1 SPAIN: 19TH CENTURY

6
 What is absolute monarchy?

LET’S BEGIN
1 What social classes existed at the end of the
18th century?

2 Who ruled Spain at the beginning of the

19th century?

3  In pairs, look at the big picture. It shows

in a factory in the 1800s. What is the boy in
green doing? Before the factories existed,
people made cloth a different way. Where did
they make it? How did they make it? Why do
you think this changed?

4  In pairs, look at the small painting by Goya.

Do you recognise this painting? Do you know
what the event is? What can you see in the
painting?

What do you know? Let’s find out!

Useful language
The boy is …
Before, people made cloth by …
They made cloth in …

7
Reflect

1  What was the Enlightenment? Which Spanish kings ruled during

the Enlightenment? List three things that Spanish monarchs did during
this period.

2  Francisco de Goya was a royal court painter at the end of the 1700s.
What themes do you think he painted during this time? Can you name
any of his paintings?

3  Look at the timeline. In pairs, answer the following questions.

1760 1789 1808
Start of Start of War of Independence
the Industrial the Contemporary Age in Spain
Revolution
1760 1770 1780 1790 1800

1789–1799
French Revolution

a When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

b Was the French Revolution before or after the War of Independence in
Spain?
c What is the name of the historical period that began in 1789?

4  Do research on the French Revolution. Answer the following

questions in your notebook.
a What type of monarchy did France have in 1789?
b Why were many people unhappy?
c What happened on 14 July 1789?
d Complete this motto from the French Revolution: ‘Liberty, ...,
fraternity’.
e What important document was produced in 1791?

5 How do you think the Enlightenment influenced people’s City Hall in Paris, 14 July 1789
attitudes?

6 Imagine it is 1800 and you are going to visit Goya’s studio. What
would you ask him? What could he tell you about Spain in the
19th century?

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 Work together

Who am I?
Think first
In Spain in the 19th century, new industries and jobs created changes in
Spanish society. You will discover more about social classes that existed at
that time and play a Who’s who? game with your classmates.
In groups, think about the social classes that existed in Spain in the 19th
century: upper class, middle class and working class. What were the
typical characteristics of each social class?

Materials: notebook, computer and internet access, pen, pencil.

Step by step

1  As a group, choose one social class to research.

2  Each member of your group will research one
question related to your social class.
a What kind of clothes did they wear?
b What kind of jobs did they work in?
c What type of housing did they live in?
d What did the people in your social class do for fun?
3  Write down the information you found in your
notebook.
4  Now each group member reads their question and
shares the information they have found. Write down
the answers in your notebook. What was the most
surprising fact that you found? Dr García visits Lady O’Sullivan at home and the
5   As a group, prepare a short description about maid, María, brings her some water.
someone from your social class.
6  Now play the Who’s who? game with the class. Read
your description to your classmates. Can they guess
which social class you belong to?
Useful language
I live in a …
Wrap it up I work in a …
After the game, discuss the following questions with your group: Who am I?
a Which social classes were the easiest to guess?
b  Which social classes were the most difficult to guess?
c  Were there any characteristics shared by people from different social
classes?

Evaluate your cooperative learning.

9
 A period of change
Which royal family did Carlos IV
belong to?

The French Revolution changed life in Europe. Absolutism ended in France

and the new constitution removed the king’s unlimited powers. The
Contemporary Age began and new liberal ideas spread around the world.

1789–1799 1808 1812 1814

French Mutiny of Aranjuez The Constitution Second reign of
Revolution First reign of Fernando VII of Cádiz Fernando VII

1788 1789 1808 1812 1814

1788 1808
Carlos IV becomes War of Independence begins
King of Spain Reign of José Bonaparte

The reigns of three kings

Carlos IV became King in 1788 just before the start of the French
Revolution. He was not interested in politics, so he gave the Spanish
Prime Minister, Manuel Godoy, all of his power.

In 1807, Manuel Godoy signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with

Napoleon Bonaparte of France. They agreed to invade Portugal and
divide it between their two countries. However, France used this
alliance to achieve another objective – the invasion of Spain. Carlos IV’s
son, Fernando, opposed this agreement. He led the successful Mutiny of
Aranjuez in 1808 against Godoy. Carlos IV abdicated and his son
became King Fernando VII.
Carlos IV
Two months later, Napoleon forced Fernando VII to abdicate. Napolean
named his own brother, José Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain.

