldrhg iïm;a
b,a,d isàu iy iemhSu isÿfõ'

(hybrid network) fouqyqka cd, wdlD;sh

by; úia;r l< fiajd .%dyl iy fiajd odhl wdlD;sh fukau
Peer-to-Peer cd, wdlD;sh hk l%u foflysu iïñi%Khla Ndú;d
lrhs'

wka;¾cd,fha we;s úúO fiajdjka

f,dal jHdma; fjí fiajfha we;s úúO fiajdjka

f,dal jHdma; cd,fha we;s fjí wvú úúOdldrh' tys§
uQ,slj we;s fjí wvú f,i wdh;khl fyda mqoa.,fhl=f.a
f;dr;=re wvx.= fjí wvú olajkakg mq¿jk' Bg wu;rj
wOHdmksl jYfhka lreKq wvx.= fjí wvúo ;sfí' tajd yer
nyq,j Ndú;d fjk f,dal jHdma; cd,fha we;s úúO fiajdjka
ms<sn| úia;r fufiah'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (122)
• iudc cd, fjí wvú - fï j¾.fha fjí wvúj,g ;u ;ukaf.a
tÈfkod úia;r we;=¿ lrñka ñ;=rka weiqre lsÍug yelsh'
f*aianqla fjí wvúh" Üúg¾ fjí wvúh" .+.,a ma,ia fjí wvúh
wdÈh wh;a fjkafka fï wdldrfha iudc cd,j,gh'

• íf,[Link] (Blogs) - fï j¾.fha fjí wvú ud¾..; fm!oa.,sl

Èk igykla fyda iÕrdjla wdldrfhka l%shd lrhs' fuu
íf,[Link] hk jok ieliS we;af;a fjí f,d.a (Web logs)
hkafkys flá fhÿu f,ih' ;u ;ukaf.a tÈfkod w;aoelSï fyda
iudcfha fjk wlghq;=lï bÈßm;a lsÍu' ta yryd tajd jeä
msßilf.a wjOdkhg fhduq lsÍu i|yd fïjd bjy,a fjhs'

• ixjdo uKavm (Forum) - f*darï f,iska ye¢kafjk fuu fjí

wvú mqoa.,hkaf.a fmdÿ woyia újD;j ±laùug iy ta woyia
ms<sn|j ixjdofha fh§ug Ndú;d lrhs' fndfyda úg fïjdfha
mqoa.,hska fmkS isákafka jHdc kïj,sks' ta wkqj mqoa.,hd ljqo
hkak m%ldY fkdlr ;ukaf.a woyi muKla iudchg f.k hEu
fuu fjí wvúj,ska m%Odk jYfhka lrkq ,nhs' tfukau .S;"
ùäfhda o¾Yk" ,sms jeksoE yqjudrejo fïjd yryd lrkq ,nhs'

o;a; yqjudre fiajdj

² *hs,a fIhdßx (file sharing)
fiajdj fï hgf;a ;sfnk jvd;a
ckm%sh tlls' fï hgf;a
m%udKfhka úYd, *hs,a iy
f*da,av¾ wdÈh fofofkla w;r
fyda jeä msßila w;r fyda
yqjudre lsÍug mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (123)
wka;¾cd, ikaksfõokh
² wka;¾cd,fha we;s jeo.;au ikaksfõok fiajdj fjkafka
Bfï,a fiajdjhs' mqoa.,hska fofofkl= fyda iuQyhla w;r fyda
úoHq;a l%uhg ,sms iy ,sms [Link] f,i mKsjqv yqjudrej
bf,lafg%dksl ;emE, fyj;a Bfï,a f,i ye¢kafõ' fuys§
Bfï,a mKsjqvh f,i hefjkafka wl=re wvx.= mKsjqvhls' Bg
wu;rj rEm" fjk;a fvdlshqukaÜ iy *hs,a Bfï,a wegEÉukaÜ
wdldrhg yqjudre lsÍug mq¿jk'

² wka;¾cd,fha ;sfnk ;j;a ikaksfõok fiajdjla fjkafka

wka;¾cd, ÿrl;k fiajhhs'

² wka;¾cd,h Tiafia fõ.fhka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug

Ndú;d lrk ;j;a ikaksfõok udOHhla fjkafka Tka,hska peÜ
fiajdjhs'
² wka;¾cd,h Tiafia lg y~ iy oDIH rEm hk folu tl jr
yqjudre l< yels ;dlaIKh y÷kajkafka ùäfhda fldka*rkaisx
(video conferencing) lshdh' fuu ;dlaIKh Tiafia fofofkl=
w;r ùäfhda iys; weu;=ula ,nd .ekSfï isg mqoa.,hska jeä
msßila w;r ixjdo meje;aùu olajd fkdñf,au weu;=ï myiqlï
,[Link] mq¿jk'

² wka;¾cd,fha ;sfnk ;j;a ikaksfõok fiajdjla

fjkafka Email fiajhhs' wka:¾cd,fha we;s mer‚;u fiajdjo
fuhhs'

B ;eme,a YS¾Il
Bfï,a m‚jqvhla heùfï§ mqrjkq ,nk úia;r w;r ;sfnk
foa my; mßÈh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (124)
From – hjkakdf.a Bfu,a ,smskh'
To – ,nkakdf.a Bfu,a ,smskh' fuh m%Odk ,nkakd fõ'
Subject – Bfu,a ,smskfha ud;Dldj'
Message- Bfï,a m‚jqvh
CC - ldnka msgm; fuys§ msgm;a ,efnkafka ldgo hkak ish¿
fokdg ne,sh yelsh'

BCC - ieÕjQ ldnka msgm; fuys§ msgm;a ,efnkafka ldgo

hkak ish¿ fokdg ne,sh fkdyelsh'

Attachment – weñKqï Ndú;d lrkafka fjk;a *hs,a tlla Bfï,a

tlla iuÕ wuqkd heùugh'

kQ;k ikaksfõok Wml%u

j,dl=¿ mß.Kkh (Cloud computing)
j,dl=¿ mß.KllrKh hkq fN!;sl oDvdx. ysñlr
.ekSu fyda l<ukdlrKh lsÍulska f;drj wka;¾cd,h yryd
mß.Kl iïm;a ^fiajdodhl" .nvd" uDÿldx." o;a; iuqodhka"
cd,lrKh& Ndú;d lsÍug mßYS,lhskag bv i,ik ;dlaIKhls'

j,dl=¿ mß.Kkh mokï lr .;a úu¾Yk fiajd wdlD;s

1' há;, myiqlï fiajdjla f,i ,nd§u' (Infrastructure as a

Service -IaaS) w;;H hka;%" w;;H wdphk wdÈh iïm;a óg
wh;a fjhs'

2' miq;, fiajdjla f,i ,nd§u' (Platform as a Service - PaaS)

fhÿï" ixj¾Ok iy fhÿï fuj,ï Odjkh i|yd mßirh
ieliSu'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (125)
3' fiajdjla f,i uDÿldx. ,nd§u' (Software as a Service -
SaaS) mßYS,lhska yg fiajdjla f,i uDÿldx. fhojqï
Ndú;d lsÍug bv i,iajd §u óg wh;a fjhs'

id¾j øjH wka;¾cd,h (Internet of Things - IOT)

úúO ixfõol" uDÿldx. yd bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx. j,ska ilia l<

iajHxl%Sh moaO;shla o;a; ikaksfõokh l< yels wdldrhg ilia fldg
cd,.; l< úg id¾j øjH wka;¾cd,h f,i ye¢kafjk iqyqre mßirh
ks¾udKh fjhs'
fuh WIaK;aj md,l" ,hsÜ jeks iaud¾Ü ksjdi iy me<¢h
yels iaud¾Ü Trf,daiq jeksfoa isg ksIamdokh Wmdx." iaud¾Ü k.r
jeks ixlS¾K ld¾ñl moaO;s olajd úúO wxYj, Ndú;d lrhs' fïjd
yryd iajhxl%ShlrKh fukau ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍu iy jvd
fyd| ;SrK .ekSu i|yd bv i,ihs'

th l%shd lrk wdldrh

ixfõol o;a; /ia lrhs( Wmdx. tajdfha mßirfhka WIaK;ajh"

ia:dkh" yDo iamkaok fõ.h wdÈh f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'
o;a; iïfma%IKh( fuu o;a; /yeka rys;j ^Wi-Fi" íÆgQ;a&
wka;¾cd,hg fyda cd,hlg hjkq ,efí'

j,dl=¿ ieliSu( j,dl=¿ fiajdjl n,j;a fiajdodhl mß.Kl fuu

o;a; úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

Wmfoia( moaO;sh fndfyda úg ñksia ueÈy;aùulska f;drj l%shd lrhs'

fï ksid l%shd;aul ùug ñksiqkaf.a Wmfoia wjYH ke;'

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fjí wvú ixj¾Okh

fjí wvú ixj¾Okh (Web Development)

mß.Kl cd,j,ska ieÈ f,dal uÜgfï mß.Kl cd,hla jk

wka;¾cd,h fyj;a bkagfkÜ iukaú; jkafka úúO Wm
fldgiaj,sks' f,dal jHdma; cd,h (www - world wide web), Bfï,a"
bkagfkÜ fg,sf*daka (VOIP - Voice over Internet Protocols),
bkagfkÜ f¾äfhda iy fg,súIka (Streaming media), peÜ rEïia iy
t*aàmS (FTP - File Transfer Protocols) fyj;a [Link] yqjudre
fm%dfgdaflda, bka m%Odkh'

fjí wvúj,ska iukaú; jkafka wka;¾cd,fha f,dal jHdma;

cd,h fyj;a zfjí (web) tlZ f,i y÷kajk fldgihs'

fjí tl ;=< ;sfnk f;dr;=re wmg ßis fia bkagfkÜ ;=<ska

blaukska ,nd .ekSug Wmldß jk hdka;%K ;=kla ;sfí'

⚫ URL (Uniform Resource Locator ) hkq fjí tflys we;s f;dr;=re

;sfnk ;ek ksYaÑ;ju fidhd .kakd ,smsk l%uhhs'

