Grade: 12
Chapter: Solution Teacher: Mr Rajat Saini
Henry’s law: - Mole fraction of gas in the solution is directly proportional to partial pressure of gas in the vapour phase.
➢ 𝐾𝐻 = Henry’s constant
➢ 𝑿𝑩 = Mole fraction
P ∝ 𝑿𝑩 P = 𝑲𝑯 𝑿𝑩
➢ Greater the 𝐾𝐻 value lower the solubility
➢ Solubility decrease with increase of temperature.
APPLICATIONS:
➢ Soft drinks are sealed under high pressure to increase solubility of CO2.
➢ To avoid BENDS, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (less soluble than N2).
➢ ANOXIA problem at higher altitudes due to low pressure low concentration of O2 in Blood cells.
1. 𝑲𝑯 value for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO (g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 × 10-5 and 0.413 respectively. Arrange these
gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
(a) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar (b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
(c) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO (d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
2. Which of the following gases will have the highest value of Henry’s constant (Kₕ)?
(a) Highly soluble gas (b) Poorly soluble gas
(c) Moderately soluble gas (d) Gas independent of solubility
3. Which factor does not affect Henry’s law?
(a) Nature of gas (b) Temperature
(c) Pressure (d) Volume of solution
4. Henry’s law is applicable only when the gas does not react chemically with the solvent. (True/False)
5. If the value of Henry’s constant for a gas is high, its solubility in water will be ________.
6. Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters. Give reason.
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7. What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid when pressure is increased at constant temperature? Explain using
Henry’s law.
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8. Why does carbonated water lose fizz when the bottle is opened?
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9. Why do scuba divers suffer from “bends” if they rise rapidly to the surface?
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10. Explain why cold water contains more dissolved oxygen than warm water.
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11. The Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water at 298 K is 1.67 × 108 Pa. Calculate the solubility of CO₂ when its partial
pressure is 1 bar.
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12. Assertion (A): Gases are more soluble in liquids at high pressure.
Reason (R): Increase in pressure forces more gas molecules into the liquid phase.
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13. Assertion (A): Henry’s constant for oxygen is higher than that for carbon dioxide.
Reason (R): Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen.
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Raoult’s Law: - It states that for a solution of volatile liquid, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution.
In solution phase 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑋𝐴 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵0 𝑋𝐵 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑋𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵0 𝑋𝐵
In vapour phase 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑋𝐴 𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑋𝐵 𝑃𝑇
Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law:
According to Henry’s Law According to Raoult’s Law
P ∝ 𝑋𝐵 𝑃𝐴 ∝ 𝑋𝐴 𝑃𝐵 ∝ 𝑋𝐵
P = 𝐾𝐻 𝑋𝐵 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑋𝐴 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵0 𝑋𝐵
➢ Only the proportionality constant differs 𝐾𝐻 from 𝑃𝐴0 .Thus, Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law in
which 𝐾𝐻 becomes equal to 𝑃𝐴0 .
Ideal Vs Non-ideal solution:
Ideal Vs Non-Ideal Solution:
Azeotropes: - The mixtures of liquids which boil at constant temperature like a pure liquid and possess same
composition of components in liquid as well as vapour phase are called constant boiling mixtures or azeotropic mixtures. It
is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
Maximum Boiling Azeotrope Minimum Boiling Azeotrope
They are formed by those liquid pairs which show negative They are formed by those liquid pairs which show positive
deviations from ideal behaviour deviations from ideal behaviour
Example: Water + HNO3 Example: Water + alcohol
Colligative properties: - Properties which depend only on the number of solute particles dissolved in a definite
amount of the solvent and not on the nature of the solute are called colligative properties.
Condition for Reverse osmosis: -
➢ Pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure applied on the solution.
➢ The solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through the semi-permeable membrane cellulose acetate)
➢ Used in desalination of sea water.
Osmosis in plants and animal cells: -
➢ Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
➢ When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs between them.
➢ Two solutions having different osmotic pressure at a given temperature, the one with lower osmotic pressure is called
hypotonic solution and another one with higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic solution
➢ The osmotic pressure method has got advantages over other colligative properties: The measurement of osmotic
pressure is around the room temperature, gives large measurable values for molar masses and molarity of the solution
is used instead of molality.
Abnormal molecular mass: - When the molecular mass of a substance determined by any of the colligative
properties comes out to be different than the expected value, the substance is said to show abnormal molecular mass.
➢ Abnormal molecular masses are observed when the solution is non-ideal (not dilute) or the solute undergoes
association or dissociation.
Van’t Hoff Factor: - It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the calculated
value of the colligative property.
