HT- Introduction to Heat and
Mass Transfer
Radiation
Dr Praveen Kr Sharma
Department of Mechanical and
Mechatronics Engineering
1
Outline
1. Nature of thermal radiation,
2. Absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity,
3. Power and emissivity,
4. Laws and matter
5. Energy exchange by radiation
6. Shape factor and its characteristics
7. Radiation network method
Dr. Praveen Kr. Sharma (LNMIIT) 2
Nature of radiation
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves as a result of changes in the electronic configurations of the atom
and molecules. In heat transfer study, we are interested in thermal
radiation. In radiation, the internal energy of object decreases.
➢Transfer of energy across a system boundary due to temperature
difference but mechanism is electromagnetic.
➢No medium is required for radiation HT
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Nature of radiation
# Electromagnetic spectrum/wave
All electromagnetic waves are classified
in terms of wavelength and are
propagated at speed of light
(c=3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠)
S.R: Solar radiation: 0.1 to 4 𝜇𝑚
Thermal Radiation: 10−1 to 102 𝜇𝑚
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Nature of radiation
# Electromagnetic spectrum/wave
Thermal Radiation waves:
➢ They exhibit characteristic similar to
those of visible light.
➢ They can reflect, refract and are
subject to scattering and absorption
when they pass through media.
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Absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
Total heat energy incident Radiation incident on surface
on surface is ‘Q’.
Rate of heat received by
surface =
Amount of heat reflected
(𝑸𝒓 ) +
Amount of heat absorbed
(𝑸𝒂 ) +
Amount of heat
transmitted (𝑸𝒕 )
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Absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
Total heat energy incident
on surface is ‘Q’.
Rate of heat received by
surface =
Amount of heat reflected (𝑸𝒓 ) +
Amount of heat absorbed (𝑸𝒂 )
+
Amount of heat transmitted
(𝑸𝒕 )
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Absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
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Absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
1. Monochromatic spectral emissive power 𝑬𝝀 :-
At any given temperature, the amount of radiation emitted per unit time per
unit wavelength in all the direction
=> 𝑬𝝀 with respect to one wavelength
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
1. Monochromatic spectral emissive power 𝑬:-
For any temp. T
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Laws of radiation
2. Planks law of thermal radiation:
Statement: The monochromatic or spectral emissive power (𝑬𝝀 ) of a black
body depends upon the absolute temperature of the black body and
wavelength of emission
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Laws of radiation
2. Planks law of thermal radiation:
Statement: The monochromatic or spectral emissive power (𝑬𝝀 ) of a black
body depends upon the absolute temperature of the black body and
wavelength of emission
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
1. Monochromatic spectral emissive power 𝑬:-
𝑻𝟒 > 𝑻𝟑 > 𝑻𝟐 > 𝑻𝟏
As temperature increases
energy peak shits towards
smaller wavelength
For higher temperature
graph shifts towards higher
energy (vertically up for
same 𝝀)
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Power and emissivity
• All bodies and all temperature emit thermal radiation.
• The rate of emission strongly depends on absolute temperature
Wien’s displacement law
• It gives a relation between the temperature of black body and the
wavelength at which the maximum value of monochromatic
emissive power occurs.
• A peak monochromatic power occurs at a particular wavelength
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Power and emissivity
Wien’s displacement law
This law holds true for more real substances
This is used to predict very high temperature through the
measurement of wavelength
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Laws of radiation
Wien’s displacement law
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
3. Total hemispherical emissive power €:
It is defined as the radiation energy emitted from the surface of
the body per unit time per unit area in all possible direction,
integrated over all the wavelength
E= summation of all energy
emitted in all direction
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
4. Black Body
It is an ideal body
It absorb all the radiant energy and reflect or transmit none.
𝜶 = 𝟏, 𝝆 = 𝟎, 𝝉 = 𝟎
Ex: snow-ice or white paper (𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖)
Narrow cavity, behaves like a black body. All the energy entering
through cavity is practically absorbed.
=> Infinite internal reflection
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
5. Gray body:
If the absorbity and emissivity of body does not change with
temperature and wavelength of incident radiation, then it is
known as Gray body.