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 (127)
⚫ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol& hkq f,dal jHdma; fjí
fiajfha ´kEu o;a; yqjudrejl mokuhs' th fiajd,dNSka ^fjí
n%õi¾ jeks& iy fiajdodhlhka w;r ikaksfõokh il%Sh lrk
fm%dfgdaflda,hls'
tys§ fiajd,dNSka fiajdodhlhka fj; b,a,ï S hjk w;r
fiajdodhlhka b,a,d isák f;dr;=re iuÕ m%;spdr olajhs'

⚫ HTML - (Hyper Text Markup Language) hkq f;dr;=re fjí tl

fj; tl;= lrk fmdÿ l%uhla fyj;a i,l=Kq lsÍfï NdIdjls
(markup language)

fuh ´kEu mß.Klhl fjí w;ßlaiqjg y÷kd.; yels

fla; iys; fmdÿ kshu fm<ls' fjí tflys ´kEu fohla m< l<
hq;af;a fjí msgqjla yrydh' tksid uQ,l
s j fjí msgq ks¾udKh fldg
Bg f;dr;=re tla l< hq;af;a fuu HTML NdIdfjks'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (128)
HTML ys úúO fla; fyj;a w¨;a w¨;a [Link] ;ju;a
ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkafka j¾,aâ jhsâ fjí fldkafidaáhï (World
Wide Web Consortium) fyj;a zW3CZ wdh;kh úisks' tuÕska oekg
bÈßm;a fldg we;s w¨;au fla; iuQyh fyj;a m%ñ;sh y÷kajkafka
zHTML 5Z lshdh'

fjí wvú m%rEm (Type of websites)

f,dj mqrd we;s w;s úYd, ixLHdjla jQ fjí wvú tajdfha
iajNdjh yd wruqKq wkqj j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh' tjeks j¾. lsÍï
w;ßka m%Odk wdldr lSmhla fufiah'

1) m%jD;a;s (News) fjí wvú

fïjd uÕska mßYS,lhkag ks;r hdj;ald,fjk mqj;a imhhs'
fï ksid uqøs; mqj;am;a yd rEmjdyskS kd,sld yryd úldYkh fjk
mqj;aj,g jvd b;d blaukska nyqudOH wdldrhg m%jD;a;s ,nd fok
neúka ck;dj w;r fndfyda m%p,s;h'

2) fjí oajdr (Web Portal)

fjí oajdrhla hkq úúO uQ,dY%j, f;dr;=re taldnoaO
wdldrhlska tlg f.k tk" úfYaIfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o fjí
wvúhls' fuuÕska mdß[Link] yg fjk;a úia;r we;s fjí wvú
fj; m%fõYh imhhs' WodyrKh [Link] / [Link]

3) f;dr;=re fjí wvú (information web site)

mqoa.,hskag f;dr;=re iemhSu i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s fjí
wvú j¾.hls' fuu fjí wvú idudkH oekqfï isg úúO ud;Dld
ms<n
s | ksYaÑ; úia;r mrdihl wka;¾.; fnod yeÍu lrkq ,nhs'
WodyrKh [Link]

4) fjf<|du (e Commerce) fjí wvú

wka;¾cd,fhka NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lrk fjí wvú we;'
WodyrKh (- [Link] / [Link]
5) úfkdaodiajdo (Entertainment) fjí wvú
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (129)
.S;" Ñ;%mg" fg,s kdgH wdÈh keröu i|yd we;s fjí wvú"
mß.Kl l%v S d we;s fjí wvú" ud¾..; .=jka úÿ,s kd,sld"
ud¾..; rEmjdyskS kd,sld wdÈh óg wh;a fjhs' WodyrKh
[Link]

6) iudc udOH (social media)

wOHdmk uÜgu" /lshdj" reÑl;ajh fyda fjk;a wjYH;d u;
úúO iudc lKavdhï w;r iïnkaO;d [Link] iy tajd
mj;ajdf.k hdug myiqlï ie,eiaùu" WodyrK
[Link]

7) mqoa., fjí wvú (personal web site)

mqoa.,sl fjí wvúhla hkq mqoa.,fhl= úiska ;u mqoa.,sl
fj<| kduh" reÑl;ajhka" ch.%yK iy jD;a;Sh l=i,;d
m%o¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd ks¾udKh lrk ,o ud¾..; fõÈldjls'
WodyrK [Link]

7) wOHdmksl fjí wvú (Educational web site)

wOHdmkh ,nkakkaf.a oekqu mq¿,a lsÍug we;s fõÈldjls' fuu
fjí wvú j,g m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha isg jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok mdGud,d
olajd mq¿,a mrdihl úIhhka i|yd myiqlï ie,ish yel'
WodyrK [Link]/

fjí wvúhl wka;¾.;h (Web content)

fjí wvúhla ;=< ;sfnk wl=re" rEm" ùäfhda" iÔùlrK
(Animations), Yío" m%ldYk ysñlï (Copyright), ±kaùï" fijqï
myiqlï jeks Y%jH oDIH f;dr;=re fukau bka iemfhk fiajd
ish,a, tys wka;¾.;h f,i ye¢kafõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (130)
ikaOdrh ixúOdkh (Content Management)
fjí wvúhla i|yd f;dard .;a by; úia;r l< wka;¾.;h"
l%uj;a ms<fs j<lg fm< .eiaùu ikaOdrh ixúOdkh hkafkka
woyia fõ' fuys m%Odk wruqK jkafka .%dylhkag ld¾hlaIu f,i
kj fjí wvúh mßYS,khg myiqlï ie,iSuh' fyd¢ka ixúOdkh
lrk ,o fjí wvúhl .=Kdx. lSmhla f,i mßYS,kh lsÍu
myiqùu" b;d blaukska .%dylhdg wjYH f;dr;=re fidhd .; yels
ùu" .%dylhka wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu" ks¾udK lrejkag miqld,Skj
hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu myiqùu wdÈh ±laùug mq¿jk'
fjí wvúfha wka;¾.;h f,i f;dard .;a f;dr;=rej, m%udKH
l=vd kï ikaOdrh ixúOdkh myiqh' kuq;a úúO j¾.j, Y%jH oDIH
f;dr;=re úYd, m%udKhla wvx.= fõ kï tjeks fjí wvúj,
ikaOdrh ixúOdkh i|yd úúO l%u [Link] l< hq;= fõ' tajdhska
lSmhla fufia'

i) fjí wvúfha rEmuh ieliqula (Site Map) ks¾udKh

fjí wvúfha wka;¾.;h iqÿiq f,i j¾. lr rEmuh ie,iqula
(Site Map) [Link].d .ekSfuka" fjí wvúh i|yd ilia l< hq;=
fjí msgq fukau" tajd w;r we;s l< hq;= wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ms<n
s |j
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (131)
ii) uq,a msgqfõ fjí wvúfha wka;¾.;h fláfhka fmkaùu
fjí wvúhlg msúiSu i|yd hï fjí ,smskhla i|yka l< úg
uq,skau fhduq fjkafka tys uq,a msgqjg fyj;a ksfjia msgqjg (Home
page) nj oksuq' fï ;=< iïmQ¾K fjí wvúfhau flá úia;rhla
we;=¿ l< hq;=h' ta i|yd fukq iy w;=re fukq Ndú;h" .e,fmk
mßÈ wê ixOdk Ndú;h l< hq;=h'
iii) tla msgqjl we;s f;dr;=re iSud lsÍu
tla msgqjl úYd, úia;r m%udKhla we;s úg ta fj; .%dylhskaf.a
wjOdkh wvq fjhs' fï ksid f;dr;=re fláfhka bÈßm;a lr fjí
msgq ieliSu jeo.;a h'

iv) ,ehsia;= Ndú;h

fþoj,ska f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug jvd wxl" nq,Ü fyda
wkqfþok ,ehsia;= Ndú;d lsÍfuka .%dylhskag tajd lshùu myiq
lrjhs' fï ksid yels iEu ;ekla i|ydu ta wdldrfha ,ehsia;=
Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

v) hdj;ald,Sk nj
fjí wvúfha f;dr;=re ksis ld,hg hdj;ald, l< hq;=h'
tfukau m%ldYk ysñlï yd hdj;ald,Sk ld, jljdkq ms<n
s |
f;dr;=re fyd¢ka fmfkk f,i igykalr ;eìh hq;=h'

fjí msgqj, jHqyh yd msßie,iqu (Structure and layout)

fjí msgq i|yd fhdok miq;," j.=" rduq" j¾K" wl=re j¾."
wl=re m%udKh" wl=re yev hkdÈh ñka woyia fjhs' fïjd fjí
wvúh i|yd fmdÿ wdldrfhka Ndú;d l< hq;=h' fuys§ ie,lsh hq;=
lreKq lSmhla fufiah'

i) iEu msgqjlu fjí wvúfha wkkH;dj mj;ajd .ekSu

tlu fjí wvúhlg wh;a fjí msgq iuQyfha u jHqyh iy
msßie,iqu taldldrj mj;ajd .; hq;=h' tkï iEu msgqjlu wkkH
j¾K" rduq wdÈh Ndú;d l< hq;=h'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (132)
ii) jeo.;a lreKq Woa§mkh
jeo.;a f;dr;=rg wod<j wl=re j¾.h" wl=re m%udKh" j¾K
fjkiaj ±laùu jeks l%u Ndú;d l< yelsh' th fjí wvúh ;=<u
fmdÿ wdldrhlska Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

iii) úúO mß.Klj,ska fjí wvúh mßYS,kh l< yels ùu

j¾;udkfha úúO j¾.fha mß.Kl" iqyqre cx.u
ÿrl:k" geí wd§ úúO Wmdx. fjí wvú mßYS,kh i|yd Ndú;d
flf¾' fuys§ fjkia m%udKj, ;sr fhdod .efkk nj oksuq' tajdfha
;sr úfNaok fjkia neúka fjí msgq fï iEu ;srhla i|ydu WÑ;
mßÈ ielish hq;=h'

uQ,sl Wiq,k
iEu HTML msgqjlu uQ,sl Wiq,k y;rla Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs' ta <html>, <head>, <title>, <body> hk tajdh'