14. For isotonic solutions which of the following is not equal
(a) concentration (b) temperature (c) osmotic pressure (d) vapour pressure
15. For non-electrolyte solute value of Van’t Hoff factor is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) >1 (d) <1
16. In reverse osmosis:
(a) a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on pure water side
(b) a pressure lesser than osmotic pressure is applied on pure water side
(c) a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on salt water side
(d) a pressure lesser than osmotic pressure is applied on salt water side
17. Which of the following salt will have same value of Van’t Hoff’s factor (i) as that of K4[Fe (CN)6]
(a) Al2(SO4)3 (b) NaCl (c) Al(NO3)3 (d) Na2SO4
18. Assertion: When methyl alcohol is added to water, the boiling point of water decreases.
Reason: When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent elevation in boiling point is observed.
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19. Assertion: Cooking time in pressure cooker is reduced.
Reason: Boiling point inside the pressure cooker is raised.
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20. Assertion: Vapour pressure of a liquid is constant at a constant temperature
Reason: At equilibrium rate of evaporation becomes equal to the rate of condensation.
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21. Assertion: The components of azeotropic mixture can be separated by distillation
Reason: At a particular composition azeotropic mixture boil at the same temperature.
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22. Assertion: Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have boiling points either greater
than or less than both the components.
Reason: The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of liquid phase of the azeotropic mixture.
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23. Assertion: When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi-permeable membrane, the solvent molecules
pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side.
Reason: Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of low concentration
solution.
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24. Assertion: If on mixing the two liquids, the solution becomes hot, it implies that it shows negative deviation from
Roult’s law.
Reason: Solution which shows negative deviation from Roult’s law are accompanied by decrease in volume.
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25. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickles shrinks because
(a) It gains water due to osmosis (b) It loses water due to reverse osmosis
(c) It gains water due to reverse osmosis (d) It loses water due to osmosis
26. Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The concentration in moles/lit will be:
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.666 (c) 0.0033 (d) 3
27. Out of molality (m), molarity (M), formality (F) and mole fraction (x), those which are independent of temperature are
(a) M, m (b) F, x (c) m, x (d) M, x
28. Which has the lowest boiling point at 1 atm pressure?
(a) 0.1 M KCl (b) 0.1 M Urea (c) 0.1 M CaCl2 (d) 0.1 M AlCl3
29. The molal elevation constant depends upon
(a) Nature of solute. (b) Nature of the solvent.
(c) Vapour pressure of the solution (d) Enthalpy change.
30. Why does the NaCl solution exhibit a higher boiling elevation compared to the sucrose solution, even though both are
dissolved in the same amount of water?
31. Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of MgCl2(M = 95 g mol–1) was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming
MgCl2 undergoes complete ionization. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
32. When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g of CS2, the freezing point lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate the formula
of sulphur (Sx). (Kf the CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol–1, atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol–1)
33. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of MgSO4 (M = 120 g mol–1) was dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming
MgSO4 undergoes complete ionization. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1)
34. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K. Calculate the Van’t
Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or dissociated). (Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g
mol–1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol–1)
35. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar = 58.5 g mol–1) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of water to lower the freezing point by
2°C, assuming that NaCl undergoes complete dissociation. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
36. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1 kg of water so that the freezing point is depressed by 2 K (the
Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1).
37. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.5 g of MgBr2 in 200 g of water. (Molar mass of
MgBr2 = 184 g mol–1) (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
38. Calculate the temperature at which a solution containing 54 g of glucose, (C6H12O6), in 250 g of water will freeze. (Kf
for water = 1.86 K mol–1 kg)
39. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 18 g glucose, C6H12O6 and 68.4 g sucrose, C12H22O11 in 200 g of
water. The freezing point of pure water is 273 K and Kf for water is 1.86 K mol–1.
40. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% solution
(by mass) of glucose in water if the freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K. [Molecular masses: Glucose C6H12O6:
180 amu; Cane-sugar C12H22O11: 342 amu]
41. A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol–1) per litre of solution in water has the same osmotic pressure
(isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in water. Calculate the mass of glucose present in one
litre of its solution.
42. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 × 10-3 of a gene fragment in 35 × 10-3 L of water has an osmotic pressure of 4
× 10-4 atm at 25°C. Assuming the gene fragment is a non-electrolyte, determine its molar mass. (Given R = 0.0821 L
atm mol-1)
43. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between vapour
pressure and mole fractions of components in a solution to represent negative deviation.
44. Explain why a solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
45. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.
46. (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point and why?
(ii) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of solution?
47. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than the pure solvent? Why is elevation
of boiling point a colligative property?
48. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition
of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.