The War of Independence

The people of Madrid opposed the French invasion. This caused an
uprising in Madrid on 2 May 1808 and the War of Independence
began. This war was not only against France. It was also a civil war in
Spain about who the monarch should be. The British helped the Spanish
to defeat the French and in 1814 Napoleon recognised Fernando VII as
King of Spain.

Fernando VII

1 Who was Manuel Godoy?

2 What caused the uprising in Madrid in 1808?

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The Constitution of 1812
In 1810, Cádiz was the only place in Spain not
controlled by the French. Delegates met there to create
a constitution which was signed on 19 March 1812.

The Constitution of 1812, or Constitution of Cádiz,

was the most liberal constitution of its time and the
first constitution in Spain. It established freedom of
the press, voting rights for all men over 25, freedom
of expression, national sovereignty and
a constitutional monarchy.
Proclamation of the Constitution of 1812

The independence of the American

MÉXICO
territories 1821
HONDURAS REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA
Liberal ideas from the Revolutionary War in the 1821 1821

O C E A N
GUATEMALA 1821 bbean Sea
United States and the French Revolution helped to EL SALVADOR 1821 Cari

inspire independence movements in Spain’s colonies NICARAGUA 1838

PANAMÁ VENEZUELA
COSTA RICA 1821 1811
COLOMBIA
in the Americas. 1810
ECUADOR
During the Spanish War of Independence, many 1822
P

people in the colonies began to feel less loyalty to

A

PERÚ
Spain and wanted to create their own countries.
C

1821
I

BOLIVIA
F

1825
A series of revolutions began and by the end of 1838,
I

I C
PARAGUAY
C

Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines were Spain’s 1811

N T
O

only remaining territories. ARGENTINA

C

1816

L A
URUGUAY
E

1825
A

CHILE
1818

T
N

Independence of Spanish colonies in the Americas

3  Why do you think the Constitution of 1812 is also known

as ‘La Pepa’?
Useful language
4  Discuss which of the rights in the Constitution of 1812 For me, … is the most
are most important for you. important right.
I agree that … is important,
5  Look at the map and listen to the audio. Answer the but I think … is more
questions in your notebook. important.

11
 Fernando VII Where was the Constitution
of 1812 signed?

1814– Absolutism: When Fernando VII returned from prison

1820 in France, the Spanish people were happy because it meant the
end of French rule. People in the upper class wanted an
absolutist monarch again. In 1814, Fernando VII made the
Constitution of 1812 illegal.

1820– Liberal Triennium: One liberal military leader, Rafael de

1823 Riego, was not happy with the changes made by Fernando VII
so he led a rebellion in 1820. The rebellion was successful and
Fernando VII reestablished the Constitution of 1812 and other
rights. General Rafael de Riego

1823– Ominous Decade: Fernando VII considered the liberals to be

1833
a problem. He revoked the Constitution of 1812 for the second
time and a period of repression against the liberals began.
Fernando VII had a problem of succession. Salic Law only
permitted male members of the royal family to be crowned
and Fernando VII had no sons. He wanted his daughter, Isabel,
to rule instead of his brother, Carlos.

Fernando VII and the royal family

1833 When Fernando died, Isabel was only three years old. Isabel’s arriving in Cádiz in 1823
mother, María Cristina of Bourbon, and General Espartero
ruled as regents until she became Queen Isabel II at age 13.
During the regency period, people disagreed about who they
wanted to govern Spain. Some people thought Carlos,
Fernando VII’s brother, was the ‘correct’ person to rule Spain.
Carlos’s supporters were called Carlists. They had traditional
opinions, followed Salic Law and wanted an absolutist
monarchy. Other people wanted Isabel to be Queen. These
disagreements resulted in a series of civil wars called the
Carlist Wars.

1 Match the words to the definitions.

a  supporters of traditional ideas who wanted Carlos to be King 1  absolute monarchy
b  someone who acts as king or queen 2  regent
c  this does not permit female members of the royal family to be crowned 3  Carlists
d  the monarch rules the country 4  Salic Law

2 Listen to the audio and answer the questions in your notebook.

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 The Industrial Revolution Which social class did the nobility
belong to?

A period of invention began in the 1760s. New machines and forms of

transport appeared. These machines produced goods more quickly
than by hand and in bigger quantities. Factories were built to
produce these goods, and cities formed around the factories. Better
transport was needed for all these goods, so trains became important.
Farming also became more productive. This was the Industrial
Revolution. It began in Britain, but it spread to other European
countries, North America and Japan.