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>ICT Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, This is my First web Page</p>
</body>
</html>
fjí w;ßlaiqj uÕska ú±yq (render) lrk wdldrh

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (133)
HTML 5 uÕska fjí msgqjla ilik úg uq,skau
<!DOCTYPE html> m%ldYh ,nd Èh hq;=h' DOCTYPE m%ldYh
hkq" Wiq,khla fkdfjhs' fuuÕska fjí n%õi¾ tlg wm Ndú;d
lrkafka HTML 5 nj ±kqï §ula lrkq ,nhs'
fjí msgqjla fiaõ lsÍu
fkdaÜmEâ tl ;=< ilia lr.;a fjí msgqjla fiaõ lr .ekSu
ms‚i fkdaÜmEâ fukq tflys File  Save hkak f;dard Èh hq;=h'

túg újD; fjk Save As kï vhf,d.a fndlaia tl ;=<

we;s Save in kï ia:dkfhka fjí msgqj fiaõ úh hq;= v%hsõ tl
f;dard" Bg my<ska ;sfnk fndlaia tflka msgqj fiaaõ úh hq;=
f*da,av¾ tl f;dardÈh hq;=h'
miqj" Save as type kï ia:dkfha ;sfnk fv%dma vjqka fukq
tl [Link] All Files hkak ,nd §" *hs,a tlg iqÿiq kulao File
Name kï ia:dkfha ,nd fokak' fuys§ *hs,a fkaï tlg miqj
.html fyda .htm hk tlaiafgkaIka tl ,ndÈh hq;=h'

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 (134)
fjí msgqj újD; lsÍu
ilia lr" fiaõ lr .kakd ,o fjí msgqj" ;u mß.Klfha we;s
fjí w;ßlaiqj ;=<ska újD; lr .kakg mq¿jk' túg th ljod
fyda wka;¾cd,hg uqod y< úg tys fmkajk wdldrhgu ±l n,d
.kakg mq¿jk'
fï i|yd uq,skau l< hq;af;a ilia lr.;a fjí msgqj fiaõ
lr .kakd ,o f*da,avrh újD; lr .ekSuhs' túg tA ;=< fiaõ
lrk ,o kñkau fjí msgqj ;sfnkq fmkajkafka fjí w;ßlaiqfõ
whslka tflks'

fuh u; ví,a la,sla l< úg ilia fldg ;enQ fjí msgqj" fjí
w;ßlaiqj yryd újD; fjhs'

fjí msgqj ixialrKh lsÍu

ilia lrk ,o fjí msgqjla" fjí w;ßlaiqj yryd újD; lr
.;a miqj jqj;a tys fla; fjkia lr .kakg mq¿jk' fï i|yd
uq,skau fkdaÜmeâ tl újD; lr.; hq;=h' bka miqj fjí msgqj
fiaõ l< f*da,av¾ tl újD; lr" tys we;s fjí msgqjg wod<
*hs,a tl u; l,sla lr fkdaÜmEâ tl u;g weo ±ñh hq;=h' ±ka
idudkH úÈhgu fla; fjkia fldg fiaõ l< hq;=h' fï
wdldrfhka újD;j mj;sk fjí msgqjlg wod< fldaäxia fjkia
lsÍulg ,la l<fyd;a" Bg wod< fjkialï tfl fkysu fjí
msgqj u; ±l .; fkdyelsh' tAjd n,d .ekSu ms‚i fjí
w;ßlaiqfõ gQ,a nd¾ tflys we;s Íf*%Ia (refresh) nÜka tl u;
la,sla l< hq;=h'
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (135)
wl=re iuÕ lghq;= lsÍu
• ud;Dld i|yd we;s wl=rej, m%udKh ieliSu
fjí msgqjl ud;Dldj, wl=re m%udKh uQ,sl jYfhka
wdldr yhla hgf;a ielish yels h' fï i|yd <h1> isg <h6>
olajd we;s Wiq,k Ndú;d l< yelsh'

<h1>Hello, this is my First Web Page</h1>

<h2>Hello, this is my First Web Page</h2>
<h3>Hello, this is my First Web Page</h3>
<h4>Hello, this is my First Web Page</h4>
<h5>Hello, this is my First Web Page</h5>
<h6>Hello, this is my First Web Page</h6>

w;ßlaiqj uÕska m%;sodkh ,efnk wdldrh

wdrïNl Wiq,kh;a" wjika lsÍfï Wiq,kh;a iuÕ tu

Wiq,k fol w;r we;s ish¨ foa HTML uQ,sldx. (elements)
f,i ye¢kafjhs' WodyrK( <h1>Hello, this is my First Web
Page</h1>

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (136)
• fjí msgqfõ fþo i|yd wl=re Ndú;d lrk yeá
fjí msgqfõ fþo i|yd wl=re Ndú;d lsÍfï§" <p>
Wiq,kh Ndú;d l< hq;=h'
l%uh ( <p> wjYH fþoh </p>

• úfYAIfhka fma<s fjkalrk yeá

fuys§ fma<s fjka l< hq;= ;ekg <br> Wiq,kh fhÈh
hq;=h' fuh wjika l< hq;= ke;s Wiq,khls'
<p> wjYH <br> fþoh </p>

fglaiaÜ f*daueáka Ndú;d lrk yeá

j¾â ;=<§ fvdlshqukaÜ tlla ilia lrk úg wl=re
fnda,aâ lsÍu" bge,sla lsÍu jeks úúO f*daueáka lrkq ,nhs'
tjeks f*daueáka fjí msgqjla ilia lrk úgo wjYH fjhs'
• wl=re fnda,aâ lsÍu
l%uh ( <b>fnda,aâ úh hq;= wl=re fm<</b>
WodyrK(
<p>This is normal text - <b>and this is bold text</b>.</p>
fuys and this is bold text hk fldgi muKla fnda,aâ ù
fmfkkq we;' fuhg wu;rj wl=re fnda,aâ lsÍug <strong>
Wiq,kho Ndú;d lsÍug mq¿jk'

fjí w;ßlaiqj uÕska m%;sodkh ,efnk wdldrh

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (137)
• wl=re bge,sla lsÍu

WodyrK(
<i> and this is italic text </i>

wu;rj wl=re we, lr .ekSu i|yd <em> Wiq,kh o

fï wdldrfhkau Ndú;d lsÍug mq¿jk'

• wl=re háka bß we£u

WodyrK( <u> and this is Underline text </u>

• wl=rej, m%udKh ieliSu

<p> Wiq,kh uÕska wdrïN lrk fþohl" wl=rej,
m%udKh ieliSu i|yd <font> kï Wiq,kh Ndú;d fõ'
WodyrK(

<p><font size="7">A/L ICT</font></p>

fï wdldrfhka 1"2"3"4"5"6"7 jYfhka wl=rej, m%udKhka

,ndÈh yel'

• wl=rej, j¾Kh fjkia lsÍu

fuys§ font Wiq,kh color Wm,laIKh iuÕ my;

wdldrfhka ,nd Èh hq;=h'
<font color="red">
rEm iuÕ jev lsÍu
fjí msgq fj; rEm we;=¿ lsÍu i|yd <img> kï Wiq,kh
yd src kï Wm,laIKh Ndú;d
lrhs' fuh f;areï .kakg my;
fla; fj; wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
fuys§ rEmh yd fjí msgqj tlu

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (138)
f*da,v
a ¾ tlla ;=< ;sfnk wjia:djla ie,ls,,
a g f.k fla; ,shd
;sfí'

<img src="[Link]" alt="myimage" />

fuys <img> Wiq,kh ,shd we;' mypic hkq" fuys§ ,nd §
;sfnk rEmfha kuhs' gif f,i olajd we;af;a rEmfha j¾.hhs' fuys
alt Wm,laIKh ;=< we;s úia;rh msgqjl fmfkkafka rEmh
fmkajkakg neßkï muKs'

• fjk;a f*da,v a rhla ;=< we;s rEmhla msgqjg iïnkaO lsÍu

m%Odk f*da,v
a ¾ tl ;=< jQ
ií f*da,v a ¾ tlla ;=< we;s
rEmhla i|yd wê ixOdkhla
ieliSfï§ ksjerÈj rEmhg
fhduq fjk ud¾.h ±laúh
hq;=h' fuh f;areï .ekSu i|yd rEmfha oelafjk [Link]
msgqfõ isg images ií f*da,v a ¾ tl ;=< jQ [Link] rEmh i|yd
wê ixOdkhla ,ndfok wdldrh úuid n,uq'

<img src="images/[Link]" width="24" height="39">

fjí msgqj ;=< ùäfhda *hs,a Odjkh lsÍu

<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

fjí msgqj ;=< ´äfhda *hs,a Odjkh lsÍu

<audio controls>
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (139)
fjí msgq ;=< ,ehsia;= fmkaùu

 Unordered List

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

 Ordered List
<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Comment
<!-- Write your comments here -->

server-side scripting language

1. PHP
2. Python
3. Java
4. Kotlin

client-side scripting language

1. HTML
2. CSS
3. JavaScript

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (140)

iudch yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha fhojqï

wOHdmk lafIa;%h i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h

mß.Kl mdol [Link] (Computer Based Training - CBT)
mdi,l fyda wOHdmk wdh;khl fyda .=rejrekag [Link]ùfï
l%h
s dj,sh i|yd mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkakg mq¿jk' tys§ isiqkag
[Link] wjYH uDÿldx. iy mdvï mß.Kl ;=<g we;=¿ fldg
;nkakg mq¿jk' ±ka tajd Ndú;d lrñka fukau mß.Klj, ;sfnk
wOHdmk jevigyka Wmldr lr .ksñka ;ukaf.a [Link]ï lghq;=
lr .ekSug isiqkag mq¿jk' tfia CD / DVD ;=< we;s
jevigykaj,g mß.Klh yryd msúi iajhx wOHhkfha ksr;
úugo mq¿jk'

fjí mdol [Link] (Web Based Training - WBT)

wka;¾cd,hg msúi tys we;s wOHdmksl fjí wvú yryd
wOHdmkh ,eîu fjí mdol [Link]'

[Link]ï l<ukdlrK moaO;s (Learning Management System - LMS)

mßmd,k" f,aLk.;
lsÍu" wëlaIKh lsÍu"
jd¾;d lsÍu iy mqyqKqj
,nd §u jeks ish¨ lghq;=
fujeks moaO;sla uÕska l<
yelsh' ta wkqj fujeks
l<ukdlrK moaO;s [Link] isiqka ,shdmÈxÑ lr .ekSfï isg wjidk
mÍlaIKh olajd ish¨ l%shdldrlï md,kh lsÍu l< yelsh' Bg
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (141)
isiqkaf.a l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu" iajhx wOHdmk wNHdi" isiqkag
wjYH [Link]ùï wdÈh mjd wka;¾.; fõ'

ÿria: wOHdmk moaO;s (Distance Education System - DES)

wka;¾cd,h yryd ÿria:j wOHdmkh ,nd§u ÿria:
wOHdmkh kï fõ' ta i|yd Ndú;d lrk uDÿldx. moaO;s
y÷kajkafka ÿria: wOHdmk moaO;s hkqfjks'

mß.Kl wkqyqrelrKh (Computer Simulations)

uQ,sl uÜgfï§ we;eï mqyqKq lsÍu i;H mßirfha lsÍug
wmyiqh' tjeks úgl§ mß.Kl yryd ks¾udKh lrk w;;H
mßirhl§ mqyqKq lrejkag mqyqKqj ,nd fokq ,efí'

[Link]ùug .=rejrhdg wdOdrlhla ùu

úoHdj" .‚;h jeks fjk;a úIhhka [Link] .=rejrekago
[Link]ùï wdOdrlhla f,i f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
fhdod .kakg yels ù ;sfí' fï ksid úia;r lr §ug wmyiq mdvï
i|yd rEm igyka nyqudOH m%lfa IamK hka;% fhdod f.k iÔùlrK
iy ùäfhda o¾Yk fmkajñka úia;r lsÍug yels ù ;sfí' tfukau
bf,lafg%dksla iu¾mk (Presentations) Ndú;fhka úIh flfrys
wdl¾IKhla <uqka ;=< we;s lr.; yels ù ;sfí'

<uqkag wjYH mejreï ,nd §u i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

Ndú;d l< yelsh' ta wkqj ud¾..;j úNd. meje;aùu" ,l=Kq
ms<n
s |j [Link]ï lsÍug uDÿldx. Ndú;d lsÍu jeks foa l< yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (142)
fi!LH lafIa;%h i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
pqïnl wkqkdo uQ¾;k hka;%h (MRI)
[Link] isref¾ wNHka;r wjhj
úúO me;slvj,ska PdhdrEm.; lr
mß.Kl ;srh u; fyda uqøs; udOHhka
u`.ska fyda ,nd§u lrkq ,efí' f¾äfhda
;rx. iy m%n, pqïnl wkqkdo fyj;a
fodaxldr [Link] YÍrfha wNHka;r wjhjj,
iúia;rd;aul rEm igyka ,nd .ekSu fuu hka;%h uÕska l<
yelsh'
mß.Kl.; wdlaIl YÍr ia;r tlaiaf¾ hka;%h (CAT)
[Link] X-Ray ;dlaIKh fhdÞ .ksñka ;%sudk wdldrhg
PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrkq ,efí'

úoHq;a ksêl¾mr f¾LK hka;%h (EEG)

fuu ;dlaIKh fud<fha
l%h
s dldÍ;ajh igyka lsÍug
fhd± .efkhs' tuÕska fud,fha
isÿjk whym;a lsh % dldÍ;ajh
ms<ns | j ksje/È j fidhd
.ekSu l< yelsh' fuys§
m%udKfhka l=vd f,day úoHq;a
w.% ysia ln,g w,jkq ,nhs"
tu`.ska fud<fhka ksl=;a lrkq
,nk úoHq;a iamkaok yiq l
rf.k fud<fha l%h s dldÍ;ajh
mß.Kl ;srhla yryd msg;g
,ndfohs'

úoHq;a ;ka;= f¾Çh hka;%h (Electrocardiogram Machine - ECG)

yDo iamkaokh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu i|yd fuu hka;%h fhdod
.efka' ta wkqj fuys§ yDofha l%shdldÍ;ajfha§ we;s fjk úoHq;a
iamkaokhg wkqj ksmojk ;rx. m%ia;dr igykla f,i uqøKh
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (143)
lsÍu lrkq ,nhs' ±ka tu m%ia;dr igyk ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka
ffjoH jrekag yoj;a frda. y÷kd.; yels fõ'

yDo frda. ;sr .ekaùfï hka;% (Cardiac Screening Machine)

fuh ECG hka;%hg jvd fjkia wdldrfha hka;%hls' fuys§
yDofha l%h
s dldÍ;ajh mß.Kl ;srhl jvd;a iqmeyeÈ,sj fmkajhs'
fuu hka;%h u`.ska yDofha reêr kd,j, we;s wjysr;d" úúO
wdidok ;;a;ajhka wdÈh y÷kd .ekSug mq¿jk'

ÿria: fi!LH /ljrKh (Telemedicine)

Telemedicine hkq ÿria:j fi!LH fiajd iemhSu i|yd ùäfhda
weu;=ï" ÿrl:k weu;=ï fyda m‚úv heùu jeks ;dlaI‚l l%u
Ndú;d lsÍuhs'
ÿria: fi!LH Wjgeka (Remote Clinical Care)
ÿr isg idhksl i;aldr fiajd iemhSu wjOdrKh lrhs'
ÿria: idhksl i;aldrh [Link] fg,sfuäiska yuqùï muKla fkdj"
[Link] wLKav wëlaIKh" ksjfia isg [Link] /ljrKh iy
[Link].a fi!LHh ÿria:j l<ukdlrKh lsÍug iydh ùug
fi!LH fiajd jD;a;slhkag bv i,iis'

reêrfha iSks mÍlaId lsÍfï WmlrKh

idudkHfhka reêrfha iSks uÜgu mÍlaId lrkakg kï
[Link] fj; hd hq;=h' kuq;a reêrfha iSks mÍlaId lsÍfï
WmlrKh uÕska [Link] fj; fkdhd myiqfjkau reêr
idïm,h mÍlaIdj l< yelsh'

reêr mSvkh uksk hka;%h

fuh wf;a me<|sh yels l=vd WmrlrKhls' fuuÕska
ffjoHjrfhla fj; fhduq fjkafka ke;sj ;ukagu" ;ukaf.a reêr
mSvkh mßlaId lr .kakg mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (144)
Bionics
mß.Kl ;dlaIKfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o lD;S%u YÍr wjhj
fldgia ie;alï [Link] id¾:l f,i wndê; wh fj; iïnkaO fldg
iakdhq moaO;sh yryd tajfha md,k lghq;= lsÍug j¾;udkfha§
yels ù ;sfí' th ye¢kafjkafka Bionics hk kñkah'

lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h

úúO lDIs lghq;= i|yd wka;¾cd,h iy b-;emE, Ndú;h'

me<Eá ms<sn|j ±k .ekSu" me,Eáj,g je<f|k frda.
ms<n
s |j úia;r ±k .ekSug" îc ms<s sn|j ±k .ekSug wdÈh úúO
lghq;= i|yd wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrkakg mq¿jk' cx.u ÿrl:k
wema yryd ±ka Ydl m;%hla PdhdrEmhg f.k tu Ydlhg je<£
we;s frda. ms<n
s |j úia;r n,d.; yels fõ' úúO îc j¾. ;jdka
±ófï isg wiajekak fk,d .ekSu olajd l< hq;= úúO l%h
s dldrlï
myiqfjkau wka;¾cd,h yryd n,d.; yels fõ' fï ksid
wdÿkslhkag jqjo myiqfjka lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, ksr; fjkakg
mq¿jk' tfukau bf,lafg%dksl ;emE, Ndú;fhka lDIs
[Link] úia;r [Link] .ekSu wdÈho lr.; yels ksid
j¾;udkfha f.dú;ekg wjYH ±kqu ,[Link] myiq ù ;sfí'

lDIs l¾udka;hg w;HjYH jk ld,.=‚l o;a; yqjudrej

wE; w;S;fha isgu ld,.=Kh lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iuÕ noaO
ù ;sfnk nj oksuq' j¾;udkfha§ f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yryd
myiqfjka yd ksjerÈj ld,.=Ksl o;a; ,nd .; yels neúka j.d
lghq;= jvd;a l%uj;aj lr.; yels fõ' tfukau ld,.=K ñKqï
hka;% (Meteorological Devices) Ndú;d l< yels neúka j¾Idm;kh"
iq<x ÈYdj wd§ ;;a;ajhka y÷kd .ekSu myiq fjhs' ta wkqj fnda.
[Link] iy wiajkq fk<Sug iqÿiq ld, jljdkqj ;SrKh lsÍug
f.dùkag yels fjkq we;'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (145)
fjf<|m< ñ, .Kka ms<sn| úia;r yqjudre lr .ekSu'
ta ta ld,hg fjf<|mf<a jeäu ñ,la we;s fnda. j¾. y÷kd
.ekSu" f.dúhka lKavdhula jYfhka tl;= ù fjf<kaokag fnda.
úl=Kk ñ, .Kka ms<sn|j ;SrKh lsÍu jeks foa i|yd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh fhdod .kakg mq¿jk'

lDIs m¾fhaIKhkays kshq;= úoHd{hskaf.a f;dr;=re yqjudre lr

.ekSu i|yd ksis cd, moaO;s ks¾udKh lsÍu'
f.dúhkag muKla fkdj lDIs m¾fhaIKhkays kshq;=
úoHd{hskago ;ukaf.a mÍlaIK lghq;= lrf.k hEug wjYH foia
úfoia ±kqu ,nd .ekSug f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .kakg mq¿jk'
tfukau mÍlaIK o;a; .nvd lr ;nd .ekSug" tajd wjYH
wdldrhg ilia lr .ekSug wdÈh lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh wjYH fõ'

fujeks tla mqoa.,slj ,nd.; yels jdisj,g wu;rj

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid ìys ù we;s hka;% ksido lDIs l¾udka;hg
jdis w;aù ;sfí' tjeks hka;% lSmhla ms<n
s | úia;r fufiah'
S lDñ md,k hka;%h (Automated Insect Control Devices)
iajhxl%h
[Link] ydks lrk l=reñ‚hka jeks lDóka md,kh lsÍu
i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l=vd bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.
Ndú;d lsÍug yelsh' tajd ksid lDñ kdIl Ndú;d wju lr .ekSug
yelshdj ,eî we;'

j.d ìfuys ;;a;ajh uksk hka;%h (Field conditions measuring)

fuu hka;%h [Link] j.d ìfuys f;;ukh" ire ksire nj
wdÈh mÍlaId lrhs' ta wkqj tuÕska ,[Link] o;a;j,g wkqj
[Link] ys;lr wdldrhg ìu ilia lsÍug mq¿jk'

S c, iemhqu' (Drip irrigation)

 iajhxl%h
S j,a me< bj;alrKh' (Automatic Weed remover)
 iajhxl%h

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (146)
 frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka me< isgqùu' (Seedlings planter using
Robotics)
 frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka wiajkq fk<Su' (Crop harvesting using
Robots)

yß;[Link] (Greenhouse) md,kh'

yß;[Link] ;=< ;;ajh mÍlaId lr n,d ta ;=< we;s c,
moaO;s wdÈh l%h
s d;aul lsÍug fukau yß;[Link] ;;ajh ms<n s |
úia;r ,nd§ug yß;[Link] ;=< mß.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrhs' ta
wkqj fuu moaO;s yryd we;eï Wmdx. iajhxl%h S j l%shd;aul
lrjhs' tfukau ñksiqkag ;SrK .ekSug wjYH f;dr;=re o imhhs'

i;a;aj f.dúfmd< l<ukdlrKh

f.dúfmd< ms<ns | j jd¾;d ;nd .ekSug;a" ,dN w,dN
.Kkh i|yd;a" fiajlhskaf.a jegqma ms<n
s | f;dr;=re .nvd lr
;nd .ekSug;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' tfukau
wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO ù fj<|fmd< ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu"
i;aj f.dúm, ms<n s | úia;r yqjudre lr .ekSugo f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'
i;aj md,kfha§ i;=ka y÷kd .ekSug .=jka úÿ,s ix{d
ye÷kqï WmlrK (RFID-Radio Frequency Identifcation Device)
Ndú;d [Link] ,efí' fïjd yryd i;=ka fjka lr y÷kd .ekSug
wu;rj i;=ka .Kkh lsÍu" isákd m%foaYh ±k .ekSu jeks fo ao
l< yelsh'

fïjdg wu;rj i;aj f.dúm, wdrlaIdj i|yd CCTV leurd

moaO;s ia:dmkh lsÍu" tajd ud¾..;j ksÍlaIKh lsÍuo f;dr;re
yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u f,i ±laùug mq¿jk'

i;=kaf.a iy mY= ksIm

A dokj, ;;a;aj md,kh iajhxl%hS j
lsÍu i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .efkhs' ta
wkqj t<fokqkaf.a fi!LH mÍlaIdj" iajhxl%h
S j lsß ,nd .ekSu"
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (147)
lsßj, ;;a;aj mÍlaId lsÍu jeks foa f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ moaO;s yryd lr .kakg yels ù ;sfí'

jHdmdr" ksIm
a dok yd uQ,H fhojqï
jHdmdr yd /lshd ;=< f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
mß.Kl" uqøK hka;% fukau wka;¾cd,h iy mß.Kl cd,
Ndú;d lsÍu ksid wvq ñksia Y%uhla fhdod .kakd .ukau jeä
ld¾hlaIu;djlska ld¾hd, lghq;= lr.; yelsh' ld¾hd,
fiajlhska wvqùu ksid wdh;kfha fN!;sl bv m%udKh b;sß ùu"
fiajl jegqma hkd§ úhoï wvqùu" jerÈ wvqùu jeks m%;, s dN
wdh;khg ,efí'
wdh;k ;=< ikaksfõok lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha
Ndú;h bosßfhkau ;sfí' fuh idudkH ÿrl;k ixjdohl isg
ùäfhda iïuka;%K olajd fjk mq¿,a mrdihl úyso hkakls'

bÈßm;a lsÍï
woyia yd f;dr;=re msßila fj; bÈßm;a lsÍug wod<
ikaksfõok l%h
s dj,sh ye¢kafjkafka m%ikafÜIka tlla
^presentations& fyj;a bÈßm;a lsÍula f,ih'
idïm%odhsl bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd l¿ ,E,a,la fyda jhsÜ
fndaâ tlla fhdod .ekSu fyda rEm
igyka uÕska lreKq meyeÈ,s
lsÍu fyda lr;;a f;dr;=re iy
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh weiqfrka
lrk bÈßm;a lsÍï i|yd
mß.Kl" u,aáóähd fm%dfclag¾
jeks Wmdx. fhdod .efka'

ksjfia isg ld¾hd, lghq;= lsÍu

ksjfia isg ikaksfõok cd, Tiafia ld¾hd,Sh lghq;= lsÍu
fg,[Link] ^telecommuting& lshd y÷kajhs' túg fiajlhkag m%Odk
fiajd ia:dkhg hdug wjYH fjkafka ke;' tys§ ;ukaf.a jev

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (148)
fldgi lrkq ,nkafka ksjfia isgh' fufia /lshd lrk mqoa.,hska
ye¢kaùug fg,sfldñhqg¾ (telecommuter) hk ku Ndú;d lrhs'

fï úÈhgu ÿïßh" .=jka hdkd jeks jdykj, .uka lrñka

isáh§" fukau fjk;a jev lrñka isáh§ mjd ;u ld¾hd, lghq;=
lrkq ,nhs' Tjqka Ndú;d lrkafka cx.u ikaksfõok fiajdjkah'
Tjqka y÷kajkafka fkdueâ j¾l¾ia (nomad workers) hk kñks'

fuia ikaksfõok cd, Tiafia ld¾hd, lghq;= lsÍuksid .uka

úhou fukau .[Link] jehfjk ld,h b;sß lr .kakg
mq¿jk' tfukau uykaisho wvq fjhs' fiajlhska yg ;ukag ksoyia
jgmsgdjl§ wdh;ksl jevlghq;= l< yels ksid jvd;a l%uj;aj yd
blaukska ;u lghq;= wjika l< yels fõ'

ùäfhda iïuka;%K
úúO ia:dkj, isák fofofkla fyda lSm fofkla w;r Y%jH
yd oDYH o;a; iïfmaI% Kh lrñka idudkH mß.Kl cd, weiqßka
fyda wka;¾cd,h weiqßka ixjdohla meje;aùu ùäfhda iïuka;%K
fyj;a ùäfhda fldka*rkaisx ^video conferencing& l%uhhs'

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

wdh;khl fiajlhskaf.a meñŒu igyka lsÍu i|yd fhdod
.kakd weÕss,s i,l=Kq iqmsßlailh ^Finger Print Scanner&" ldâ m;a
lshjkh ^Card Reader& hk WmlrK [Link] wdh;kfha idudðlhka
y÷kd .ekSu" meñKSu yd msgùu" ksjerÈj igyka lsÍu jeks foa
l< yelsh' túg Bg wkqj jegqma ieliSu myiqfjka l< yels fjhs'
tfukau wdh;khg fiajlhska n|jd .ekSfï§ mß.Kl.; moaO;s
yryd whÿïm;a le|ùu" tajd úiaf,aIKh lsÍu wdÈh lrkakgo
mq¿jk'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (149)
l¾udka; fhojqï
jHdmdr lafIa;%fha f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lsÍu ksid
Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdok ìys lsÍug;a fukau ñksia Y%uh wju f,i
Ndú;d lrkakg;a yelshdj ,eî we;' fï ksid mdß[Link] Wiia
;;a;ajfha ksIm
a dok wvq uqo,lg ,nd§ug yels ù ;sfí'

jHdmdr i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfuka ksIma dok

ld¾hh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSug yelshdj ,eî we;' ñksiqka
fuka fkdj hka;%j,g meh 24 u fkdlvjd jev l< yels neúka
ksIm
a dok ld¾hh jvd;a fõ.j;a ù we;' tfukau jerÈ ùï wju ù
we;' j¾;udkfha§ fudag¾ r: ksIm a dokh" mß.Kl we;=¿ fjk;a
bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. ksIm
a dokh" mqj;am;a uqøKh" NdKav weisÍu"
NdKav f,an,a lsÍu jeks fndfyda foa i|yd frdfnda hka;% fhdod
.efkhs'

uQ,H fhojqï
uQ,H lafIa;%fha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h
ksid" mdß[Link] nexl=j,g [Link] ksjfia isg fyda ;ukaf.a
cx.u ÿrl:kh yryd nexl= lghq;= lr .ekSug yels ù ;sfí'
tfukau Kh ldâ (credit card) iy yr ldâ (debit card) m;a Ndú;d
lrñka wka;¾cd,h Tiafia f.ùï lr NdKav ñ,§ .ekSug yels ù
we;' tfukau PayPal jeks ud¾..;j uqo,a yqjudre lrk wdh;k
uÕskao úYajdijka; wdldrfhka .kqfokq lsÍug yels ù ;sfí' ;j
ÿrg;a fujeks uQ,H wdldr ms<sn|j úia;r fufiah'

b-nexl= moaO;s (e-Banking System)

fuuÕska jHdmdßlhskag fuka idudkH ck;djgo b;d
myiqfjka nexl= yd .kqfokq lsÍfï yelshdj ,eî ;sfí' b-nexl=
moaO;s hgf;a iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;% ^ATM& wka;¾cd,h yd
iïnkaO ù we;s neúka rg ;=<§ fukau fjk;a rgl isg jqj ;ukaf.a
nexl= .sKqu yd iïnkaO ù .kqfokq lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' b-nexl=
moaO;sh ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s úg myiq ia:dkhl isg cx.u

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (150)
ÿrl;kfhka ì,am;a f.ùu" nexl= w;r uqo,a yqjudrej" .sKqfï
fYaIh mÍlaId lsÍu jeks oE l< yelsh'

ud¾..; idmamq (Online Shopping)

j¾;udkfha§ ienE fj<|ie<la fj; [Link] ud¾..;
idmamq ^Online Shopping& yryd wka;¾cd,h Tiafia NdKav ñ,§ .;
yels fõ' tuÕska ienE fj<|ie<la fj; hdug .; fjk ld,h iy
Y%uh b;sß fjhs' tfukau ud¾..;j ´kE u rgl we;s NdKav ñ,§
.; yels neúka N+[Link],h S iSudjla ke;sj NdKav ñ,§ .ekSugo yels
fjhs' ud¾.; fj<|ie<l meh 24 ;=<u .kqfokq l< yelsh' fï
ksid ;ukag myiq úgl§ fyda u;la jQ úgl§ wod< NdKav ñ, .ekSu
lrkakg mq¿jk' ud¾..; idmamq yryd NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï§ uqo,a
fkdaÜgq Ndú;d lsÍug wjYH fkdùu" myiq ia:dkhl isg NdKav
ñ,§ .; yels ùu" NdKav ksjigu [Link] .; yels ùu jeks
myiqlïo ;sfnhs'

bxðfkare lafIa;%fha fhojqï

;dlaI‚l ,shlshú,s i|yd

[Link]Õs,s yd
úúO Wmdx. ks¾udKh
lsÍug fmr tajd ie,iqï
lsÍug Tfgdaleâ
(autocad) jeks uDÿldx.
fhdod .kS' fujeks
uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka
ks¾udK we£u mEka
mekai,a yd lvodis wdÈh
Ndú;fhka ks¾udK
we£ug jvd b;d myiqh'
tfukau tfia w¢k ks¾udKj, .=Kd;aul Ndjho jeäh'
ie,iqïj,g wu;rj úúO Wmdx. ks¾udKh l< miq tajd kv;a;=
lsÍug Wmfoia iys; Wmfoia m;%l
s d" fmd;a wÈh ms<sfh< lsÍug
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wjYH fõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (151)
[Link]Õs,,a l úia;r iys; wdlD;s ks¾udKhg
[Link]Õs,, a la ks¾udKh l< miq th fmfkk wdldrh
±laùug wjYH ;%sudk wdlD;s ks¾udKh lsÍug mß.Kl ;dlaIKh
wjYH fjhs' tjeks ;%sudk wdlD;s uÕska [Link]Õs,,
a l yevh" Bg
fhdod .kakd wuq øjH" bÈlsÍï l%u wdÈh ms<n
s |j woyia ,nd §ug
mq¿jk'

[Link]Õs,s kv;a;= lghq;=

[Link]Õs,,a l WIaK;ajh mÍlaId lsÍu" [Link]Õs,,
a la ;=<
we;s ldnkavfhdlaihsâ m%udKh mßlaId lsÍu" úÿ,s WmlrK
l%h
s dldÍ;ajh md<kh" c, iemhqu md<kh lsÍu jeks foa i|yd
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .kq ,efí' tfukau Wmdx.j, we;sfjk
fodaI fidhd .ekSug" fodaI i|yd ms<h
s ï fhÈh yels wdldr y÷kd
.ekSugo f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh fhdod .kq ,efí'

ld,.=K f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug

úúO ks¾udKhka lsÍug fmr y÷kd.; hq;= iq<fÕa fõ.h"
WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj" j¾Idm;kh jeks úúO ;;ajhka y÷kd
.ekSug f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhd± .efkhs'

ikaksfõokhg
hï ie,iqula ks¾udKhla lrk úg wjYH úia;r ±k
.ekSug ikaksfõok wjYH;d we;s fjhs' tfukau ie,iqï tla ;ekl
isg ;j;a ;eklg fhduq lsÍug" wjYH kS;suh ,shlshú,s [Link]
.ekSug wdÈh lghq;=j,g nyqudOH ikaksfõok wjYH;d we;sfjhs'
[Link]Õs,,a la fyda hï WmlrKhla ks¾udKh lrk úgo tys
;;ajhka yqjudre lr .ekSug" wjYH wuqøjH wekjqï lsÍug wdÈh
ikaksfõokh wjYH fjhs'

• ixpdrl lafIa;%fha fhojqï

ixpdrh l< yels ia:dk y÷kd .ekSu" tu ia:dk fj;
<Õdùug .uka ud¾.h ±k .ekSu" tu .uka ud¾.h fj; myiqfjka
<Õd ùu i|yd GPS moaO;s Ndú;d lsÍu" kjd;eka fjka lsÍu hk
lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .efkhs'
tuÕska ixpdrhka jvd;a ie,iqï iy.;j yd ksjerÈj lr.; yels
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (152)
fõ' óg wu;rj ixpdrh l< yels ia:dk m%p,s; lsÍu" ixpdrhka
ms<n
s |j f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu" úúO ixpdrl ia:dk újD;j
we;s fõ,djka ±k .ekSu" ta ta ia:dk fj; f.k hd hq;= Wmdx.
ms<n
s |j ±k .ekSu jeks foa i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh fhdod .efkhs'

• udOH yd m%jD;a;slrKfha fhojqï

y`vmg" ùäfhda o¾Yk" PdhdrEm" yd ,sÅ; wdldrfhka o;a;
tla/ia lsÍfï mgka tajd ieliqï fldg wdl¾IKSh f,i ks¾udKh
lr úldYkh lsÍu olajd iEu lghq;a;l§u mdfya ±ka f;dr;=re
yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh mdol lr.;a fhojqï Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'
tfukau f,dalfha tla tla rgj, mqj;a ,nd .ekSu" tajd
m%pdrh lsÍu hk foa i|yd ±ka wka;¾cd,h" úoHq;a ;emE, nyq,j
Ndú;d fjhs' f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksid idïm%odhsl
udOH yd m%jD;a;slrKfha iajrEmh yd;amiskau fjkia ù ;sfí'

• kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍug f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h'

kS;suh f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;eîu" tu f;dr;=re úu¾Ykh
hk ld¾hhka i|yd" ixLHdf,aLk f;dr;=re iemhSu jeks lreKq
i|yd o f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .kS' tfukau
wmrdOlrejka y÷kd .ekSug lrkq ,nk mßlaIK i|yd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh fhdod .efkhs' CCTV moaO;s Ndú;h" ÔmStia moaO;s
Ndú;h" cx.u ÿrl:k úia;r fidhd .ekSu jeks foa wmrdOlrejka
y÷kd .ekSug fndfydafihska jeo.;a fõ'

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lsÍu

j¾;udkfha Ndú;d fjk iqyqre cx.u ÿrl;k (smart phone)
iu`y tÈfkod Ôú;fha f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h idudkH fohla
njg m;a ù we;' idudkH ÿrl;k weu;=ula ,nd .ekSu fjkqjg
jÜia wema (whats app)" jhsn¾ (viber), ialhsma (Skype) jeks wema
tlla yryd ÿrl;k weu;=ula ,nd .ekSu wo fjk úg jvd;a
© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S
 (153)
ckm%h
s ù we;' Bg fya;=j cx.u ÿrl;kfha o;a; i|yd muKla
úhoï fldg úfoaY rgl isák wfhl=g jqj weu;=ula ,nd .; yels
ùuh' tys§ jeh fjkafka idudkH weu;=ï .dia;=jlg jvd wvq
uqo,ls' tfukau wjYH kï ùäfhda weu;=ï jqj ,nd .ekSug mq¿jk'
Bg wu;rj tjeks wema Ndú;d fldg PdhdrEm" ùäfhdao myiqfjka
yqjudre lr .ekSu" lKavdhï jYfhka peÜ lsÍu fyj;a wlaIr
Ndú;d fldg m‚jqv yqjudre lr .ekSu jeks foa l< yelsh'

E-Government
B-rdcHh ^bf,lafg%dksl rch& uyck fiajdjka iemhSug"
mßmd,kh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug iy mqrjeis iyNd.S;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug
f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhka Ndú;d lrhs"
nÿ f.ùu" úúO ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍï fyda fi!LH f;dr;=re fj;
m%fõY ùu jeks l%shd i|yd ud¾..; oajdr" fhÿï iy äðg,a fõÈld
yryd rch jvd;a ld¾hlaIu fiajdjka ,ndfohs'
fï wkqj rch uÕska mqrjeishkag ^G2C&" rch uÕska jHdmdr
j,g ^G2B&, iy rch uÕska wfkl=;a rchkag fukau ^G2G&, rch
uÕska rdcH fiajlhkag (G2E& m%;s,dN ,nd fohs'

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yd ine¢ /lshd

• uDÿldx. bxðfkare (Software Engineer)

• uDÿldx. ;;a;aj iy;sl bxðfkare (Software Quality Assurance
Engineer)
• jHdmdr úYaf,aIl (Business Analyst)
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIK jHdmD;s l<ukdlre (IT Project Manager)
• .%e*sla ks¾udKlre (Graphic Designer)
• uDÿldx. ks¾udK Ys,amS (Software Architect)
• ;;a;aj iy;sl m%OdkS (Quality Assurance Leader)
• ;dlaI‚l m%OdkS (Technical Leader)

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (154)
• cd, mßmd,l (Network Administrator)
• o;a; iuqod mßmd,l (Database Administrator)
• mß.Kl fhÿï iyldr (Computer Application Assistant)
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIK l<ukdlre (IT Manager)

ICT ksid we;sjk .eg¿

iudchSh krl n,mEï

wxls; fnÿu (Digital divide) - f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
Ndú; lsÍug we;s myiqlu iy yelshdj iy ta ms<sn|j we;s
fkdyelshdj iy myiqlï
fkdue;slu wkqj ñksiqka
tlsfkld fjka lrkq ,nhs'
fuu wxls; fnÿu ke;s
lsÍug wxls; fia;=j
(Digital bridge) we;s l< hq;=h' ta i|yd .%dóh fmfoiaj, keKi,
jeks mß.Kl uOHia:dk ia:dmkh lsÍu" mdi,aj,g mß.Kl
myiqlï ,nd§u" mß.Kl ;dlaIKh ms<n s |j ±kqj;a lsÍfï
jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu jeks foa lrkq ,efí'

ihsn¾ wdrlaIK ;¾ck (Cybersecurity Threats) - mß.Kl yd

fjíwvú fj; wkjirfhka we;=¿ùu (hacking)" wksIg a uDÿldx.
(malware) iy ;;=nEï (phishing) jeks ihsn¾ wdrlaIK ;¾ck
we;' fuu ;¾ck mqoa.,hkaf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh (privacy) iy uQ,H
iqrlaIs;Ndjh wjodkug ,la lrhs' th wkkH;d fidrlï" jxpd
iy fjk;a ihsn¾ wmrdOj,g u. mdohs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (155)
ihsn¾ ysßyer lsÍu (Cyberbullying) - úfYaIfhkau ;reK
;re‚hka" iudc udOH (social media) jeks foaj, ysßyer" ;¾ck
iy ìh .ekaùïj,g f.dÿre jk w;r" th udkisl mSvdjkag iy
iudc yqol,d ùug fya;= fõ'

fm!oa.,sl;aj .eg¿ (Privacy Concerns) - wdh;k úiska mqoa.,sl

o;a; /ia lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu iy Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka
fm!oa.,sl;aj .eg¿ u;=ù we;' tkï mqoa.,hskaf.a mqoa.,sl o;a;
fjk;a whf.a w;g m;aùfï wjOdkula we;'

wxls; weíneys ùu (Digital Addiction) iudc udOHjeks foag

weíneys ùu ksid úsúO .eg¨ we;sù ;sfí' udkisl yd YdÍßl
fi!LHhg wys;lr n,mEï we;slsÍugo th fya;=ù ;sfí' mß.Kl
yd ÿrl:k ;sr fok jeäfõ,djla (Screen Time) n,d isàu ksod
.ekSfï .eg¨" wlaIs frda." WodiSk Ôjk rgdjka we;s lsÍu iy
iudÔh yqol,dùï we;sùug fya;=ù ;sfí'

idjoH f;dr;=re - iudc udOHj, me;sr hd yels wi;H fyda fkduÕ

hjk f;dr;=re wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka flfrys we;s úYajdih m¿ÿ
lsÍug iy uyck u;h úlD;s lsÍug fya;= úh yelsh'

/lshd .eg¨ - frdfnda ;dlaIKh" lD;su nqoaêh jeks foa ksid

idïm%odhsl /lshd wysñ úh yel'

iudc yqol,d nj (Social Isolation) - iudc udOH" ud¾..; idmamq

ijdß (online shopping), ud¾..; mß.Kl l%v S d" ud¾..;
wOHdmkh (online education) jeks ish¨u foa ksid iudc iudc
ÿria:Ndjh we;sù ñksiqka yqol,d úh yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (156)

fi!LH .eg¨
j¾;udkfha mß.Kl l%Svd" iudc cd, jeks foa ksid <uhs iy
;reK mrmqr t<suykg [Link] l%v
S d lsÍfuka wE;aj we;' tu ksidu
lh fjfyiùuo wvq ù we;' fï ksid fnda fkdjk frda. /ila
je,£fï wjodku we;s fjhs' fujeks .eg¨ lSmhla my; mßÈfõ'

mß.Kl oDIaá iy,laIKh (computer vision syndrome - CVS) -

mß.Kl Ndú;h ksid weiaj, we;s jk [Link] fuf,iska
y÷kajkq ,efí' fï ksid úh,s weia ;;a;ajh" weia leiSu" weiaj,
fõokdj" wmeyeÈ,s fmkSu yd ÿr fkdfmkSu" oaú;aj oDIaáh hk
.eg¨ we;s fjkakg mq¿jk'

mqk¾j¾;S wd;;s mSvd (Repetitive Stress/Strain Injuries - RSI) - tlu

ld¾hfha fndfyda fõ,d .; lsÍu ksid YÍrfha we;s jk fõokdldÍ
;;a;aj fuf,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (157)

wd¾:sl n,mEï
wka;¾cd,h yryd flfrk kS;s úfrdaë .kq fokq" fl%äÜ ldâ
jxpd jeks foa wd¾Óluh ^economical& jYfhka wys;lr n,mEïh'
tfukau wxls; wd¾:slh Ndú;d lsÍug we;s fkd±kqj;alu jeks
.eg¨o we;'

mdßißl n,mEï
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ wys;lr mdßißl
^environmental& n,mEï u;=j ;sfí' úúO mß.Kl Wmdx. wn,kajQ
miq wmøjH jYfhka mßirhg uqod yeÍu ksid mßir ÿIKh fjhs'
bf,lafg%dksla wmøjH ^e-waste& jYfhka y÷kajkafka fïjdhs' f,dj
mqrd bj;,k mß.Kl Wmdx. m%udKh fgdka ì,shk 50la muKh'
fïjd ksis fia m%;spl%shlrKh fkdlsÍu ksid W.% mdßißl .eg¨
u;=j ;sfí'
Ökfha .hshq (Guiyu) m%foaYh f,dalfha bf,lafg%dksl wmøjH
w. kqjr ^e-waste capital of the world) f,i y÷kajhs' úúO rgj,ska
bj;,k bf,lafg%dksla wmøjH tys l÷ .id ;sfí'
óg wu;rj úÿ,s mßfNdackh" ikaksfõok /yeka we§ï
jeksfoao mdßißl n,mEï we;sùug fya;=ù ;sfí' yß; mß.Kkh
(Green computing) kï ixl,amh yryd fuu .eg¨ wju lsÍug
W;aidy lrhs'

iodpdrd;aul n,mEï (Ethical Issues)

mqoa.,sl;ajhg (Privacy) we;sfjk n,mEï" iodpdrd;aul .eg¨

w;ska bÈßfhkau ;sfí' mqoa.,sl o;a; /ia lsÍu .eg¨jla fkdjqko
tajd ;=kajk md¾Yjhla w;g m;aùu iodpdrd;aul .eg¨jls'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (158)
ksÍlaIK iy wëlaIKh ksid iodpdrd;aul .eg¨ we;sfjhs iSiSàù
leurd" uqyqKq y÷[Link]ï moaO;s jeks ksÍlaIK fya;=fjka mqoa.,
ksoyig ndodjla we;súh yel'

ffk;sl n,mEï (Legal Issues)

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid we;sù ;sfnk ffk;sl n,mEï
úúOdldr fõ'

wkjirfhka we;=¿ùu (hacking) - mß.Kl moaO;s" cd, fyda

o;a;j,g wkjirfhka m%fõY ùu fyda tajd yeisrùu yelsx f,i
ye¢kafõ'
th idudkHfhka oafõIiy.; fÉ;kdfjka mqoa.,hka fyda
lKavdhï úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk l%shdjls' uqo,a i|yd" tlsfkld
wNsndjd [Link] ;u yelshdj fmkaùfï wruqfkka fyda úúO udkisl
jHdê fukau yqol,dj Ôj;a fjk" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK yelshdj we;s
mqoa.,hska fï i|yd fhduqùu jeä jYfhka ±l .; yel'

;;=nEï (phishing) - ;;=nEï hkq

úYajdiodhl f,i fmkS isàfuka
uqrmo" mßYS,l kdu" fl%äÜ ldâ
wxl fyda fjk;a mqoa.,sl
f;dr;=re jeks ixfõ§ f;dr;=re
,[Link] mqoa.,hka /jàug
Ndú;d lrk ihsn¾ m%ydrhls' ;;=nEï m%ydrj,g idudkHfhka
jHdc Bfï,a" flá m‚úv" fyda kS;Hdkql+, f,i fmkS isàug
ks¾udKh lr we;s fjí wvú Ndú;dfjhs'

wkjir Wmqgd .ekSï - f;dr;=rej, kshu whs;slrejkaf.a

wkq±kqula ke;sj tajd Ndú;d lsÍu fukñka y÷kajhs' l¾;D whs;sh
fkdi,ld yer f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu" ysñlrejkaf.a wjirhlska
f;drj f;dr;=re Ndú;d lsÍu" jdksc uDÿldx. kS;s úfrdaë f,i

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (159)
Ndú;h iy kS;s úfrdaëj .S;" kdgl" Ñ;%mg hkdÈh wdÈh msgm;a
lsÍu ±laùug mq¿jk' fïjd nqoaêuh foam, wjNdú;hgo wh;afõ'

ud¾..;j mqoa.,hkag isÿ lrk wmydi iy fjk;a ;¾ck - iudc

udOH jeks foa Ndú;d fldg lrk wmydi fukau ; óg wh;afõ'

B-jd‚cHh iy mdß[Link] wdrlaIdj - wka;¾cd, jxpd"

/já,sldr fj<| m%pdrK iy widOdrK jHdmdßl lghq;= we;=¿
mdß[Link] wdrlaIdjg wod< foa kS;suh .eg¨j,g ;=vq § we;'

Piracy (fidrlu)
m%ldYk ysñlref.a wjirhlska f;drj m%ldYk ysñlï we;s
øjH wkjirfhka m%;k s sIm
a dokh lsÍu" fnod yeÍu fyda Ndú;h
fukñka y÷kajhs' fuys úúO wdldr we;'

uDÿldx. fp!r;ajh (software piracy)

n,m;% iys; uDÿ[Link] fyj;a m%ldYk ysñlï iys;
uDÿldx. (copyrighted software) fyda äðg,a wka;¾.;hka
wkjirfhka msgm;a lsÍu" fnodyeÍu fyda Ndú;h uDÿldx.
fp!r;ajh fõ'
iEu úgu n,m;% iys; uDÿ[Link] wf,ú l< yelafla tys
whs;sh we;s wdh;khg fyda ksfhdað;fhl=gh' mßYS,lhka wod<
wdh;kfhka fyda tys ksfhdað;[Link] uqo,a [Link] wod<
uDÿ[Link] n,m;%h ñ,§ .; hq;=h' tys§ mßYS,lhd mß.Kl
lSmhl wod< uDÿldx.h Ndú;d lsÍug hkafka kï ta i|yd
wjirho wod< uDÿ[Link] whs;sh we;s wdh;kfhka fyda ksfhdað;
jrfhl=[Link] ,nd.; hq;=h' kS;Hdkql+,j ñ,§ .;a uDÿ[Link]
jqjo msgm;a lr ;uka i;=j ;nd .ekSu" tu msgm;a uqo,g fyda
fkdñf,a fyda ;j;a whg ,nd§u uDÿldx. fp!r;ajh fõ'

.%ka: / rpkd fp!r;ajh ^Plagiarism&

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 (160)
fp!r;ajh hkq fjk;a
flfkl=f.a woyia fyda ks¾udK ksis
wjirhlska f;drj Ndú;d lr" tajd
;udf.a f,i bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' th ,sÅ;
foa" yv" l,d lD;s iy äðg,a
wka;¾.;hka we;=¿ úúO wdldrj,ska
isÿ úh yel' fuh iodpdr úfrdaë
fukau nqoaêuh foam< whs;sjdislï
W,a,x>kh lsÍula f,i ie,fla'
uq,a ks¾udKlref.a whs;sh
Wmqgd ±laùu uÕska rpkd fp!r;ajh uÕyrjd .kakg mq¿jk'
a uDÿldx. (Malware)
wksIg
cd," fyda Wmdx. fj; wkjirfhka msúiSug fyda ydks lsÍug
ks¾udKh lr we;s ´kEu uDÿ[Link] fukñka y÷kajhs' wksIg a
uDÿldx. ks¾udKh lr fnod yßkq ,nkafka ihsn¾ wmrdOlrejka
úiska oafõI iy.; fÉ;kdfjka jk w;r" th úúO ydkslr
l%h
s dldrlï isÿ lsÍu i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s mq¿,a mrdihl
wksIga jevigyka we;=<;a fõ'

 mß.Kl ffjri (virus) - Odrl [Link] fyda jevigyklg

iïnkaO jk wksIag jevigykla iy Odrlh l%hs d;aul l< úg
me;sfrhs'

ffjria j,g me;sÍug ñksia l%h s djla

^wdidÈ; [Link] újD; lsÍu jeks& wjYH
fõ'

[Link],g ydks lsÍu fyda uld oeóu" fhÿï

j,g ydks lsÍu iy moaO;s l%shdldß;ajh ukao.dó úh yel' fïjd
kS;Hdkql+, [Link] ;=< ieÕù we;s neúka y÷kd .ekSu fndfyda úg
wmyiq fõ' m%;fs fjria uDÿldx. uÕska fïjd meñŒu je,elaúh
yelsh'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (161)
 j¾ïia (worms) - Odrl [Link] fyda mßYS,l ueÈy;aùula
wjYH fkdù cd, yryd me;sfrk" iajdëk iajhx-m%;k s s¾udK wksIg
a
uDÿ[Link]' fïjd uÕska cd, l,dm m<, mßfNdackh lrhs
tfukau moaO;s ukao.dó lsÍu fyda ì| jejeàu lrkq ,nhs'
firewalls, Monitor network traffic jeks l%u uÕska fïjd me;sÍu
je,elaúh yelsh'

 fg%dc
a ka wYajhd (Trojan Horse) - kS;Hdkql+, fyda ydkslr fkdjk
uDÿ[Link] f,i fjiaj,d.;a wksIag uDÿldx. j¾.hls' tys ku
wdrïN jkafka fg%dc a ka hqoaOfha mer‚
.%Sl l;dfjkah' tys§ fid,aodÿjka
fg%dh
a s [Link] ,S wYajfhl= ;=< iÕjd
f.k hk ,§' ta yd iudkj" fg%dc a ka
wksIg a uDÿldx. th ia:dmkh lsÍug
mßYS,lhska rjgd" wksIg a l%hs dldrlï
isÿ ùug bv i,ihs'

ia:dmkh l< miq" fg%dc

a ka
jevigykg o;a; fidrlï lsÍu"
mßYS,lhska ms<n
s | T;a;= ne,Su"
m%ydrlhkag wjYH m%fõYh (backdor) iemhSu jeks úúO
l%h
s dldrlï isÿ l< yelsh'

,laIK
kS;Hdkql+, [Link]" fhÿula fyda hdj;ald,Sk lsÍula f,i Èiafõ'
ffjria fyda j¾ïia fuka fkdj" fg%dc a ka ;ukaj m%;k s s¾udKh
fkdlrhs' fïjd il%h
s jQ miq" th tys wksIga fla;h l%h s d;aul lrhs'
idudkHfhka mßYS,lhdf.a l%h s djla yryd fg%dc
a ka ia:dmkh ùu fyda
Odjkh isÿ fõ'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (162)
Bfï,a weuqKqï" jHdc uDÿldx. msgm;a fyda wksIag fjí wvú yryd
fïjd me;sfrhs'

 wkjYH ±kaùï (Adware) - t;tï ydkslr ke;;a wkjYH

±kaùï mß.Kl ;srh u; È.ska È.gu o¾Ykh lsÍu fuu ydkslr
uDÿ[Link] iajNdjhhs'

 lmamï uDÿldx. (Ransomware) - fïjd uÕska [Link] lshùug

fkdyels wdldrhg ixfla; njg m;a lrhs' tajd kej; úfla;kh
lsÍu lmamï b,a,d isà' fuh ihsn¾ m%ydrj, jvd;au ydkslr iy
uQ,Huh jYfhka n,mdk wdldrhls'
;;=nEï Bfï,a" wksIg
a uDÿld.j ine¢" uDÿldx. ÿ¾j,;d"
fyda wdidÈ; USB Odjl yryd fïjd me;sfrhs'

 T;a;= n,k uDÿldx. (Spyware) - mßYS,lhskaf.a l%shdldrlï

ryis.;j ksÍlaIKh lrhs' tfukau uqrmo jeks ixfõ§ f;dr;=re
/ia lrhs' miqj mßYS,lhkaf.a wkqoekqulska f;drj" f;jk
md¾Yjhlg hjhs'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (163)
 fndÜfkÜ (Botnets) - ihsn¾ wmrdOlrejka úiska DDoS m%ydr
Èh;a lsÍug" whdÑ; ;emE, heùu jeks l%h
s dldrlï isÿ lsÍug
Ndú;d lrhs'

 wdhdÑ; ;emE, (spam) - hkq wkjirfhka ,efnk Bfï,a

m‚jqv fõ' fïjd fndfyda úg fjf<| ±kaùïh' j¾;udkfha§ iamEï
je,elaùug Ôfu,a" hdyq jeks m%lg Bfï,a fiajdjka lghq;= lr
;sfí' tneúka iamEï ,eîu b;du wvqh'

 lSf,d.¾ (Keyloggers) mßYS,l kdu" uqrmo" fyda fl%äÜ ldâ

wxl jeks ixfõ§ f;dr;=re
.%yKh lr .ekSug
mßYS,lhka lrk mß.Klfha
h;=re mqjrefõ h;=re ;o lsÍu"
ujqia la,ls a lsÍï fyda fjk;a
wdodk l%hs dldrlï jd¾;d lr
;nd .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs'

mß.Klhl ffjria kdIl udÿ[Link] ia:dmkh lr th

ksjerÈj hdj;ald, lsÍfuka fndfyda ydkslr uDÿldx.j,ska t,a,
fjk ;¾ckj,ska ñ§ug mq¿jk' Bg wu;rj ydkslr uDÿldx.j,ska
fíÍ isàug kï kS;s úfrdaë uDÿldx. Ndú;d lsÍfukao wE;a úh
hq;=h' iEu úgu uDÿldx. nd.; lr .kakd úg úYajdikSh ks,
fjí wvúj,ska muKla tajd nd.; lr .ekSu l< hq;=h' tfukau
fkdokakd Bfï,a m‚jqv iuÕ tk wE÷;= fyj;a wegEÉukaÜ
(attachment) újD; lsÍfuka je,lS isáh hq;=h'
ffjriaj,g wu;rj wkjir mqoa., m%fõ[Link] fyj;a
yelska m%ydrj,ska mß.Klh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd .s‚jeg
(firewall) uDÿ[Link] uÕska mß.Klh ia:dmkh lr.; hq;=h'

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S

 (164)
Sri Lanka CERT
Y%S ,xld mß.Kl yÈis iQodku lKavdhu ^Sri Lanka CERT | CC&
hkq Y%S ,xldfõ ihsn¾ wdrlaIdj i|yd jk cd;sl flakaøia:dkhhs'
2006 § msysgj
q k ,o th" cd;sfha äðg,a há;, myiqlï wdrlaId lsÍu
iy ihsn¾ ;¾ckj,g m%;spdr oelaùu i|yd [Link] hq;= m%Odk
wdh;kh f,i l%shd lrhs'

Tn ihsn¾ m%ydrhlg f.dÿre ù we;akï fyda iel iys; isÿùula

jd¾;d lsÍug wjYH kï" my; l%u yryd Tjqka yd iïnkaO úh yelsh'

fjí wvúh - [Link]

ÿrl:k - 0112691692 / 0112679888
Bfï,a - report@[Link] / info@[Link]
,smskh - 4-112, BMICH, fn!oaOdf,dal udj;" fld<U 07

© lsIdka wcka; rdcuka;%S