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Power and emissivity
Basic definition:
6. Total emissivity (𝝐)
It is defined as a ratio between total hemispherical emissive power
of non-black body and total hemispherical emissive power of black
body both being at same temperature
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Power and emissivity
5. Gray body:
Energy profile for Gray body
shift down for same
temperature, but it follows
same energy patterns
Area under the curve for Gray
body divide by area under
curve for black body is
emissivity. Dr. Praveen Kr. Sharma (LNMIIT) 22
Power and emissivity
6. Selective Emitter:
Emissivity of many material varies
with wavelength, such emitters are
known as selective emitter
Ex: Photonic Crystals, Carbon
Nanotubes, Ceramic
Materials(Yttrium-Stabilized
Neither black
Zirconia (YSZ))
nor grey body
Applications: Solar cells, Thermal
photovoltaics, Infrared sensors,
Thermal Management, Energy
Harvesting
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Power and emissivity
Key points
𝝐 of polished surface is low
𝝐 of rough surface, oxide or
impure surface is high
Neither black
nor grey body
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Laws of radiation
3. Kirchoff's law of thermal radiations:
Statement => Whenever a body in thermal equilibrium with its surrounding,
its emissivity is equal to its absorptivity
=> Rember: Radiation also takes place in thermal equilibrium
Proof: 𝝐 = 𝜶
Assumption:
Space between body ① and ② is either vacuum or if
there is medium b/w the two body we assume it does
not participate in radiation.
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Laws of radiation
3. Kirchoff's law of thermal radiations:
Proof: 𝝐 = 𝜶
=> We consider a sample of non-black body kept in enclosure
and allow the body to come in thermal equilibrium with its
enclosure
𝑾
Incident radiation energy upon body ① = 𝒒𝒊
𝒎𝟐
𝑾
Emissive power of body ① = 𝑬
𝒎𝟐
• Total incident radiation upon body ① = 𝒒𝒊 × 𝑨 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
• If α is absorptivity of body ①
• Radiation energy absorbed by body ① = 𝒒𝒊 𝑨 𝜶 𝑾
• Radiation energy emitted by body ① =𝑬 𝑨
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Laws of radiation
3. Kirchoff's law of thermal radiations:
Proof: 𝝐 = 𝜶
• Radiation energy absorbed by body ① = 𝒒𝒊 𝑨 𝜶 𝑾
• Radiation energy emitted by body ① =𝑬 𝑨
• For thermal equilibrium
a. 𝒒𝒊 𝑨𝜶 = 𝑬. 𝑨 {Energy balance equation}
• If we replace non-black body with black body
b. 𝒒𝒊 𝑨𝜶𝒃 = 𝑬. 𝑨, => 𝜶𝒃 = 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚
Black body: 𝛼 = 𝜖 = 1
• Ratio of “a” and “b”:
𝒒𝒊 𝑨𝜶 𝑬𝑨 𝑬 Gray body: 𝛼 = 𝜖 < 1
• = ⇒𝜶= =𝝐
𝒒𝒊 𝑨 𝑬𝒃 𝑨 𝑬𝒃
• Hence 𝝐 = 𝜶 for thermal equilibrium for any substance
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Laws of radiation
4. Stefan – Boltzmann law :
Statement => Total emissive power of a black body is directly proportional to
𝟒𝒕𝒉 power of the absolute temperature of the body
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Laws of radiation
4. Stefan – Boltzmann law :
Statement => Total emissive power of a black body is directly proportional to
𝟒𝒕𝒉 power of the absolute temperature of the body
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
A: Area of incident surface
𝑨𝒏 : Projection of incident surface normal to line
of propagation
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
Intensity of radiation => it is defined as power per unit solid angle (for all
wavelength)
Intensity in normal direction
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
Intensity of radiation => it is defined as power per unit solid angle (for all
wavelength)
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
Intensity of radiation => it is defined as power per unit solid angle (for all
wavelength)
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
Intensity of radiation => it is defined as power per unit solid angle (for all
wavelength)
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Laws of radiation
5. Lambert’s cosine law :
Intensity of radiation => it is defined as power per unit solid angle (for all
wavelength)
𝟏
For unit surface, intensity of radiation is times the black body emissive
𝒑𝒊
power
Diffusive surface: A diffusive surface have same/uniform intensity in all
direction, i.e., 𝑰𝜽 is independent of direction
𝑰𝜽 = 𝑰𝒏
A black body is a diffusive surface: 𝑬𝒃 = 𝝅𝑰𝒏
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Q: A black body of total area 0.045 m² is completely enclosed in a space bounded by 5 cm thick walls. The
walls have a surface area 0.5 m² and thermal conductivity 1.07 W/m-deg. If the inner surface of the
enveloping wall is to be maintained at 215°C and the outer wall surface is at 30°C, calculate the
temperature of the black body. Neglect the difference between inner and outer surface areas of enveloping
material.
