Early Roots
In ancient Egypt, trigonometric ideas grew adjacent
from practical needs in construction and cos θ=
land measurement, with surveyors using hypotenuse
ratios like the seqed to calculate pyramid
slopes. The Greeks later formalized these cosine of ∠ A=cos a=lenght of side adjacent ¿ ∠ A
practices: Hipparchus created the first lenght o
chord tables, Menelaus advanced spherical
trigonometry, and Ptolemy refined them in AC
the Almagest, building on Euclid’s cos A=
geometry. These contributions transformed AB
trigonometry from practical ratios into a
structured discipline closely linked to b
astronomy. cos A=
c
TOA
What is Trigonometry?
The word comes from Greek trigonon opposite
tanθ=
(triangle) and metron (measure). It is the adjacent
study of the relationships between the
angles and sides of triangles, especially
right triangles. It uses special functions tangent of ∠ A=tan A=length of side opposite ¿ ∠ A
such as sine, cosine, tangent, and their
lenght
reciprocals to connect angles with ratios of
side lengths. BC
tan A=
AC
Primary Trigonometric Ratio
SOH-CAH-TOA
a
tan A=
b
Example:
Refer to ∆ABC. Determine the sides
relative to ∠A and ∠B.
The trigonometric function upon
∠C = 90°
investigation is the sine function.
∠A= θ
SOH
opposite Hypotenuse: AB (opposite the right angle)
sin θ= Adjacent side (to ∠A): AC
hypotenuse
Opposite side (to ∠A): BC
sine of ∠ A=sin A=length of side opposite ¿ ∠ ¿
A the Trigonometric
Apply
lenght of hypotenuse Ratios
BC opposite
sin A= sin θ=
AB hypotenuse
a 9
sin A= sin A=
c 41
adjacent
cos θ=
CAH hypotenuse
40 trigonometric ratio has a reciprocal
cos A= identity.
41
Let ∠A be our reference angles.
opposite SOH to CHO
tanθ=
adjacent
12
sin A=
9 13
tan A=
40
From the primary to the reciprocal
∠C = 90° trigonometric ratio:
∠B= θ
12 13
sin A= →csc A=
Hypotenuse: AB (opposite the right angle) 13 12
Adjacent side (to ∠B): BC
Opposite side (to ∠B): AC CAH to SHA
5
Apply the Trigonometric Ratios c os A=
opposite 13
sin θ=
hypotenuse From the primary to the reciprocal
trigonometric ratio:
40
sin B= 5 13
41 c os A= → sec A=
13 5
adjacent TOA to CAO
cos θ=
hypotenuse 12
tan A=
9 5
cos B=
41 From the primary to the reciprocal
trigonometric ratio:
opposite
tanθ=
adjacent 12 5
tan A= → cot A=
5 12
40
tan B=
9
Secondary Trigonometric Ratio
CHO-SHA-CAO
Previously we had discussed the primary
trigonometric ratio. You already know their
parts based on a given triangles and its
given angle reference. Using the figure we
will discover that these certain primary
SOH to CHO
opposite hypotenuse
sin θ= → cos θ=
hypotenuse opposite
sine of ∠ A=sin A=length of side opposite ¿ ∠ A ¿
lenght of hypotenuse
lenght of hypotenuse
cosecant of ∠ A=csc A= ∠ A¿
length of side opposite ¿
AB
csc A=
BC
∠Y = 90°
c ∠Z= θ
csc A=
a
Hypotenuse: XZ (opposite the right angle)
Adjacent side (to ∠Z): YZ
CAH to SHA Opposite side (to ∠Z): XY
adjacent hypotenuse
cos θ= → sec θ=
hypotenuse adjacent Apply the Reciprocal Trigonometric
Ratios
cosine of ∠ A=cos A=lenght of side adjacent ¿ ∠ A csc θ=¿ hypotenuse
opposite
lenght of hypotenuse
lenght of hypotenuse 17
secant of ∠ A=sec A= ∠ A¿ csc Z=
lenght of side adjacent ¿ 8
AB hypotenuse
sec A= sec θ=
AC adjacent
c 17
sec A= sec Z=
b 15
adjacent
TOA to CAO
cot θ=
opposite
opposite adjacent
tanθ= → cot θ=
adjacent opposite 15
cot Z=
8
tangent of ∠ A=tan A=length of side opposite ¿ ∠ A ¿ ∠A¿
∠Y = 90°lenght of side adjacent ¿
∠X= θ
cotangent of ∠ A=cot A=length of side adjacent ¿ ∠ A ¿ ∠A¿
lenght of side the right¿angle)
Hypotenuse: XZ (oppositeopposite
Adjacent side (to ∠X): XY
AC Opposite side (to ∠X): YZ
cot A=
BC
Apply the Reciprocal Trigonometric
b Ratios
cot A= hypotenuse
a csc θ=
opposite
Example:
Refer to ∆XYZ. Determine the sides relative
17
to ∠Z and ∠X. csc X =
15
hypotenuse b
sec θ= cos θ=
adjacent c
17 opposite
sec X= tanθ=
8 adjacent
adjacent a
cot θ= tanθ=
opposite b
8 hypotenuse
cot X = csc θ=
15 opposite
c
csc θ=
a
hypotenuse
sec θ=
adjacent
c
sec θ=
b
Missing you RIGHT Now
adjacent
Directions:The teacher will show a right cot θ=
triangle in front of the class. The teacher opposite
will pick 6 students to recall and write each
of the formulas for the six trigonometric b
ratios on the board as well as indicate the cot θ=
side for each ratio based on the reference a
angles given on the right triangles.
Watch Out for that Ra-SHOW!!!
