Electric and Magnetic
Properties of Solids – Future
Scope
CHEMISTRY
RARE
Presented by Hezal, Meghna, Rifah,
Subhangi
Magnetism
of Solids
Every substance around us has some magnetic
properties in it. Different types of materials
show different properties in the presence of a
magnetic field. The magnetic properties of a
substance originate from the electrons present
in the atoms or molecules. Every electron in an
atom behaves like a small magnet. Electrons
can also be referred to as small loops of current
which retain their magnetic moment.
Magnetic
Properties
1. The attractive property- As we already know that a magnet attracts other ferromagnetic
materials. This is happening because of the attractive property of a magnet.
2. The repulsive property- There are two magnetic poles in any magnet. The similar
magnetic poles will attract each other while the dissimilar magnetic poles will repel each
other. This repulsion is due to the repulsive property of a magnet.
3. The directive property- Everybody has seen a compass. But the fundamental reason
behind its working is due to the directive property of a magnet; this property states that a
freely suspended magnet will always point towards the north-south direction.
Classification of magnetism
Classification of magnetism
Future of
Magnetism
Maglev technology, which uses magnetic fields to levitate and propel
vehicles, has already been implemented in some transportation systems,
like the Shanghai Maglev Train. The future of magnetics in transportation
holds the promise of even faster, more efficient, and eco-friendly modes
of travel. Magnetic levitation could be applied to urban transit, reducing
traffic congestion and lowering carbon emissions.
Superconductors
A superconductor is a type of material that conducts electricity with zero
energy loss or resistance when cooled to a certain temperature. No
energy is lost, resulting in a continuously flowing electrical current. It
achieves a state of “perfect conductivity,” or superconductivity, where an
electric current can flow indefinitely. Once current is set up in a
superconducting loop, it can flow indefinitely without power loss.
Mechanism Behind
Superconductivity
BCS Theory (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer Theory)
The most widely accepted explanation for conventional superconductivity
involves Cooper pairs:
At very low temperatures, electrons (which normally repel due to their
negative charge) form pairs called Cooper pairs due to an attractive
interaction mediated by lattice vibrations (phonons).
These pairs move through the lattice without scattering, thus
experiencing zero resistance.
Energy Gap:
The formation of Cooper pairs leads to an energy gap Δ between the
superconducting and normal states:
Types of superconductors
Real-Life Applications of
Superconductors
MRI Machines (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):
Power Grids:
Use superconducting magnets for Superconducting cables allow
powerful, stable magnetic fields lossless transmission of electricity
(experimental in many places).
Maglev Trains: SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum
Interference Devices):
Use magnetic levitation based on Extremely sensitive magnetic field
superconductors for frictionless detectors used in brain imaging
high-speed travel. and geophysical exploration.
Advanced Medical & Scientific Tools
MRI machines and particle accelerators
already use superconductors.
Future improvements:
FUTURE OF
Room-Temperature Superconductors
Compact MRI systems for
Current Challenge: Most
rural/remote healthcare
superconductors work only at
SUPERCONDCTORS
Smaller, more powerful fusion
extremely low temperatures (below –
reactors.
100°C), requiring costly cooling with
Portable superconducting devices for
liquid helium or nitrogen.
non-invasive brain scanning
Future Goal: Create materials that
superconduct at room temperature
and pressure.
Breakthrough: In 2020, a hydrogen Superconducting Electronics
sulfide compound (H₃S) showed Development of superconducting
superconductivity at ~15°C but under transistors and circuits for:
extremely high pressures (>250 GPa). Faster signal transmission (near
Vision: Discovering ambient-
light speed)
pressure, room-temperature
Lower power consumption (no
superconductors would change
power, transport, and electronics resistive heating)
forever. Applications in AI hardware,
telecom, and defense systems
The structure of a solid determines its properties. For example, in a
How are the crystalline solid, atoms are arranged in a regular repeating pattern.
This structure gives the solid its specific shape, hardness, melting
structure point, and other properties. In contrast, in an amorphous solid,
atoms are arranged randomly, resulting in different properties such
and
as lower hardness and irregular shape.
properties
1. Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids:
Crystalline solids have a highly ordered, repeating pattern.
Properties: Sharp melting points, definite shape, strong
of solids bonds.
Examples: Salt (NaCl), quartz, metals.
related? Amorphous solids lack a long-range order.
Properties: No sharp melting point (soften gradually),
irregular breakage, less predictable properties.
Examples: Glass, plastic, wax.
How are the
2. Intermolecular Forces:
Intermolecular forces hold the particles of a solid together.
The strength of these forces significantly impacts a solid's properties.
structure Stronger forces lead to more stable solids, often with higher melting
points and hardness.
and For example, ionic solids with strong electrostatic attractions
between ions have high melting points and are hard.
properties
Molecular solids with weaker intermolecular forces have lower
melting points and are often soft.
of solids 4. Structure and Density:
The arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid influences its
related? density.
For example, crystalline solids with efficient packing arrangements
(like face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed structures) have
higher densities compared to solids with less efficient packing (like
simple cubic).
How are the
5. Structure and Electrical Conductivity:
The structure of a solid impacts its electrical conductivity.
For instance, metallic solids, with their delocalized electrons, are
structure excellent conductors of electricity.
Ionic and covalent solids are generally poor conductors of
and
electricity.
properties
of solids
related?
Thank
you!