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
Two radiating bodies 1 and 2
Cosine angle 𝜽𝟏 and 𝜽𝟐
𝑻𝟏 , 𝑻𝟐 respectively temperature
R is distance between centres
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
Dr. Praveen Kr. Sharma (LNMIIT) 43
Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
Known as radiation shape factor or geometrical factor or
configuration factor or view factor
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
𝑸𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = =
𝑬𝒃𝟏 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏
Known as radiation shape factor or geometrical factor or
configuration factor or view factor
It signifies “the fraction of the radiative energy that is
diffused from one surface element and strike the other
surface directly with no intervening surface.”
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
𝑸𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = =
𝑬𝒃𝟏 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏
Shape factor b/w the surface is independent of the
temperature of the bodies and wavelength of emission and
purely depends on how the two surface are geometrically
oriented with respect to each other
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
𝑸𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = =
𝑬𝒃𝟏 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Aim: Find out heat transfer between two black body
Possibilities: Either 𝑰 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝑰 = 𝟐, but 𝑰𝑰 can’t be zero, since 𝑻𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒃
both have values
Known as Reciprocity
theorem
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Special cases:
1. Flat surface
2. Concave surface
3. Convex surface
4. When one body is completely
surrounded by other
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Special cases:
5. Small body in large enclosure
or room
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Special cases:
6. If ‘n’ no. of surface exchanging
heat
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Q1. For circular tube of equal length and diameter shown in figure
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Energy exchange by radiation between two black surfaces
Q1. A solid cylinder at the centre of a hollow sphere. The diameter of
sphere is 1 m, while cylinder has diameter and length of 0.5m each 𝑭𝟏𝟏 ?
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Radiation network
Irradiation(G): It is defined as the total radiation falling or incident upon
a surface per unit time and per unit area.
Radiosity (J 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ): The total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time
area
Therefore J= Emitted energy +Reflected part of
incident energy
Where 𝜌 is reflectivity of body
surface
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Radiation network
If a is the surface area of body, then net
radiation heat exchange between the
body and its surrounding is equal to
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Radiation network
Eliminating “G” we get:
Equivalent radiation surface
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Radiation network
Consider two finite surface of area 𝑨𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝟐 exchanging heat energy by
radiation
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Radiation network
Consider two finite surface of area 𝑨𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝟐 exchanging heat energy by
radiation
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Radiation network
Equivalent radiation circuit:
Hence the complete radiation network for heat exchange b/w two surface of area 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2
is given by three resistance
Two surface and one space
resistance b/w two walls
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Radiation network
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Radiation network
# Applications:
Case 1:
Surface are very large taking
Radiation flux 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒎𝟐
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Radiation network
# Applications:
Case 2:
Very long concentric
cylinders
63
Dr. Praveen Kr. Sharma (LNMIIT)
Radiation network
# Applications:
Case 2:
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Radiation network
# Applications:
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Radiation network
# Radiation Shield:
It used to reduce HT due to radiation
Opaque partition arrange in the direction
perpendicular to heat propagation.
Material of shield : Low absorptivity, high
reflectivity, like: Lead, Al, concrete, etc.
Ex: space, nuclear power plant, furnace, etc.
𝒒𝟏−𝟐 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝐸𝑏2 𝐽3 𝐽4
𝐽2
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Radiation network
# Radiation Shield:
Each shield kept between the plates bring in 3 additional resistance into
the network out of which two are surface and one is space resistance
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Radiation network
# Radiation Shield:
Special case : In case all emissivity are equal i.e.,
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Radiation network
# Radiation Shield:
Special case : In case all emissivity are equal i.e.,
=> That is 1 shield reduce 50% of heat transfer is all 𝝐 are equal
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Thank you
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