Direction: The teacher will show a right
triangle which in front of the class. The
teacher will pick 6 students to recall and
write each of the six trigonometric ratio on
the board as well as find the indicated ratio
of the given triangle.
Expected Answers:
opposite
sin θ=
hypotenuse
a
sin θ= Expected Answers:
c
adjacent opposite
cos θ= sin θ=
hypotenuse hypotenuse
3
sin θ= 2
a =c − b
2 2
5
2 2 2
adjacent a =25 − 24
cos θ=
hypotenuse 2
a =625 −576
4
cos θ= 2
a =49
5
tanθ=
opposite √ a2= √ 49
adjacent
a=7
3
tanθ= x=7
4 Trigonometric Ratio
hypotenuse opposite
csc θ= sin θ=
opposite hypotenuse
7
5 sin θ=
csc θ= 25
3
adjacent
hypotenuse cos θ=
sec θ= hypotenuse
adjacent
24
5 cos θ=
sec θ= 25
4
opposite
adjacent tanθ=
cot θ= adjacent
opposite
7
4 tanθ=
cot θ= 24
3
hypotenuse
csc θ=
opposite
25
Don’t let the X FOOL YOU!!!
csc θ=
7
Example:
hypotenuse
sec θ=
adjacent
25
sec θ=
24
adjacent
cot θ=
hypotenuse
24
cot θ=
7
Expected Answers:
Solve for the missing side of a right
Pythagorean: Looking for the missing triangle by applying the appropriate
part.
trigonometric ratio based on the
2 2 2
a + b =c
given measurement of reference Showing a formula for the Missing
angle and known side. Parts of Right Triangle
The choice of formula depends on the Example:
reference angle and the sides involved.
For triangle PST
Sine=Opposite/Hypotenuse
∠P is an acute angle, x is the hypotenuse,
z is opposite to ∠P.
Step 1: Identify the reference angle.
Look at the triangle and find the angle θ SOH
we are working with. From this angle, label
the sides: Given: ∠P = 53° ; hypotenuse = x =
12; and opposite = z
Opposite: the side across from θ
Adjacent: the side next to θ but not the opposite
sin θ=
hypotenuse hypotenuse
Hypotenuse: the longest side opposite the
right angle z
sin P=
x
Step 2: Identify the known side and
the missing side.
z
Ask: Which side length is already given? sin 53 °=
Which side length are we solving for? 12
Step 3: Choose the appropriate z
primary ratio. (12)sin 53 °= (12)
12
If the known side is Hypotenuse and the
missing side is Opposite, use sine: z=12 sin 53 °≈ 9.58
sin θ = Opposite ÷ Hypotenuse
For triangle PST
If the known side is Hypotenuse and the
missing side is Adjacent, use cosine: Cosine=Adjacent/Hypotenuse
cos θ = Adjacent ÷ Hypotenuse ∠P is an acute angle, x is the hypotenuse,
y is adjacent to∠P.
If the known side is Opposite and the
missing side is Adjacent, use tangent: CAH
tan θ = Opposite ÷ Adjacent Given: ∠P = 53° ; hypotenuse = x =
12; and adjacent = y
Step 4: Rearrange the formula to
solve for the missing side.
adjacent
Example: If you know the angle θ and the cos θ=
adjacent side, and you want the hypotenuse
hypotenuse, use cosine:
cos θ = Adjacent ÷ Hypotenuse y
→ Hypotenuse = Adjacent ÷ cos θ cos P=
x
Step 5: Apply and compute.
Substitute the given values into the chosen y
formula and solve carefully, showing each cos 53 °=
step. 12
y
(12)cos 53° = (12)
12
y=12 cos 53 ° ≈ 7.22
Determine the missing opposite and Example:
adjacent.
Tangent=Opposite/Hypotenuse
Expected Solution
∠B is an acute angle, d is the opposite, e
SOH is adjacent to∠B.
TAN
opposite
sin θ= Given: ∠B = 67° ; opposite = d = 10.6;
hypotenuse and adjacent = e
x opposite
sin B= tanθ=
z adjacent
x d
sin 38 °= tan B=
14 e
x 10.6
(14)sin 38 °= (14) tan67 ° =
14 e
x=14 sin 38 ° ≈ 8.62 10.6
(e )tan 67 °= (e)
e
CAH
adjacent
cos θ= e tan 67 °=10.6
hypotenuse
e tan 67° 10.6
y =
cos B= tan 67 ° tan67 °
z
y 10.6
cos 38 °= e= ≈ 4.50
14 tan 67 °
Board Work:
y Determine the missing adjacent.
(14)cos 38 °= (14)
14
y=14 cos 38 ° ≈ 11.03
Expected Solution:
opposite
tanθ=
adjacent
b
tanY =
a
15
tan33 °= Expected Solution:
a opposite
tanθ=
hypotenuse
15
(a)tan 33 °= (a)
a y
tan A=
x
a tan 33° =15
y
a tan 33 ° 15 tan58 °=
= 10
tan 33 ° tan 33 °
y
15 (10)tan 58 °= (10)
a= ≈ 23.10 10
tan 33 °
Example: y=10 tan 58° ≈ 16.00
Tangent=Opposite/Hypotenuse
∠B is an acute angle, e is adjacent, d is
the opposite to∠B.
TAN
Given: ∠B = 67° ; adjacent = e = 4.5;
and opposite = d
opposite
tanθ=
hypotenuse
d
tan B=
e
d
tan67 ° =
4.5
d
(4.5) tan67 ° = (4.5)
4.5
d=4.5 tan 67 ° ≈ 10.60
Board Work:
Determine the missing opposite side: