Page 200

Question 1:
What does an electric circuit mean?

Answer 1:
An electric circuit is the pathway in which current can flow. It consists of electric
devices, switching devices, source of electricity, etc. that are connected by
conducting wires.

Question 2:
Define the unit of current.

Answer 2:
The unit of electric current is ampere (A). When 1 C of charge flows through a
conductor in 1 s, it called 1 ampere (A) current.
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡

Question 3:
Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.

Answer 3:
We know that one electron possesses a charge of 1.6 × 10−19 C.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 1 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
1
= = 6.25 × 1018
1.6 × 10−19

So, the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge is 6 × 1018 .

1
 Page 202
Question 1:
Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.

Answer 1:
A cell, battery, power supply, etc. helps to maintain a potential difference across
a conductor.

Question 2:
What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1 V?

Answer 2:
When 1 J of work is required to move a charge of 1 C from one point to another,
then it is said that the potential difference between the two points is 1 V.

𝑊
𝑉=
𝑄

1 𝐽
1 𝑉=
1 𝐶

Question 3:
How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V
battery?

Answer 3:

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

or Work done (or Energy) = Potential Difference × Charge

So, Work done = 6 Volt × 1 Coulomb = 6 Joules

1
 Page 209
Question 1:
On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?

Answer 1:
The resistance of a conductor depends upon the following factors:
 Length of the conductor
 Cross-sectional area of the conductor
 Material of the conductor
 Temperature of the conductor.

Question 2:
Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same
material, when connected to the same source? Why?

Answer 2:
Resistance (R) is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section (A) of the
wire. So, thicker the wire, lower is the resistance of the wire and vice-versa.
Therefore, current can flow more easily through a thick wire than a thin wire.

𝐿
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴

1
𝑅∝
𝐴
Question 3:
Let the resistance of an electrical component remains constant while the potential
difference across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former
value. What change will occur in the current through it?

Answer 3:
According to the Ohm’s law V = IR
If the resistance remains constant, V is directly proportional to I.

𝑉∝𝐼

1
Now, if potential difference is reduced to half of its value, the current also become
half of its original value.

Question 4:
Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a
pure metal?
Answer 4:
The resistivity of an alloy is higher than the pure metal and it does not corrode
easily. Moreover, even at high temperatures, the alloys do not melt readily.
Hence, the coils of heating appliances such as electric toasters and electric irons
are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal.

Question 5:
Use the data in Table 12.2 to answer the following –
(a) Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?
(b) Which material is the best conductor?

Answer 5:
(a). Resistivity of iron (10.0 × 10–8 Ω 𝑚) is lesser than that of the mercury (94.0
× 10–8 Ω 𝑚). So, iron is good conductor as compared to mercury.

(b). Silver has lowest resistivity, so it is the best conductor.

2
 Page 213
Question 1:
Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of three cells of 2
V each, a 5 Ω resistor, an 8 Ω resistor, and a 12 Ω resistor, and a plug key, all
connected in series.

Answer 1:
The required schematic diagram is given below:

5Ω 8Ω 12 Ω

6V

Question 2:
Redraw the circuit of Question 1, putting in an ammeter to measure the current
through the resistors and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across
the 12 Ω resistor. What would be the readings in the ammeter and the voltmeter?

Answer 2:
Resisters are connected in series.
So, the net resistance in the circuit = 5 Ω + 8 Ω + 12 Ω = 25 Ω

5Ω 8Ω 12 Ω

6V

1
Net potential = 6 V
Using Ohm’s law V = IR, we have

6
6 = I × 25 ⟹ 𝐼 = = 0.24 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
25

Now for the 12 Ω resistor, current = 0.24 A

Hence, the reading in the ammeter is 0.24 and voltmeter is 2.88.

2
 Page 216
Question 1:
Judge the equivalent resistance when the following are connected in parallel –
(a) 1 Ω and 106 Ω, (b) 1 Ω and 103 Ω, and 106 Ω.

Answer 1:
(a). The net resistance in parallel is given by

1 1 1
= +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2

Here, 𝑅1 = 1 Ω and 𝑅2 = 106 Ω

So,
1 1 1 106 + 1
= + =
𝑅 1 106 106

106
⟹𝑅= 6 ≈ 1Ω
10 + 1

(b). The net resistance in parallel is given by

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Here, 𝑅1 = 1 Ω, 𝑅2 = 103 Ω and 𝑅3 = 106 Ω

So,
1 1 1 1 106 + 103 + 1 1001001
= + + = =
𝑅 1 103 106 106 1000000

1000000
⟹𝑅= = 0.999Ω ≈ 1Ω
1001001

1
Question 2:
An electric lamp of 100 Ω, a toaster of resistance 50 Ω, and a water filter of
resistance 500 Ω are connected in parallel to a 220 V source. What is the
resistance of an electric iron connected to the same source that takes as much
current as all three appliances, and what is the current through it?

Answer 2:
iven that the electric lamp of 100 Ω, a toaster of resistance 50 Ω and water filter
of resistance 500 Ω are connected in parallel.
The net resistance in parallel is given by

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Here, 𝑅1 = 100 Ω, 𝑅2 = 50 Ω and 𝑅3 = 500 Ω

So,
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 100 50 500

5 + 10 + 1 16
= =
500 500

500
⟹𝑅= = 31.25 Ω
16

Now, using Ohm’s law V = IR, we have

𝑉 220 𝑉
𝐼= = = 7.04 𝐴
𝑅 31.25 Ω

Hence, the resistance of electric iron is 31.25 Ω and current through it is 7.04 A.

2
Question 3:
What are the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the
battery instead of connecting them in series?

Answer 3:
In parallel there is no division of voltage among the appliances. The potential
difference across each appliance is equal to the supplied voltage and the total
effective resistance of the circuit can be reduced by connecting electrical
appliances in parallel.

Question 4:
How can three resistors of resistances 2 Ω, 3 Ω, and 6 Ω be connected to give a
total resistance of (a) 4 Ω, (b) 1 Ω?

Answer 4:
(a). To get total resistance 4 Ω, connect 3 Ω and 6 Ω resistors in parallel and 2 Ω
resistance in series with the resultant.

Since, 3 Ω and 6 Ω resistors in parallel, so the net resistance

3
 2
⟹ 𝑅12 = =2Ω
1
Now, the resultant 𝑅12 and 2 Ω resistors are in series. So the net resistance
𝑅 = 𝑅12 + 2 Ω = 2 + 2 = 4 Ω
(b). To get total resistance 1 Ω, connect 2 Ω, 3 Ω and 6 Ω resistors in parallel.
The net resistance in parallel is given by

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Here, 𝑅1 = 2 Ω, 𝑅2 = 3 Ω and 𝑅3 = 6 Ω

So,
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 2 3 6

3+2+1 6
= =
6 6

6
⟹𝑅= =1Ω
6

Question 5:
What is (a) the highest, (b) the lowest total resistance that can be secured by
combinations of four coils of resistance 4 Ω, 8 Ω, 12 Ω, 24 Ω?

Answer 5:
Connecting resistors in series always gives maximum resistance and parallel
gives minimum resistance.

(a). The highest total resistance is given by

𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 = 4 Ω + 8 Ω + 12 Ω + 24 Ω = 48 Ω

4
(b). The lowest total resistance is given by

1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4

1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅 4 8 12 24

6 + 3 + 2 + 1 12
= =
24 24

24
⟹𝑅= =2Ω
12

5
 Page 218
Question 1:
Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element does?

Answer 1:
The heating element of an electric heater is a resistor. According to Joule’s law
of heating, the amount of heat produced by it is proportional to its resistance.
H = I2Rt
The resistance of the element of an electric heater is very high. As current flows
through the heating element, it becomes too hot and glows red. On the other hand,
the resistance of the cord is low. It does not become red when current flows
through it.

Question 2:
Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in one
hour through a potential difference of 50 V.

Answer 2:
According to Joule’s law of heating, the amount of heat produced is given by

H = VIt
Where,
V = 50 V

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 9600 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 9600 80

and t = 1 hour = 60 × 60 seconds

So,
80
𝐻 = 50 × × 60 × 60
3

= 4800000 𝐽 = 4.8 × 106 𝐽

1
Question 3:
An electric iron of resistance 20 Ω takes a current of 5 A. Calculate the heat
developed in 30 s.

Answer 3:
According to Joule’s law of heating, the amount of heat produced is given by

H = VIt
Where,
V = IR = 5A × 20 Ω = 100 V

I=5A

and t = 30 seconds

So,
𝐻 = 100 × 5 × 30 𝐽

= 15000 𝐽 = 1.5 × 104 𝐽

2
 Page 220

Question 1:
What determines the rate at which energy is delivered by a current?

Answer 1:
The rate of consumption of electric energy in an electric appliance is called
electric power. Hence, the rate at which energy is delivered by a current is the
power of the appliance.

Question 2:
An electric motor takes 5 A from a 220 V line. Determine the power of the motor
and the energy consumed in 2 h.

Answer 2:
Power of the electric motor is given by

P = VI
Where, V = 220 V and I = 5 A

So, Power P = 220 × 5 = 1100 W

Now, the energy consumed = Power × time

Where, P = 1100 W

t = 2 hours = 2 × 60 × 60 seconds = 7200 seconds

So, the energy consumed E = 1100 × 7200 J = 7920000 J