Changes in society
Industrialisation and the ideas of the revolutions in different countries Upper-class leisure activities
at this time resulted in a new class system.

People in the upper class were powerful, wealthy and had property. The
nobility and a new group called the bourgeoisie, which included rich
factory owners and bankers, belonged to the upper class.

The middle class was not as wealthy and had less property and income
than the upper class. People such as doctors, lawyers, civil servants,
merchants and small landowners belonged to this group.

The working class included agricultural workers, rural labourers and

factory workers in urban areas. Members of this class often worked in
terrible conditions and had little opportunity to improve their social Middle-class merchants
status. Children worked in factories and mines and often did dangerous
jobs adults could not do because they were too big. Many workers
created associations called unions to demand better wages and working
conditions.

1 How did the Industrial Revolution affect life in rural

areas? How did it change life in urban areas? Working-class children in a paper mill

2 In your notebook, classify these people into the three social

classes.

banker • civil servant • doctor • factory owner Project tips

factory worker • labourer • merchant • noble • servant
Spanish cities experienced
many urban planning
3 Listen to the audio. Match the descriptions you hear to changes in the 19th century
three of the people in activity 2. because of industrialisation.

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 From Isabel II to Alfonso XII Who ruled Spain after Fernando VII
died and before Isabel II became
Queen?

After Fernando VII’s death, change and political instability in Spain

continued. There were civil wars, new political parties, economic
problems, changes in monarchs and Spain even became a Republic.

Queen Isabel II King Amadeo I de Saboya The First Republic

1833–1868 1870–1873 1873–1874

During Isabel II’s reign, Spain Two years after Isabel II’s exile, After Amadeo abdicated, the
became a parliamentary Amadeo, Duke of Aosta, became Parliament declared Spain a
monarchy (a constitutional King of Spain. Soon after Amadeo republic on 11 February 1873.
government with a monarch). became King, his main supporter, However, political and social
Isabel II was not popular with the General Prim, was assassinated. instability continued. The First
nobility, clergy or political Republic had four presidents in
King Amadeo was not completely
parties. However, two strong only 11 months. There were also
accepted in Spain. Carlists,
military politicians, Ramón three simultaneous civil wars at
Alfonsoists (supporters of Isabel
María Narváez and Leopoldo this time.
II’s son, Alfonso) and supporters
O’Donnell, did support her.
of a republic opposed him.
When they died, the government
became very weak. There was an
uprising led by General Juan
Prim. He took control of the
government and sent the Queen
into exile in 1868. He then started
looking for a new monarch.
Proclamation of the First Republic in
the Puerta del Sol in Madrid, 1873
Amadeo I
General Manuel Pavía led
Amadeo’s reign was complicated by
a coup d’état on 3 January 1874 to
the Cuban revolution, Carlist
try to end the Republic. Some
rebellions in the Basque and Catalan
groups supported a return of the
regions, republican uprisings,
monarchy under Alfonso, Isabel
problems with the army and
II’s son.
conflicts between political parties.
Isabel II
Amadeo abdicated in early 1873.

1  Listen and decide if the sentences are true or false.

Correct the false sentences in your notebook.
a  The uprising in 1868 was called the Glorious Revolution.
b  The Constitution of 1869 allowed men to vote.
c  People could choose the king by voting.
d  A monarch would govern the country.

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 María Cristina
King Alfonso XII of Habsburg
1875–1885 1885–1902

In late 1874, General Martínez Campos restored the monarchy to the Alfonso XII died in 1885. His
Bourbons. Alfonso XII became the new King and the First Republic wife, María Cristina, acted as
ended. This period, called the Restoration, was quite calm and there regent for their son, Alfonso XIII.
was less violence than in previous years. It was a time of economic
In 1898, Spain lost the last of its
prosperity and modernisation.
colonies outside Africa, including
Spain was a parliamentary monarchy again, which created stability in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the
the country. At this time, only two official political parties were Philippines.
permitted: the Conservatives and the Liberals. The two parties took
María Cristina ruled until
turns to rule the country. There were two key political figures during
Alfonso XIII turned 16 in 1902.
this time: Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, who was leader of the
Conservatives, and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, who was leader of the
Liberals.

Although this two-party system created

stability, many people opposed it. The
system was unfair to the other, excluded,
political parties. It was also electoral
fraud: the King chose which party ruled
the government and election results were
decided in advance. Basque and Catalan
nationalism grew in protest against the
political system.
Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XII

2 Answer the questions in your notebook.

a  Who were the Alfonsoists?
b  What connection did General Prim have with Isabel II and Amadeo I?
c  What caused the First Republic to end?
Useful language
3 Compare and contrast an absolute monarchy and
a parliamentary monarchy. It was an unfair system
because the other parties ...
4  How did the two-party system work? Why was it The citizens had less choice
unfair? because …

15
 Art and culture in the 19th century
What did Goya’s early works depict?

Francisco de Goya
Francisco de Goya was an artist in the 18th and 19th centuries. His
works are divided into three different periods that reflect what was
happening at the time.

1774–1808
In the first period, Goya painted pictures of the leisure activities of the
different social classes as well as portraits of the royal family and other
wealthy people. Goya’s paintings from his first period were full of colour
and happiness.

Works: The Parasol (1777), The Grape Harvest or Autumn (1786), Blind
Man’s Buff (1788), The Family of Carlos IV (1800)

The Pottery Vendor (1778)

1808–1820
In the second period, the themes of Goya’s paintings changed and
became darker. This period began with the War of Independence and its
paintings and etchings reflect and criticise the horrors of war.

Works: The 2nd of May 1808 in Madrid or ‘The Fight against the Mamelukes’
(1814), The 3rd of May 1808 in Madrid or ‘The Executions’ (1814)

A Scene from the Spanish War of

Independence (1808–1812)

1820–1824
In the third period, Goya painted his Black Paintings, a series of 14
scenes. He used dark colours in these paintings, which often show
sinister or unhappy themes. He painted these pictures directly onto the
walls of his house, known as Quinta del Sordo, in Madrid.

In 1873, a French photographer took pictures of the walls and a year

later the paintings were copied and transferred onto canvas. The house
was demolished in 1909.

Works: Duel with Cudgels (1820–1823), Saturn (1820–1823), Two Old Men
Eating (1820–1823)

Reading (1820–1823)

16
True or false

Read the text and decide if the statements below are true or false. Then
correct the false ones in your notebook.

Various cultural movements influenced Spanish art and

culture in the 19th century. Early 19th-century artists, such as
José de Madrazo, painted in the Neoclassical style.
Romanticism arrived in Spain in the mid-19th century. At this
time, new art movements, such as Realism and Impressionism,
were already replacing it in the rest of Europe. Many Spanish
painters mixed Romanticism and Realism, such as Francisco
Pradilla in his painting Doña Juana la Loca (1877). Joaquin
Sorolla was strongly influenced by Impressionism.

Romanticism also influenced writers. Some examples are the

play Don Juan Tenorio (1844) by José Zorrilla and Rimas y
leyendas by the poet Gustavo Bécquer. Some women writers Strolling along the Seashore (1909)
also became well known, such as Emilia Pardo Bazán and
Rosalía de Castro.

Neoclassicism dominated architecture in the early 19th-century. A typical example is the National
Library in Madrid. However, changes in construction techniques and new materials created
possibilities for new styles. An example of this is the Glass Pavilion in Retiro Park in Madrid. The
architect Antoni Gaudí used new techniques in the Modernist style.

a José de Madrazo was a Romantic painter.

b The Romanticism movement started later in Spain than in other parts
of Europe.
c José Zorrilla wrote plays for the theatre.
d The National Library is a Modernist building.

1  Look at the paintings on page 16.

Listen to the audio and identify the
painting described.

2  In pairs, look at Goya’s painting

Escena de Inquisición (1808–1812). First,
discuss everything you know about the
Inquisition. Then search online to learn
more about the painting. Analyse the
painting. Think about setting, lighting,
facial expressions and body language.

17
 Our world

Industrialisation
The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived and shaped modern
society. European countries made industrial advances at different rates. Spain
became industrialised in the late 19th century.

1  Get into pairs. Pupil A reads text A below. Pupil B reads text
B on page 98. Together, decide if the sentences below refer to
text A, B or both.

Unit 1, text A

The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed how people lived.

Previously, most people lived and worked in rural areas. The creation
of factories led many people to move from the countryside to bigger
cities for work. As people began to depend more on machines and
factories for basic needs, they no longer worked on the land with
their family and neighbours every day. New family and community
structures developed, and people’s traditional understanding of the
land they lived and depended on also changed.
New inventions made it easier to grow food, make clothing and
produce other goods. Advances in medical equipment and Factories in Sheffield, England in the
1800s
treatments improved healthcare for many people. Improvements
in transportation and infrastructure made it easier to move people
and goods. However, increased industrialisation also had negative
consequences, such as pollution and other damage to the
environment.

a Industrialisation changed communities and family structures.

b  Transportation was an important element of industrialisation.
c  Industrialisation harmed the environment.
d  Geography and politics made it difficult to industrialise quickly.
e  People depended less on agriculture.

2  Although it became industrialised later than some other

countries, Spain has produced many well-known inventions over
the years. With your partner, look at the list of some of these Useful language
inventions. Answer the questions below.
I think the most important
classical guitar • digital calculator • table football invention is … because it …
machine-powered submarine Without the …, we can’t …
spacesuit • remote control • cable car • modern mop

• Which inventions do you think are the most recent?

• Which inventions do you think are the most important?

18
 Study skills

Skim reading a text

Some people think that skim reading is simply reading a text very
quickly, but it is much more than that! Skim reading is a technique to
quickly understand the general idea of a text and identify its most
important parts. This useful skill helps you to study, make notes or
learn the main ideas in a long text.

The information in a text is organised so that it is easier to find and

understand. Read the introduction. What is the text about? What
details will it mention?

Highlighted text is part of a text that looks different from the rest. This
makes it easy to see specific information or details. Read the title of the
text. Is the text separated with subtitles? Are there words in bold? Are
there any maps or tables?

Title Introduction
Subtitle

Bold text Map

1 In small groups, write three questions about pages 10–11 in

your notebook. Exchange questions with another group.
When the teacher says ‘start’, see which group in class finds
the answers fastest.

19
REVIEW
1 Copy and complete a timeline of these events in your notebook.

• the War of Independence begins • the Glorious Revolution

• Constitution of Cádiz • Mutiny of Aranjuez
• loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and
• José Bonaparte becomes King
the Philippines
• the French Revolution begins
• the Bourbon Restoration begins
• Isabel II goes into exile • second reign of Fernando VII
• first reign of Fernando VII • Isabel II becomes Queen

1789 1808 1812 1814 1833 1868 1875 1898

2 In your notebook, put the Bourbon monarchs in the order

of their reigns.

Isabel II • Carlos IV • Alfonso XIII • Fernando VII • Alfonso XII

3 Which events from Unit 1 do these photos represent? Make

notes in your notebook.

a b c

4  Life during the Industrial Revolution was difficult for

children in the working class. Imagine you work in a factory
or a mine in the 19th century. Write a journal entry about
what your life is like. You can investigate your topic on the
internet before you begin. Describe:
• w here you live
• three things about your job
• how working conditions could be improved

20
5 In your notebook, match the words in the box 9 Read the sentences and identify the social
to the definitions below. classes they refer to.

bourgeoisie • union • absolutism

a They were merchants.
industrialisation • working class b They were factory owners.
c They lived in big houses.
a T his social class included low-paid agricultural d They did not earn a lot of money.
labourers and factory workers.
b  n association that asked for better wages and
A
10 Read the phrases below. Which was the cause
conditions.
and which was the effect?
c  wealthy group that included bankers and rich
A
factory owners. a T reaty of Fontainebleau / French troops invade
d T he process of machines doing jobs that people Spain
did in the past. b  arlos IV abdicates and Fernando VII becomes
C
e  form of government in which the monarch has
A King / Mutiny of Aranjuez
total power to make all decisions. c  prising on 2 May / the War of Independence
u
begins
d F ernando VII becomes King for the second time /
6 Put these sentences in chronological order in
Spain wins the War of Independence
your notebook.
a T he French Revolution influenced liberal ideas in
11  Talk about one of the 19th-century
Europe.
monarchs. Use the word cloud below to help
b Napoleon named his brother King of Spain.
you.
c Isabel II began to rule at the age of 13.
d Fernando VII suppressed liberalism.
exile liberalism
e Carlos IV abdicated.
absolutism restoration
7 Listen. In your notebook, write the names
of the monarchs being described.
reign regent
Bourbon colonies Salic Law
8 Write true or false in your notebook. Correct
the false sentences.
a The Industrial Revolution started in Spain.
b José Bonaparte invaded Spain in 1808.
c Rafael de Riego led a rebellion against Fernando VII.
d T he motto of the French Revolution was ‘liberty,
freedom, fraternity’.
e T he War of Independence started after an
uprising in Madrid on 2 May 1808.
f Cádiz was the only place controlled by France.

What do you know now?

Check your progress!
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